Ap Human Agriculture

Third Agricultural Revolution

20th century to present, further mechanization and new technologies, move to mechanical and electrical power, synthetic fertilizers GMO

Milkshed

an area or region where milk is produced for a particular community

Climate regions

combination of temperature, wind, precipitation, and topography of areas with w similar climate because of latitude and location

Agribusiness

large system including production, processing, distribution of agricultural products and equipment, example: commercial farmers becoming more efficient with use of technology

Cash crop

crop produced for its commercial value, may be dangerous to depend on but may be very profitable, example: vanilla industry

Monocropping

cultivation of one or two crops rotated seasonally like corn, soybeans, wheat or cotton, market demands allows for efficiency and specialization bulk, and efficiency of soil, leadings to high yields may lead to soil exhaustion

Hybrid crops

enhancements to achieve desired characteristics such as being able to survive cold temps and dry/wet conditions, new tillage processes

Columbian Exchange

exchange of goods and ideas between Americans, Europe, and Afrca, after christopher columbus came to america in 1492, affected agriculture diffusion, spread many diseases, populations explosions due to maize and potatoes

Dispersed Settlement

houses and buildings isolated, distributed in large areas, promotes independence, self sufficiency and lack of social interaction.

Truck Farming

produce tomatoes, lettuce, beats etc..

Market gardening

produces fruits, vegetables, flowers, serves a specific market or urban area, self driven by perishability, investing i n tech, high quality seeds, and fertilizers, high yields, direct to public truck farming

Long-lot survey system

property divided into adjacent strips along river or lake, still seen in Louisiana, Missouri, Great lake states etc..., richer soils, came from french and spanish

Agriculture

purposeful cultivation of plants or raising of animals to produce goods for survival, first crops were produced were food crops,primarily for farming or livestock but also for consumption or industrial purposes examples are: fruits, vegetables, and grains

Biotechnology

science of altering living organisms through genetic manipulation, to create new products such as pest resistant crops

Food security and insecurity

security: reliable access to safe, nutritious food that can support a healthy and active lifestyle insecurity disruption of households food intake or eating patterns because of poor access to foods

Suburbanization

shifting of population from cities surrounding suburbs, increasing as people seek more affordable housing

Foragers

small nomadic groups who had primary plant based diets , ate small animals or fish for protein, first domesticated animal were sheep

Mixed crop and livestock systems

small-scale diversified farm that raises a variety of crops and animals

Crop Rotation

system developed during the Second Agricultural Revolution in order to preserve the mineral health of soil used in agriculture and prevent patches of land from being exhausted.

Tariffs

tax or duty to be paid on import or export, affects trade between countries. raise gov revenue, imported goods more expensive make domestic products less competitive

Salinization

water soluble salts build up in the soil, occurs in arid and semi arid regions when water evaporates from the ground moves more rapidly than replenished, leading to concentration of salts, example: egypt/nile river

Debt-for-nature swaps

world bank established with peripheral countries to borrow money in exchange for conservation USDA FSA has lots of conservation purposes such as annual payments to farmers to avoid using sensitive land

Aquaculture

fish farming, less space and care intensive, consistent, provides jobs, algae fuel replace fossil fuels, improve water quality, decreases wild pressure , has water population, native gene pools are disturbed

Township and Range system

A rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior.

Sustainable Agriculture

Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family.

Agroecosystem

An ecosystem modified for agricultural use.

Enclosure System

Smaller farms were taken and turned into larger ones.

Farm Subsidies

US federal gov providing low cost loans, started during great depression of 1930s, protects farmers and owners of farmland, highest quality producers are seeing most benefit

Economies of scale

When the cost of producing good items decreases as the quantity of production increases. It shows large scale farming is more efficient, and that average production costs decrease as farm size increases.

Whittlesey's Agricultural Regions Map

Whittlesey gave his classification of agriculture in 1936 based on many factors

Linear Settlement

buildings extend in long line around features such as rivers or roads, access to water or transportation

Agricultural landscapes

agricultural practices effect and creates a variety of resulting from farming activities and natural environments, some have been here a while some are constantly changing

Monoculture

agricultural system of planting one crop or raising animal

Slash-and-Burn Agriculture

alters landscape permanently often in dense vegetation tropical wet climates, mostly used in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and tribal communities, leads to deforestation and environmental issues, soil erosion, can work in small and large communities if given recovery time, example: Hin lad Nai on dry upland rice

Wetlands

areas saturated with water such as swamps or bays, ex: netherlands

Food deserts

areas where residents lack healthy nutritious foods due to distance, live more than a mile away, occurs in almost every city

Reservoir

artificial lakes by dams or across streams or rivers, reservoirs

Terracing

causing parts of hills or mountains into small level growing pots, mountains and tropical wet climates, "steps", water goes down but not soil, results in healthy crops but labor intensive, cultural heritage that everybody helps, example: ifugao rice terraces in philippines

Vertical Integration

company controls more than one stage of manufacturing process, helps reduce costs and make more efficient, ex: MCdonald's orange juice, chicken, cereal and french fries

Commodity chain

complex network connects places of production with distribution to consumer inputs, cultivation, processing, packaging, transportation and scale

Agricultural biodiversity

describes variety and variability of plants animals and microorganisms, that are used directly or indirectly for food and agriculture, helps sustainability, gene productivity, and climate change

Agricultural hearth

each area where different groups began to domesticate plants and animals, timing of agriculture hearths adjusts as new info comes, first took place in Southeast Asia

Intensive agriculture

expanding efforts to get greatest land yield, may be physical or chemical, feeds nearly half periphery and semi periphery countries, animal manure, incorrect weather, disease or pests can be devastating, example of: cyclone hitting land and investments in different things.

Bid-Rent Theory

explains how land value determines how a farmer will use the land - either intensively or extensively, where land value is high farmers will buy less land and use it intensely to produce the most agricultural yield per unit of land, when land has a lower value or is farther from the market, farmers will buy more land and use it less intensively or extensively.

Pastoral nomadism / pastoral herding

extensive form of subsistence agriculture, move animals seasonally to allow best grazing, used to preserve resources, practices have change due to societal change and war

Subsistence Agriculture

farmers grow and raise a diverse range of crops and livestock for their family's consumption, may barter or sell products, ultimately about obtaining enough for family and close community.

Extensive agriculture

few inputs and little investments in labor and capital typically have lower outputs then farmers who employ intensive practices

Desertification

form of land degradation that occurs when soil deteriorates to a desert like condition

Fertile Crescent

forms an arc from the eastern mediterranean coast up into t west Turkey, the south and east along the tigris and euphrates through syria and iran, people in this region grew wheat, barley, rye, and domesticated sheep, goats, and pigs

Fair trade

global campaign to fix unfair practices and protect ability of farms to earn a living, improve lives of farmers, more equitable working and tradition conditions, price guarantees, greater impact than just sending money, created to spread awareness

Commercial agriculture

grow crops and raise livestock for profit to sell to customers who buy goods in the from of agriculture, goods produced depends on geographic and economic factors, market demands for particular products and their agriculture practices, helps define the agricultural production regions around the world

Mediterranean agriculture

hardy trees, shrubs, sheep, goats, animals, forage in sparse, scruby, summer growth and steep landscapes

Green Revolution (aka 4th agricultural revolution)

increased knowledge of how to develop high yields, new crop strains increased, spear headed by Norman Burlong

Second Agricultural Revolution

increased the productivity of farming through mechanization and access to market areas due to better transportation, 1700's - 1800's

Plantation Agriculture

involves large scale commercial farming of one crop grown for months often distinct from plantation, peripheral and semi countries , examples: asian tropics, american, coffee, tobacco

Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs)

is an animal feeding operation (AFO) that concentrates large numbers of animals in relatively small and confined places, and that substitutes structures and equipment for land and labor.

Aquifer

lay below land, under sand and rocks, agriculture and bacterial uses, if not replenished they will be depleted, inexpensive, ex: ogallala aquifer

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

manipulation of genetic makeup and animals, resisting disease and drought, adding genes

Infrastructure

modern farm equipment, advanced tech, large plots of land,m access to capital

Transhumance

movements of herds between pastures due to temp and elevation ex: konsitanali people

Clustered Settlement

nucleated settlement, close proximity promotes social unity, allows expanding and sharing, may lead to social friction.

Domestication

people living in many different locations, demonstrations different times from 11,000 - 1000 BCE, deliberate effort to grow plants and animals to adapt to human demands

Shifting Cultivation

practiced in peripheral and semi in South america, central and west Africa. to let land recover before using it again, results in everchanging mosaic, practiced small scale by northern vietnam

Dual Agricultural Economy

refers to two agricultural sectors in the same country or region that have different levels of techand different patterns of demand

Organic farming

reluctance to use biotechnology in farming

Global supply chains

same as commodity chains but on a global level, enables delivery of products between 2 different countries, ex: vegetables in Canada from a farm in the netherlands

Precision agriculture

some see as 4th agricultural revolution, water pinpoints accuracy, maximizes crop yields, reduce wastes and preserves environment, GIS software to target, manages irrigation, detects disease, estimating crop yields, environmentally friendly improvements, compelled to hire consultants

Metes and bounds

spread through Great Britain, drawn in terms of lines in a certain direction for a specific distance from clear points of reference.

Double Cropping

the harvesting of two crops or commodities in a calendar year, such as winter wheat in the spring and soybeans in the fall.

Deforestation

the purposeful clearing of forested land

Von Thünen model

the spatial organization of agriculture is influenced by the distance of the farm from the market and the cost of transportation

First Agricultural Revolution (Neolithic)

the transition from hunting and gathering to planting and sustaining, occurred in different hearths at different times, many advancements borrowed from other hearths

Biodiversity

variety of organisms living in a location and recluce plant cover