AP human geography chapter 2 key issue 3
Even though the human population has grown at its most rapid rate ever, world food production has done what
Consistently grown at a faster rate than the NIR since 1950
Increasingly, women in stage 4 societies do what
Enter the labor force rather than remain at home as full time homemakers
for most of the period that countries spent in stage 1, what did the rely on
Hunting and gathering food
The percentage of women using contraceptives is especially what in where?
Low in sub-Saharan Africa
Critics disagree with Malthus's theory that what is a problem
Population growth
the later 20th century push of developing countries into stage 2 was caused by what?
The medical revolution
in the US, the population is expected to do what
To continue to grow through immigration rather than through natural increase, but Japan discourages immigration
without new breakthroughs in food production, india will not be able to do what
To keep food supply ahead of population growth
When does a society enter stage 3
When people have fewer children
what kind of changes in stage 3 societies also induce people to have fewer offspring
economic
Future population primarily depends on what
fertility
overall food production has done what during the last half century somewhat more rapidly than Malthus predicted -give an example
increased in india, rice production has followed Malthus's production fairly closely, but wheat production has increased twice as fast as Malthus expected
describe how lowering birth rates through contraception is effective
-economic development -putting resources into family planning programs can reduce birth rates more rapidly -greater demand, lower supply for contraceptive devices in developing countries -increase their use is to distribute more of them cheaply and quickly
Describe how lowering birth rates through education and health care is effective -name a few
-improves local economic conditions -a wealthier community has more money to spend on education and health care programs that promote lower birth rates -with more women able to attend school and to remain in school longer, they would be more likely to learn employment skills and gain more economic control over their lives -with better education, women would better understand their reproductive rights (contraception) -infant mortality rater would decline with improved health care rates
What are the 2 strategies that have been successful in reducing birth rates
1. Lowering birth rates through educational and health care 2.lowering birth rates through contraception
Adherents of several religions, such as what 4 religions have religious convictions that prevent them from using some or all birth control methods
1. Roman Catholics 2. Fundamentalist protestants 3. Muslims 4. hindus
Two crucial demographic differences underlie what processes
1. The total population of the country is much higher in stage 4 than in stage 1 2. At the beginning of the demographic transition, the CBRs and CDRs are high (35 to 45 per 100) whereas at the end of the process rates are very low, approximately 10 per 100
neo-malthusians argue that two characteristics of recent population make Malthus's theory even more frightening than when it was written more than 200 years ago. what are these 2 charcteristics?
1. in malthu's time, only a few relatively wealthy countries had entered stage 2 of the demographic transition, characterized by rapid population growth 2. Malthus failed to anticipate that relatively poor countries would have the most rapid population growth because of the transfer of medial technology (but not wealth) form developed countries
China and India encompass how much of the world? And have adopted what
1/3 and different family planning programs
The US forecasts that if the current TFR of 2.5 remains unchanged, world population would reach ? billion in 2050
12
if a population pyramid has a broad base, that country is typically in what stage
2
the four stage demographic transition is characterized by how many big breaks
2
a total fertility rate of approximately what produces zero population growth
2.1
what has happened to the CBR of the world since 1990? (numbers) what about in developing countries?
27 to 20 as a whole 31 to 22 in developing countries
Denmark, like most other European countries, has reached what stage of the demographic transiton
4
how many stages are in the demographic transition model
4 and every country is in one of them
if a population pyramid has a flat base, that typically means that country is in stage what? what does this also indicate
4 and indicates the aging of a population
many developed countries will move into what stage into the demographic transition when the population reaches 9.5 billion
5
on the other hand, if TFR declines in the next few years to 1.5, world population would actually decline to ? in 2050
8
the Population Reference Bureau forecasts that world population growth will increase from 7 billion in 2011 to ? billion in 2050
9.5
About what percent of this increase is forecast to be in what type of countries
97 in developing
Describe Denmark's population pyramid
A column, demonstrating that the percentages of young and elderly people are nearly the same
what was the industrial revolution
A conjunction of major improvements in manufacturing goods and delivering them to market
Describe demographic transition possible stage 5
A country that has passed through the four stages of the demographic transition and in some way completed a cycle: from little to no NIR in stage 1 to little or no NIR in stage 4
the decision to have fewer children is partly a delayed reaction to what
A decline in mortality
demographic transition
A process of changing societies population from high crude birth and death rates and the rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and higher total population
As a result of less effective policies, India has done what
Adds 12 million more people each year than China
In the long run, more women in the labor force may translate into what
An even lower birth rate and therefore an even lower natural increase rate in the future
with more elderly people than children, a stage 5 country would experience what
An increase CDR because of high mortality among the relatively large number of old people
what was the result of this transformation (industrial revolution)
An unprecedented level of wealth, some of which was used to make communities healthier places to live
Give an example of a country that has had little improvement in the wealth and literacy of its people, but has an increased percent of women in the country that use contraceptives in 2011 compared to 6 percent 3 decades later
Bangladesh (6 to 56 percent)
many geographers consider Malthusian beliefs unrealisitically pesimitic why?
Because they are based on belief that the world's supply of resources is fixed rather than expanding
What three things have contributed to the expansion in food supply
Better growing techniques, higher yielding seeds, and cultivation of more land
Regardless of which alternative is more successful, many oppose what because of religious and political reasons
Birth control
What are the world's two most populous countires
China and India, they will heavily influence future prospects for global overpopulation
Name 3 other developing countries that has had similar growth in the use of contraceptives
Colombia, Morocco, and Thailand
The CBR has done what rapidly since when?
Declined since 1990
describe stage 3 of the demographic transition model
Decreasing growth: birth rates are rapidly declining, death rates continue to decline, and natural increase rates begin to moderate aka low CDR, dropping CBR, decreasing NIR, population growth
where has medical technology invented in Europe and North America diffused to?
Developing countries
with population decline will come a what
Dramatic shift in the country's population structure
the movement between stage 2 to 3 took place when for many countries in Asia and latin America, including Chile
During the 2nd half of the 20th century
Contemporary geographers and other analysts are taking another look at Malthus's theory because of what
Earth's unprecedented rate of natural increase during the 20th century
instead of a very high percentage of children, Japan will have a very high percentage of what
Elderly people
Japan is addressing the labor force shortage primarily by doing what
Encouraging more Japanese people to work, especially older people and women
Thomas malthus (1766 to 1834) was one of the first to argue what
English economist, to argue that the world's rate of population increase was far outrunning the development of food supplies
What two continents entered the stage 2 of the demographic transition after 1750? What happened after 1750 and during the late 18th century?
Europe and North America entered stage 2 after 1750, as a result of the Industrial Revolution, which began in the United Kingdom in the late 18th century and diffused to the European continent and North America (including the US) during the 19th century
In stage 5, if a smaller pool of women chose to have fewer children, birth rate would continue to do what
Fall even more into stage 4
Fewer than what percent of women in sub-Saharan Africa employ contraceptives? Compared to what percent in Asia and what percent in Latin America?
Fewer than 1/4 (25%)- sub-S 2/3 (66%) 3/4 (75%)- Latin america
malthus was fairly close to the mark on what but too pessimistic on what
Food production but population growth
describe stage 2 of the demographic transition model
High growth: rapidly declining death rates and very high birth rates produce very high natural increase aka dropping CDR, high CBR, increasing NIR, exploding population
with few immigrants, what country faces a severe shortage of workeers
Japan
give an example of a country that faces the prospect of population decline in the future, from 127 millions in 2010, to ? million in 2050, according to the government
Japan and 95 million
Russia has a ? CDR and ? CBR. why? explain
Low CBR- may stem from a long tradition of strong family planning programs and deep seated pessismism about having children in an uncertain world High CDR- may be a legacy of inadequate pollution controls and inaccurate reporting by the communists Legacy of half century of communist rule
describe stage 1 of the demographic transition model
Low growth: very high birth rate and death rates produce virtually no long term natural increase aka high cdr, high cbr, low nir, stable (small) population size
describe stage 4 of the demographic transition model
Low growth: very low birth and death rates when the crude birth rate declines to the point where it equals the CDR and the NIR approaches zero aka low CDR, low CBR, low NIR, stable (now large) population size
On a global scale, conditions during the past half century have not supported who
Malthus's theory
Improved medical practices has eliminated what?
Many of the traditional causes of death in developing countries and enable more people to experience longer and healthier lives
people in stage 3 societies are more likely to live where than where and to work where rather than on farms?
More likely to live in cities than in the countryside and to work in offices, shops, or factories rather than on farms
NIR is forecast to be what in the 21st century than in the 20th century, but world population will continue to do what
Much slower but world population will continue to grow
as a result, the gap between what two things is wider in some countries than even Malthus anticipated
Population growth and resources
What is the result of unjust social and economic institutions, not population growth
Poverty, hunger, and other social welfare problems associated with lack of economic development
his model expected population to do what during a half century -give an example/explain
Quadruple, but even in India, a country known for relatively rapid growth, population has increased more slowly than food supply
after several decades of very low birth rates, a stage 5 country would have what
Relatively few young women aging into childbearing years
several European countries, notably what countries, already have ? NIRs
Russia and other former Communist countries negative
Did malthus make these conclusions before or after England had become the 1st country to enter stage 2 of the demographic transition
Several decades after
what can explain the movement of a country to stage 4
Social customs
which stage was most of human history spent in? what stage does no country remain in today?
Stage 1
Which continents did stage 2 of the demographic transition model not diffuse to? When did it eventually diffuse to those continents? For what reason did it diffuse there?
Stage 2 of the demographic transition model didn't diffuse to Africa, Asia, and Latin America until around 1950 and it made that transition for a different reason than in Europe and North America 200 years earlier
To the contrary, a larger population could do what to the economic growth and therefore increase what
Stimulate and increase food production
what did malthus conclude
That population growth would press against available resources in every country unless "moral restraint" produced lower CBRs or unless disease, famine, war, or other disasters produced higher CDRs -Malthus's theory remains influential today
a smaller number (elderly ratio) indicates what
That relatively few workers must contribute pensions, health care, and other support that older people need
in an essay on the principle of population, published in 1798, malthus claimed what
That the population was growing much more rapidly than Earth's food supply because population increased geometrically, whereas food supply increase arithmetically
in what stage does the crude death rate continue to fall in? in what stage does the death rate fall at a much slower rate?
The CDR continues to fall in stage 3 but at a much slower rate than in stage 2
elderly ratio
The number of working age people (15 to 64) divided by the number of persons 65 and older
As a country moves through the demographic transition, what happens to their population pyramid
The shape of the pyramid flattens
describe the 2nd break
The sudden drop in the birth rate that comes from changing social customs/ has yet to be achieved in many countries
describe the 1st break
The sudden drop in the death rate that comes from technological innovation/ has been accomplished everywhere
to account for these discreptancies, demographers more precisely define zero population growth as what
The total fertility rate that results in a lack of change in the total population over a long term
By 2050, the Japanese population pyramid is expected to do what from that of 1950
To be reverse
when food was easily obtained, a region's population did what? when does the region's population decline
When food was easily obtained, a region's population increased. It declined when people were unable to locate enough animals or vegetation nearby
when might zero population growth occur? why?
When the CBR is still slightly higher than CDR because some females die before reaching childbearing years, and the number of females in their childbearing years can vary
when does a country move from stage 2 to stage 3 of the demographic transition
When the crude birth rate begins to drop sharply
Describe stage 5 of the demographic transition model
Would form in some developed countries/ would be characterized as a very low CBR, an increasing CDR, and therefore a negative NIR
when the NIR reaches zero, what is that called? what stage is this term often applied to?
Zero population growth and stage 4
the us government has withheld aid to countires and family planning organizations that advise what?
abortion, even when such advice is only a small part of the overall aid program
who argues that the world possesses sufficient resources to eliminate global hunger and poverty, if only these resources were shared equally
critics
the world's future population will definitely be what
older
It is on what side of the equation that Malthus has proved to be inaccurate
population
Most countries in Europe and North America, including USA, moved from what stage to what stage during the 1st half of what century?
stage 2 to stage 3 during the 1st half of the 20th century
According to Malthus, the following growth rates would produce the relationships between people and food in the future: Today: 1 person, ? unit of food 25 years from now: 2 persons, ? units of food 50 years from now: 4 persons, ? units of food 75 years from now: 8 persons, ? units of food 100 years from now: 16 persons, ? units of food
today: 1 25: 2 50: 3 75: 4 100: 5
