AP HuG - Chapter 13 - Urban Patterns - Actual Stuff

Social area analysis suggests the following: Which model goes with which definition? The model choices are: concentric zone model, sector model, and multiple nuclei model. 1. Consider two families with the same income and ethnic background. One family lives in a newly constructed home, whereas the other lives in an older one. The family in the newer house is much more likely to live in an outer ring and the family in the older house in the inner ring. 2. People with the same ethnic or racial background are likely to live near each other. 3. Given two families who own their homes, the family with the higher income will not live in the same sector of the city as the family with the lower income.

1. Concentric zone model. 2. Multiple nuclei model. 3. Sector model.

What are the three names of the different models to help explain where different types of people tend to live in an urban area?

1. Concentric zone model. 2. Sector model. 3. Multiple nuclei model.

What are some ways demand to use congested roads being reduced?

1. Congestion charges. 2. Tolls. 3. Permits. 4. Bans.

Strong metropolitan-wide governments have been established in a few places in North America. Two kinds exist. Name them.

1. Consolidations of city and county governments. Examples of consolidations of city and county governments include Indianapolis and Miami. The boundaries of Indianapolis were changed to match those of Marion County, Indiana. Government functions that were handled separately by the city and the county now are combined into a joint operation in the same office building. In Florida, the city of Miami and surrounding Dade County have combined some services, but the city boundaries have not been changed to match those of the county. 2. Federations. Examples of federations include Toronto and other large Canadian cities. Toronto's metropolitan government was created in 1954, through a federation of 13 municipalities. A two-tier system of government existed until 1998, when the municipalities were amalgamated into a single municipality.

What are the alternative fuel technologies?

1. Diesel. 2. Hybrid. 3. Ethanol. 4. Full electric. 5. Plug-in hybrid. 6. Hydrogen fuel cell.

What two changes have affected the density gradient in recent years?

1. Fewer people living in the center. 2. Fewer differences in density within urban areas.

What costs does sprawl incur?

1. Local authorities must spend more money extending roads and utilities to connect developements not contiguous to existing built-up areas. 2. More agricultural land is lost through construction of isolated housing developments. 3. More energy is expended because trips to work and services must cover longer distances.

What five themes are especially useful in understanding cities?

1. Place 2. Region Place and Region help to explain why every city is unique. A place is a specific point on Earth, distinguished by a particular characteristic. A region is an area of Earth defined by one or more distinctive characteristics. 3. Scale. 4. Space. 5. Connections. Scale, space, and connections help to explain why different cities are interrelated. Scale is the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole. Space refers to the physical gap or interval between two objects. Connection refers to relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space.

Many suburbs display two forms of segregation. What are they?

1. Segregation of social classes. Housing in a given suburban community is usually built for people of a single social class, with others excluded by virtue of the cost, size or location of the housing. Segregation by race and ethnicity also persists in some suburbs. 2. Segregation of land uses. Residents are separated from commercial and manufacturing activities that are confined to compact, distinct areas.

U.S. scientists working the U.N. offered a strategy with three key elements to reduce pollution and fossil fuel dependency in the years ahead. What are they?

1. Sharp decrease in the use of the three fossil fuels. 2. Increase the use of renewable energy. 3. Use of carbon capture and storage (CCS), which involves capturing waste CO₂, transporting it to a storage site, and depositing it where it will not enter the atmosphere, normally underground.

What are deteriorated inner-city neighborhoods attractive?

1. The houses may be larger and more substantially constructed yet less expensive than houses in the suburbs. 2. Houses may possess attractive architectural details, such as ornate fireplaces, cornices, high ceilings, and wood trim. 3. For people who work downtown, inner-city living eliminates the strain of commuting on crowded freeways or public transport. 4. The neighborhoods are near theaters, bars, restaurants, stadiums, and other cultural and recreational facilities.

What do suburbs offer?

A detached single-family dwelling rather than row house or an apartment, private land surrounding the house, space to park cars, and a greater opportunity for home ownership. A suburban house provides space and privacy, a daily retreat from the stress of urban living. Families with children are especially attracted to suburbs, which offer more space for play and protection from the high crime rates and heavy traffic that characterize inner-city life.

What is another term for an informal settlement?

A squatter settlement. This is much of the housing in the outer rings. The United Nations defines an informal settlement as a residential area where housing has been built on land to which the occupants have no legal claim or has not been built to the city's standards for legal buildings. Squatter settlements are known by a variety of names, including barriadas and favelas in Latin America, bidonvilles in North Africa, bastees in India, gecekondu in Turkey, kampongs in Malaysia, and barong-barong in the Philippines.

T.G. McGee's model of a Southeast Asian city superimposes on concentric zones several nodes of squatter settlements and what he called ________ zones, where foreigners, usually Chinese, live and work. McGee found that Southeast Asian cities do not typically have a strong CBD. Instead, the various functions of the CBD are dispersed to several nodes. Cities in some developing countries show evidence of the multiple nuclei model by containing a complex mix of ethnic groups. During the apartheid era, South Africa's cities showed especially clear evidence of the multiple nuclei model because each race was segregated into distinct neighborhoods.

Alien.

What is rush hour?

Also called peak hour. It is the four consecutive 15 minute periods that have the heaviest traffic.

How do the three models explain patterns in European cities?

American urban areas differ from those elsewhere in the world. These differences do not invalidate the three models of internal urban structure, bu they do point out that social groups in other countries may not have the same reasons for selecting particular neighborhoods within their cities.

Why are downtowns disctinctive?

An urban area consists of a central city and its surrounding built-up suburbs. The CBD contains a large percentage of an urban area's public and business services. Some consumer services, especially leisure, are also in the CBD.

The process of legally adding land area to a city.

Annexation.

What area is described with these features? - It has a three-dimensional character with more space used below and above ground level than elsewhere in the urban area. - Land uses commonly found elsewhere int he urban area are rare here.

CBD - Central Business District

What is the easiest part of the city to reach from the rest of the region and is the focal point of the region's transportation network?

CBD - Central Business District

Urban areas are divided into _________ _________ that contain approximately 5,000 residents and correspond, where possible, to neighborhood boundaries. They also divide the entire United States into blocks, which are typically a collection of several dozen houses.

Census Tracts.

What is the sector model?

Certain area of the city are more attractive for various activities, originally because of an environmental factor or even by mere chance. As a city grows, activities expand outward in a wedge, or sector, from the center. Once a district with high-income housing is established, the most expensive new housing is built on the outer edge of that district, farther out from the center. The best housing is therefore found in a corridor extending from downtown to the outer edge of the city. Industrial and retailing activities develop in other sectors, usually along good transportation lines.

Who created the peripheral model and what is it?

Chauncy Harris. He created it as a modification of the nuclei model (which he co-authored). According to this model, an urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and service nodes or nuclei tied together by a beltway or ring road.

Where were the three models describing the internal social structure of cities developed?

Chicago, a city on a prairie. Chicago includes a CBD known as the Loop because transportation lines (originally cable cars, now El trains), loop around it.

Why do cities face sustainability challenges?

Cities face physical, social, and economic difficulties, but some improvements have also occurred. The older housing in the inner city can deteriorate through processes of filtering and redlining. Some cities have experienced gentrification, in which higher-income people move in and renovate previously deteriorated neighborhoods.

Describe patterns in precolonial and colonial cities in developing countries.

Cities in developing countries may date from ancient times. For most of recorded history, the world's largest cities have been in Asia. However, until modern times, most Asians lived in rural settlements. The ancient and medieval structure of these cities was influenced by the cultural values of the indigenous peoples living there. In most cases, these cities passed through a period of restructuring at the hands of European colonial rulers.

Name the area below. Two or more contiguous CBSAs tied together by commuting patterns

Combined Statistical Area (CSA)

What area is described below? Core-Based Statistical Area (CBSA) or Combined Statistical Area (CSA)? - Any one MSA or μSA

Core-based statistical area (CBSA)

The Ming dynasty captured what city?

Dadu, home of the Yuan Dynasty. They captured it in 1368. Then they reconstructed it over the next several decades. The imperial palace was demolished and replaced with new structures, including the Forbidden City and the Temple of Heaven. Other temples were added in the sixteenth century. The city took on the current name Beijing ("Northern Capital") in 1403.

What was the city called that Kubla Khan constructed?

Dadu. It began in 1267. The Drum Tower was constructed at the center of the city. The heart of Dadu was three palaces built on Qionghua Island in the middle of Taiye Lake. The two palaces to the weest of the lake housed the imperial family, and the eastern one contained offices. Residential areas were laid out in a checker-board pattern divided by wider roads and narrower alleys. Three markets were placed in the residential areas. An outer wall surrounded the residential areas, and an inner wall surrounded the palaces.

What is now more economically feasible in the CBD areas?

Demand for space in CBDs has also made high-rise structures economically feasible. Downtown skyscrapers give a city one of its most distinctive images and unifying symbols.

Who designed a 14-lane, tree-lined boulevard pattered after the Champs-Elysees in Paris?

Emperor Maximilian. The boulevard was known as the Paseo de la Reforma. The Reforma between downtown and Chapultepec became the spine of an elite sector.

In the 21st Century, what is attracting people back to the CBD area?

Entertainment, night life, restaurants and museums.

In some places, European colonial powers built a new city next to the existing one. What city consists of two separate and distinct nodes - a precolonial city that existed before the French gained control and one built by the French colonists?

Fes (Fez), Morocco. The precolonial Muslim city was laid out surrounding a mosque. The center also had a bazaar or marketplace, known as the Medinah, which served as the commercial core. The old quarters had narrow, winding streets, little open space, and cramped residences. The new city was the location for colonial services, such as administration, military command, and international trade, as well as housing for European colonists. Compared to the precolonial node, the European district contained wider streets and public squares, larger houses surrounded by gardens, and much lower density.

Name the process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner-occupancy to rented apartments and ultimately to abandonment.

Filtering.

How many rings did creator/sociologist E.W. Burgess identify back in the 1920's?

Five 1. Central business district 2. Zone of transition 3. Zone of independent workers' homes 4. Zone of better residences 5. Commuter's zone

Name the process. The process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income, renter-occupied area a predominantly middle-class, owner-occupied area.

Gentrification.

What's another term for Megalopolis?

Great city.

What discourages industrial and residential places in the CBD?

High rents and land shortage.

What is a suburb?

It is a residential or commercial area situated within an urban area but outside the central city.

What is public housing?

It is government-owned housing rented to low-income individuals, with rent set at 30 percent of the tenant's income.

What is a sububran sprawl?

It is the development of suburbs at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area.

What is the density gradient?

It is the number of houses per unit of land that diminish as distance from the center city increases.

What is redlining?

It is the process by which financial institutions draw red-colored lines on a map and reuse to lend money for people to purchase or improve property within the lines.

What is social area analysis and what does it do?

It is the study of where people of varying living standards, ethnic background, and lifestyle live within an urban area. It helps to create an overall picture of where various types of people tend to live, depending on their particular personal characteristics.

What does flattening of the density gradient do for a metropolitan area?

It means that its people and services are spread out over a larger area.

Who was the founder of the Yuan dynasty?

Kubla Khan

Who developed the sector model?

Land economist Homer Hoyt.

Which area is described below. Metropolitan or Micropolitan? - An urbanized area with a population of at least 50,000. - The county within which the city is located. In New England, towns are sometimes used instead of counties. - Adjacent counties with a high population density and a large percentage of residents working in the central city's county )Specifically, a county with a density of 25 persons per square mile and at least 50 percent working in the central city's county).

Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)

Which area is described below? Metropolitan or Micropolitan? - an urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants

Micropolitan

Do any of the 3 models completely explain why people live in distinctive parts of a city?

No. Critics point out that the models are too simple and fail to consider the variety of reasons that lead people to select particular residential locations. Because the three models are all based on conditions that existed in U.S. cities between the two world wars, critics also question their relevance to contemporary urban patterns in the United States or in other countries. If the models are combined rather than considered independently, however, they help geographers describe where different types of people live in a city.

Name the area below. A CSA, an MSA not included in a CSA, or a μSA not included in a CSA.

Primary Statistical Area (PSA)

Legislation and regulations to limit suburban growth and preserve farmland is called what?

Smart growth.

What's this is development called? Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Sustainable development.

When large department stores in the CBD cluster together near one intersection, what is this called?

The "100 percent corner" Rents were highest there because that location had the highest accessibility for the most customers.

What lies beneath the CBD in the underground area?

The "underground city" includes garages, loading docs for deliveries to offices and shops, and pipes for water and sewer service. Telephone, electric, TV and broadband cables run beneath the surface as well as not enough space is available in the CBD for the large number of overhead poles that would be needed for such a dense network, and the wires would be unsightly and hazardous. Subway trains run beneath the streets of large CBDs.

Who founded Mexico City?

The Aztecs. They called it Tenochtitlan - on a hill known as Chapultepec ("the hill of the grasshopper").

Who conquered Tenochtitlan in 1521?

The Spanish, after a two year siege. They destroyed Tenochtitlan, dispersed or killed most of the inhabitants, and constructed a new city on the site. As in other colonial cities, the Spanish built Mexico City around a main square, called the Zocalo, on the site of the Aztec's sacred precinct in the center of the island. Streets were laid out in a grid pattern extending from the Zocalo.

Which two dynasties had strong impacts on the early structure of Beijing?

The Yuan and Ming dynasties.

What sector forms on either side of a narrow spine that contains offices, shops, and amenities attractive to wealthy people, such as restaurants, theaters, parks, and zoos.

The elite sector. The wealthy are also attracted to the center and spine because services such as water and electricity are more readily available and reliable there than elsewhere. Wealthy and middle-class residents avoid living near sectors of "disamenity," which are land uses that may be noisy or polluting or that cater to low-income families.

What made the first skyscrapers available?

The first skyscrapers were built in Chicago in the 1880's, made possible by several inventions, including the elevator, steel girders, and glass structures because they blocked light and air movement. Artificial lighting, ventilation, central heating, and air-conditioning have helped solve these problems.

When Europeans gained control of much of African, Asia, and Latin America, their colonial policies left a heavy mark on many cities. Name one of the features of European control.

The imposition of standardized plans for cities. For example, all the Spanish cities in Latin America were built according to the Laws of the Indies, drafted in 1573. The laws explicitly outlined how colonial cities were to be constructed - a gridiron street plan centered on a church and central plaza, walls around individual houses, and neighborhoods built around central, smaller plazas with parish churches or monasteries.

What influences which floor a skyscraper occupies?

The nature of an activity.

How does Europe's CBDs differ from North America?

They have a different mix of land uses than those in North America. Differences stem from the medieval origins of many of Europe's CBDs. European cities display a legacy of low-rise structures and narrow streets, built as long ago as medieval times. 1. Residences. More people live downtown in cities outside North America. 2. Consumer services. More people live in Europe's CBDs in part because they are attracted to the concentration of consumer services, such as cultural activities and animated nightlife. And with more people living there, Europe's CBDs in turn contain more day-to-day consumer services, such as groceries, bakeries, and butchers. 3. Public services. The most prominent structures in Europe's CBDs are often public and semipublic services, such as churches and former royal palaces, situated on the most important public squares. Parks in Europhe's CBDs were often first laid out as private gardens for aristocratic families and later were opened to the public. 4. Business services. Europe's CBDs contain professional and financial services. However, business services in Europe's CBDs are less like to be housed in skyscrapers than those in North America. Some European cities try to preserve their historic CBDs by limiting high-rise buildings.

How do the three models of urban structure help us understand?

They help us understand where people with different social characteristics tend to live within an urban area. They can also help explain why certain types of people tend to live in particular places.

What retailer is expanding in the CBD area?

Those that are serving the CBD workers. In part because the number of downtown office workers has increased and in part because downtown offices require more services.

Where are people distribute in

Three models help to explain where different groups of peopel live in urban areas. According to the concentric zone model, a city grows outward in rings. According to the sector model, a city grows along transportation corridors. According to the multiple nuclei model, a city grows around several nodes. The models can be used to describe where people of varying characteristics tend to cluster in an urban area.

False or True. Cities can only annex lands that have been included in the urban growth areas?

True.

True or False. The boundaries of the city define the geographic area within which the local government has legal authority.

True.

True or false. Downtown is the best-known and the most vistually distinctive area of most cities.

True.

True or false? The CBD makes more intensive use of the space below and above ground.

True.

Why do urban areas expand?

Urban growth has been primarily focused on suburbs that surround older cities. In the past, cities expanded their land area to encompass outlying areas, but now they are surrounded by independent suburban jurisdictions. Public transport, such as subways and buses, are more suited than private cars to moving large numbers of people into and out of the CBD, but private motor vehicles dominate urban transportation, especially in the United States.

What is the one place in the US without skyscrapers?

Washing D.C. No building is allowed to be higher than the U.S. capital dome. Offices in downtown Washington rise no more than 13 stories.

A ________ ___________ is a law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community.

Zoning ordinance

What is the concentric zone model?

a city grows outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings, like the growth rings of a tree. The precise size and width of the rings vary from one city to another, but the same basic types of rings appear in all cities in the same order.

What is the multiple nuclei model?

a city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve. This theory states that some of the activities are attracted to particular nodes, whereas others try to avoid them. On the other hand, incompatible land-use activities avoid clustering in the same locations. Heavy industry and high-income housing, for example, rarely exist in the same neighborhood. The nodes of consumer and business services around the beltway are called edge cities. Edge cities originated as suburban residences for people who worked in the central city, and then shopping malls were built to be near the residents. Now edge cities also contain business services.

What is the underclass?

a group in society prevented from participating in the material benefits of a move developed society because of the variety of social and economic characteristics. 1. Inadequate job skills. Inner-city residents are increasingly unable to complete for jobs. They lack technical skills needed for most jobs because fewer than half complete high school. 2. Culture of poverty. Unwed mothers give birth to two-thirds of the babies in the U.S. inner-city neighborhoods, and 80% of children in the inner city live with only one parent. 3. Homelessness. Several million people are homeless in the United States. Most people are homeless because they cannot afford housing and have no regular income. 4. Drugs. Trapped in a hopeless environment, some inner-city residents turn to drugs. 5. Crime. Inner-city neighborhoods have a relatively high share of a metropolitan area's serious crimes, such as murder. 6. Inadequate services. Inner-city neighborhoods lack adequate police and fire protection, shops, hospitals, clinics and other health-care facilities. 7. Municipal finances. Low-income residents in inner-city neighborhoods require public services, but they can pay very little of the taxes to support the services.

In the twentieth century, most residents abandoned downtown living in the CBD because of a combination of what?

push and pull factors. They were pulled to suburbs that offered larger homes with private yards and modern schools. They were pushed from CBDs by high rents that business and retail services were willing to pay and by the dirt, crime, congestion, and poverty that they experienced by living downtown.