Ap Human Agriculture
Third Agricultural Revolution
20th century to present, further mechanization and new technologies, move to mechanical and electrical power, synthetic fertilizers GMO
Milkshed
an area or region where milk is produced for a particular community
Climate regions
combination of temperature, wind, precipitation, and topography of areas with w similar climate because of latitude and location
Agribusiness
large system including production, processing, distribution of agricultural products and equipment, example: commercial farmers becoming more efficient with use of technology
Cash crop
crop produced for its commercial value, may be dangerous to depend on but may be very profitable, example: vanilla industry
Monocropping
cultivation of one or two crops rotated seasonally like corn, soybeans, wheat or cotton, market demands allows for efficiency and specialization bulk, and efficiency of soil, leadings to high yields may lead to soil exhaustion
Hybrid crops
enhancements to achieve desired characteristics such as being able to survive cold temps and dry/wet conditions, new tillage processes
Columbian Exchange
exchange of goods and ideas between Americans, Europe, and Afrca, after christopher columbus came to america in 1492, affected agriculture diffusion, spread many diseases, populations explosions due to maize and potatoes
Dispersed Settlement
houses and buildings isolated, distributed in large areas, promotes independence, self sufficiency and lack of social interaction.
Truck Farming
produce tomatoes, lettuce, beats etc..
Market gardening
produces fruits, vegetables, flowers, serves a specific market or urban area, self driven by perishability, investing i n tech, high quality seeds, and fertilizers, high yields, direct to public truck farming
Long-lot survey system
property divided into adjacent strips along river or lake, still seen in Louisiana, Missouri, Great lake states etc..., richer soils, came from french and spanish
Agriculture
purposeful cultivation of plants or raising of animals to produce goods for survival, first crops were produced were food crops,primarily for farming or livestock but also for consumption or industrial purposes examples are: fruits, vegetables, and grains
Biotechnology
science of altering living organisms through genetic manipulation, to create new products such as pest resistant crops
Food security and insecurity
security: reliable access to safe, nutritious food that can support a healthy and active lifestyle insecurity disruption of households food intake or eating patterns because of poor access to foods
Suburbanization
shifting of population from cities surrounding suburbs, increasing as people seek more affordable housing
Foragers
small nomadic groups who had primary plant based diets , ate small animals or fish for protein, first domesticated animal were sheep
Mixed crop and livestock systems
small-scale diversified farm that raises a variety of crops and animals
Crop Rotation
system developed during the Second Agricultural Revolution in order to preserve the mineral health of soil used in agriculture and prevent patches of land from being exhausted.
Tariffs
tax or duty to be paid on import or export, affects trade between countries. raise gov revenue, imported goods more expensive make domestic products less competitive
Salinization
water soluble salts build up in the soil, occurs in arid and semi arid regions when water evaporates from the ground moves more rapidly than replenished, leading to concentration of salts, example: egypt/nile river
Debt-for-nature swaps
world bank established with peripheral countries to borrow money in exchange for conservation USDA FSA has lots of conservation purposes such as annual payments to farmers to avoid using sensitive land
Aquaculture
fish farming, less space and care intensive, consistent, provides jobs, algae fuel replace fossil fuels, improve water quality, decreases wild pressure , has water population, native gene pools are disturbed
Township and Range system
A rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior.
Sustainable Agriculture
Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family.
Agroecosystem
An ecosystem modified for agricultural use.
Enclosure System
Smaller farms were taken and turned into larger ones.
Farm Subsidies
US federal gov providing low cost loans, started during great depression of 1930s, protects farmers and owners of farmland, highest quality producers are seeing most benefit
Economies of scale
When the cost of producing good items decreases as the quantity of production increases. It shows large scale farming is more efficient, and that average production costs decrease as farm size increases.
Whittlesey's Agricultural Regions Map
Whittlesey gave his classification of agriculture in 1936 based on many factors
Linear Settlement
buildings extend in long line around features such as rivers or roads, access to water or transportation
Agricultural landscapes
agricultural practices effect and creates a variety of resulting from farming activities and natural environments, some have been here a while some are constantly changing
Monoculture
agricultural system of planting one crop or raising animal
Slash-and-Burn Agriculture
alters landscape permanently often in dense vegetation tropical wet climates, mostly used in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and tribal communities, leads to deforestation and environmental issues, soil erosion, can work in small and large communities if given recovery time, example: Hin lad Nai on dry upland rice
Wetlands
areas saturated with water such as swamps or bays, ex: netherlands
Food deserts
areas where residents lack healthy nutritious foods due to distance, live more than a mile away, occurs in almost every city
Reservoir
artificial lakes by dams or across streams or rivers, reservoirs
Terracing
causing parts of hills or mountains into small level growing pots, mountains and tropical wet climates, "steps", water goes down but not soil, results in healthy crops but labor intensive, cultural heritage that everybody helps, example: ifugao rice terraces in philippines
Vertical Integration
company controls more than one stage of manufacturing process, helps reduce costs and make more efficient, ex: MCdonald's orange juice, chicken, cereal and french fries
Commodity chain
complex network connects places of production with distribution to consumer inputs, cultivation, processing, packaging, transportation and scale
Agricultural biodiversity
describes variety and variability of plants animals and microorganisms, that are used directly or indirectly for food and agriculture, helps sustainability, gene productivity, and climate change
Agricultural hearth
each area where different groups began to domesticate plants and animals, timing of agriculture hearths adjusts as new info comes, first took place in Southeast Asia
Intensive agriculture
expanding efforts to get greatest land yield, may be physical or chemical, feeds nearly half periphery and semi periphery countries, animal manure, incorrect weather, disease or pests can be devastating, example of: cyclone hitting land and investments in different things.
Bid-Rent Theory
explains how land value determines how a farmer will use the land - either intensively or extensively, where land value is high farmers will buy less land and use it intensely to produce the most agricultural yield per unit of land, when land has a lower value or is farther from the market, farmers will buy more land and use it less intensively or extensively.
Pastoral nomadism / pastoral herding
extensive form of subsistence agriculture, move animals seasonally to allow best grazing, used to preserve resources, practices have change due to societal change and war
Subsistence Agriculture
farmers grow and raise a diverse range of crops and livestock for their family's consumption, may barter or sell products, ultimately about obtaining enough for family and close community.
Extensive agriculture
few inputs and little investments in labor and capital typically have lower outputs then farmers who employ intensive practices
Desertification
form of land degradation that occurs when soil deteriorates to a desert like condition
Fertile Crescent
forms an arc from the eastern mediterranean coast up into t west Turkey, the south and east along the tigris and euphrates through syria and iran, people in this region grew wheat, barley, rye, and domesticated sheep, goats, and pigs
Fair trade
global campaign to fix unfair practices and protect ability of farms to earn a living, improve lives of farmers, more equitable working and tradition conditions, price guarantees, greater impact than just sending money, created to spread awareness
Commercial agriculture
grow crops and raise livestock for profit to sell to customers who buy goods in the from of agriculture, goods produced depends on geographic and economic factors, market demands for particular products and their agriculture practices, helps define the agricultural production regions around the world
Mediterranean agriculture
hardy trees, shrubs, sheep, goats, animals, forage in sparse, scruby, summer growth and steep landscapes
Green Revolution (aka 4th agricultural revolution)
increased knowledge of how to develop high yields, new crop strains increased, spear headed by Norman Burlong
Second Agricultural Revolution
increased the productivity of farming through mechanization and access to market areas due to better transportation, 1700's - 1800's
Plantation Agriculture
involves large scale commercial farming of one crop grown for months often distinct from plantation, peripheral and semi countries , examples: asian tropics, american, coffee, tobacco
Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs)
is an animal feeding operation (AFO) that concentrates large numbers of animals in relatively small and confined places, and that substitutes structures and equipment for land and labor.
Aquifer
lay below land, under sand and rocks, agriculture and bacterial uses, if not replenished they will be depleted, inexpensive, ex: ogallala aquifer
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
manipulation of genetic makeup and animals, resisting disease and drought, adding genes
Infrastructure
modern farm equipment, advanced tech, large plots of land,m access to capital
Transhumance
movements of herds between pastures due to temp and elevation ex: konsitanali people
Clustered Settlement
nucleated settlement, close proximity promotes social unity, allows expanding and sharing, may lead to social friction.
Domestication
people living in many different locations, demonstrations different times from 11,000 - 1000 BCE, deliberate effort to grow plants and animals to adapt to human demands
Shifting Cultivation
practiced in peripheral and semi in South america, central and west Africa. to let land recover before using it again, results in everchanging mosaic, practiced small scale by northern vietnam
Dual Agricultural Economy
refers to two agricultural sectors in the same country or region that have different levels of techand different patterns of demand
Organic farming
reluctance to use biotechnology in farming
Global supply chains
same as commodity chains but on a global level, enables delivery of products between 2 different countries, ex: vegetables in Canada from a farm in the netherlands
Precision agriculture
some see as 4th agricultural revolution, water pinpoints accuracy, maximizes crop yields, reduce wastes and preserves environment, GIS software to target, manages irrigation, detects disease, estimating crop yields, environmentally friendly improvements, compelled to hire consultants
Metes and bounds
spread through Great Britain, drawn in terms of lines in a certain direction for a specific distance from clear points of reference.
Double Cropping
the harvesting of two crops or commodities in a calendar year, such as winter wheat in the spring and soybeans in the fall.
Deforestation
the purposeful clearing of forested land
Von Thünen model
the spatial organization of agriculture is influenced by the distance of the farm from the market and the cost of transportation
First Agricultural Revolution (Neolithic)
the transition from hunting and gathering to planting and sustaining, occurred in different hearths at different times, many advancements borrowed from other hearths
Biodiversity
variety of organisms living in a location and recluce plant cover