AP Human Geography: Agriculture

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Agriculture

deliberate tending of crops and livestock to produce food and fiber

stone

natural stones are used

tertiary sector

services, not good, grows with industrialization, comes to dominate post-industrial societies ex: construction, trade, finance, real estate

grain farming

3 US regions, heavily mechanized, labor concentrated during planting/harvesting seasons, world's leading export crop

long-lot survey system

land survey that divides land into narrow parcels that extend from rivers, roads, or canals; gives more people access to transportation, and has been used in the Canadian Maritimes, Quebec, Louisiana, and Texas

metes and bounds

land survey where natural features are used to mark irregular parcels of land

plantation farming

large farm, specializes in 1-2 crops, almost all products exported, grows cash crops, colonial legacies, persist in poorer countries

Columbian Exchange

late 15th and 16th centuries, products carried both ways across Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

mixed crop and livestock farming

most common form on commercial agriculture in US west of Appalachian Mtns., farmers grow crops and raise livestock on same land spread, with crops fed to animals, most income from sales of animal products ie eggs, milk, permits farmers to distribute workload evenly

cereal grains

oats, wheat, rye, or barley

Agribusiness

spreading to developing countries where small size farmers are linking with foreign sources for advice, seeds, fertilizers, machinery, and profitable markets; led farmers in wealthy countries to place controversial tariffs on the foreign produce to protect farmers

Agribusiness

system of commercial farming found in more developed countries, due to integration of farming into a large food production industry

biotechnology

use of genetically altered crops in agriculture and DNA manipulation in livestock to increase population; began with hybrid rice which led to "IR8" cross of Chinese and Indonesian, which led to other hybrids, like "IR56" and a "miracle wheat seed" which ws shorter and stiffer

matriarchal system

women holding power

Intensive Subsistence

yields large amount of output/acre through concentrated farming, little/no surplus to sell, found in large pop. concentrations of E and S Asia, a little less that 50% of the world engaged

future food supply

a crutial component of every economy and throughout history almost all other accomplishments have rested on the availability of food supplies

Von Thünen's Model

a famous model for rural land use in the early 19th century

Green Revolution

collection of new techniques which involved higher-yield seeds and expanded use of fertilizer; miracle seeds diffused, and critical elements in manure and bones were taken and used to manufacture new fertilizers

livestock ranching

commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area

Animal Domestication Hearths

dogs, pigs, chickens,

primary sector

draws raw materials from natural environment, ex: agriculture, raising animals, fishing, forestry, mining largest in low-income pre-industrial nations/poorer countries

rectangular survey pattern

encouraged settlers to disperse evenly across interior farmlands

assumptions by VT

flat terrain with uniform soils and no significant barriers to transportation to market; spatial arrangement could vary according to topography

Factors determining housing

geography, lifestyles, and physical environments

Specialization

growing of certain crops because they seem the most profitable, including costs of production, machinery, fuel, fertilizer, labour, weather, and disease; reduced risks by signing very specific agreements with buyer-processors

horticulture

growing of fruits, vegetables, flowers, tree crops, forms commercial base of Mediterranean farming

Intertillage

growing various types of crops, common in shifting cultivation

location theory

explains how an economic activity is related to the land space where goods are produced

Seed Hearths

probably originated in SE Asia due to wide variety of plants for dividing/transplanting

Pastoral Nomadism

An alternative to sedentary agriculture, following the herds like early hunter gatherers, herds domesticated, ex: sheep, goats, cow, reindeer, camels, horses

5 countries with large % of secondary

China, North Korea, not many countries have majority secondary industry

religious impact

Hindus don't eat beef, Muslims don't eat pork, impacts nature of agriculture in land with many adherents

winter wheat area

Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma, crop is planted in autumn, survives winter, ripens following summer

% of farmers (LDC vs MDC)

LDC: >60%, subsistence MDC: <2%, developed commercial agriculture, allows people to pursue other acts

farms size (LDC vs MDC)

LDC>MDC due to advances in science+machinery, common agriculture is a handful of large farms, significant in MDCs

5 countries with large % of primary

Nigeria, China, poorer countries

vegetative hearths

Southeast Asia, West Africa, and northwestern South America

5 countries with large % tertiary

UK, US, Russia, Mexico/Iran (lesser extent), richer countries

truck farming

aka commercial fruit farming and gardening

shifting cultivation

aka slash and burn or swidden agriculture, exists in rainforest zones of Central?S America, W africa, E and Central Asia, S and SE Asia, destroys environment/takes up large % of arable land, used by small villages

primogeniture

all land is passed to the eldest son, resulting in large parcels that are tended individually

sustainable agriculture

attempts to integrate plant and animal production practices that will protect the ecosystem over the long term; promotes the idea that human needs can be met without sacrificing environmental quality and depleting natural resources

Western hemisphere Items

beans, squash, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, peanuts, chilis, chocolate, maize, potatoes, avocados, pineapple, manioc

third agricultural revolution

began in the mid-20th century, still going on in the form of industrial ag; marked a point in time where farmers began the industrialized production of crops, as opposed to the original production

impact of Green Revolution

brought about dramatic changes in the world's food production with consequences both praised/criticised; didnt contribute to Sub-Saharan Africa who was struck with famine and desertification, as well as poverty

seed drill

by Jethro Tull, p.anted seeds more efficiently

crop rotations

carefully controls nutrients in soil

post-industrial societies

countries where people are no longer employed in industry

organic agriculture

crops are grown without fertilizers and pesticides, ensuring that the consumer will not suffer adverse health effects from them

field crops

crops that were less perishable, such as wheat and other grains

Mercantilism

developed by the British and Dutch, with private companies under charter from the governments carrying out the trade; the main goal was to benefit the mother country by trading goods to accumulate precious metals to enrich the country

walled village

developed in ancient days in order to protect villagers from attack, often surrounded by moats

crop rotatation

each filed planted on a planned cycle

Vegetative planting

earliest from of plant cultivation, cutting/planting old plants to make new ones

Mediterranean agriculture

exists in land bordering Med. Sea, California, Africa, Australia, maritime environment, on west coasts of continents, some livestock raised, horticulture=commercial base, grapes, citrus fruits, olives, grapes

market gardening and dairy

farmers raised perishable products, such as garden vegetables and milk; these are expensive to deliver and must reach the market quickly because they spoil rather quickly

commercial agriculture

farmers/ranchers sell all output for $$

enclosure

fencing/hedging large blocks of land for experiments with new techniques of farming, began early 1700s

scientific advances

fertilizers, herbicides, new plant and animal breeds

cluster village

have more than one major road that they build along, and they also have housing that clusters around large public buildings, such as churches, temples, mosques, livestock corrals, or grain bins

hunters and gatherers

hunters skilled in capturing/killing animals, gatherers learned which plants and fruit were edible, traveled frequently depending on movement of game and seasonal plant growth, left little imprint on land.

NR Changes

increase in reliable food supplies, rapid increase in pop., job specialization, widening of gender differences

dispersed settlement pattern

individual farmhouses lie quite far apart; also exist where machinery makes intensive cultivation over large areas possible

secondary sector

industry, transforms raw materials into manufactured goods grows as societies industrialize, ex: refining petroleum, shaping metal into tools, etc.

Factors determining what to grow?

land and climate (subsistence); access to markets, competition from other farmers, and government regulations, and subsidies (commercial)

intensive subsistence agriculture

involves cultivation of small plots of land through great labor, yield/land unit, area, pop. densities, all high,

Innovations in Seed Agriculture

irrigation, plowing to loosen soil, fencing, building terraces, fertilizing, weeding

use of machinery impact

key to successful development of commercial agriculture, tractors, combines, planters, farm machine, transportation important, farmer rely on railroad, highway, rapid sea/air travel to get goods to customers

wood

linked to the distribution of forests, but is now shipped to most corners of the world

commercial gardening and fruit farming

long growing season, humid climate, accessibility to large markets of NE US, apples, asparagus, cherry , lettuce, most sold to large companies for canning/freezing, rely on machinery and migrant farm workers

Patriarchal Systems

men holding power

industrial agriculture

modern farming that refuses to the industrialized production of livestock, poultry, fish, and crops; methods used include innovations in ag. machinery, genetic technology, techniques for achieving economies of scale in production, new market creation, and global trade

grid villages

modern village type laid out in straight street patterns that run in parallel and perpendicular lines

linear village

modern village type that follow major roads, often one single thoroughfare lined with houses, businesses, and public buildings

animal grazing

outermost ring devoted to livestock grazing, which required lots of space

dairy farming

outlying urban areas, products feed cities across US, W Europe. SE Canada, must be closer to their market

brick

oven-baked blocks of cement (U.S); other materials (other)

wet or lowland rice

planted on dry land in a nursery, then moved as seedling to a flood field to promote growth, requires lots of time and attention, but under ideal conditions can provide large amount of food/unit of land

Environmental Impacts of Modern Agriculture

plots of earth have been cleared so that more desirable/profitable crops can be grown; ag lands erode quickly, organic content of soil changes, and natural vegetation, and chemicals are found in soil due to fertilizers

wattle

poles and sticks woven tightly together and then covered with mud

nomadism

practice of moving frequently, dictated by need of pasture for animals

pampas

prairies, used fro grazing

How did Second AR lead to Industrial Revolution?

preceded industrial revolution, making it possible to feed the rapidly growing cities

Subsistence Agriculture

prevalent in LDCs, production of enough food to feed farmer's family, no/little surplus to sell

Commercial Agriculture

production of food surpluses practice mainly in more developed countries, sells to food processing companies

Seed Agriculture

production of plants through annual planting of seed, came later, most farmers today practice this

cash crops

raised to make $$ for their owners

milkshed

ring of milk production surrounding a city

quaternary sector

seen as a subset of tertiary sector, service jobs concerned with research and development, management and administration, and processing/disseminating information

extensive subsistence agriculture

shifting cultivation and pastoral nomadism, involves large areas of land and minimal labor, population densities low.

hamlets

small clusters of buildings

village

small number of people who live in a cluster of houses in a rural area

Neolithic Revolution

successful cultivation of crops and domestication of animals occurred independently in different places over a large span of time

spring wheat area

the dakotas/montana, winters too severe for wheat

world's breadbasket

the prairies of North America

forest

towns were still surrounded by belts of forest that provided wood for fuel and construction

round village

traditional style found in East Africa and parts of Europe, and it features houses that circle around a central corral for animals, with fields extending outside the ring of houses

nucleated settlement pattern

villages located quite close together with relatively small surrounding fields; intensive land use, but people and animals do the work; most common type of settlement worldwide

second agricultural revolution

western europe 1600s, promoted higher yield/acre and per farmer, preceded industrial revolution, innovations=fertilizer, improved animal collars(pull heavier plows)

Eastern hemisphere items

wheat, rice, citrus fruits, melons, horses, cattle, grapes, bananas, rice, figs, sugar, coconuts, okra, pigs, sheep, goats, chicken, rabbits, rats

Desertification

when land is overgrazed and overplanted and eventually is no longer arable land; where this occurred is Sub-Saharan Africa, the Sahara Desert gained more and more land space

Agricultural Hearths

where farming practices diffuse from

Green Revolution Good/Bad?

✓: ag production, population growth, nitrogen, fertilizers increased farm productivity, increased crop yields, greater agribusiness X: poor countries cannot afford machinery, fertilizers, overfishing, famine, groundwater depletion, no variety


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