COM-140 FINAL

Because of their distinctly different functions, PR firms and advertising agencies are almost never combined.

False

Before 1900, industry worked successfully with the media in promoting a positive image by providing truthful information.

False

Broadcast commentators such as Keith Olbermann who contribute to political candidates typically aren't subject to the same ethical criteria as newspaper reporters.

False

CPM means "cost per million" people an ad can reach.

False

Early magazines embraced advertising as essential for product sales.

False

Government regulation of advertising to protect consumers began with the Truth in Advertising Act in 1906.

False

In Great Britain, the media are allowed to comment on a trial while it is underway.

False

In general, in the 1990s the American public read more newspapers and watched more news on TV.

False

Japan has fewer newspaper readers than any other nation in the world.

False

John Stuart Mill's principle of utility supports an egalitarian society that asks everyone to work from a sense of basic respect for each other.

False

Journalists who practice "agenda setting" usually talk to each other to make sure that they're all writing the same story.

False

Live coverage of the Vietnam War made viewers shy away from war reporting because it was too graphic.

False

Major media outlets make great efforts to represent the multicultural diversity of the American population.

False

Making a TV commercial for national broadcast is less expensive per minute than making a television program.

False

Media scholar Marshall McLuhan argued that electronic media messages essentially are no different from print messages.

False

Originally, television was envisioned as a medium without advertising.

False

Scandinavian journalists face some of the most rigorous government restrictions regarding access to public information in the world.

False

Syndicated newspaper comic strips have managed to avoid confronting gay and lesbian issues.

False

Which of the following is not true of the U.S. v. American Library Association case decided by the U. S. Supreme Court in 2003?

Internet filters are designed to help government to monitor terrorist activities.

In his book, No Sense of Place, Joshua Meyrowitz concludes that:

TV blurs the distinction between childhood and adulthood.

The 1971 study of violence and TV (Television and Social Behavior), conducted by George Gerbner, found that:

TV violence affected some children who were already predisposed to violence.

According to the Impact / Society box, "Top 10 Advertisers in the United States," which of the following is true?

Telecommunications companies spend nearly as much on advertising in the U.S. as General Motors.

According to the Impact / Society box, "2014 Top 10 Most Frequently Challenged Books," what was the most challenged book of the year?

The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian by Sherman Alexie

The Communications Decency Act:

attempted to define and control user access to specific programs and content.

In her book, Loving with a Vengeance: Mass-Produced Fantasies for Women, Tania Modleski says that stereotyped views of women:

can be traced back to the first novel published in America.

In a practice adopted from radio, early television programs usually:

carried direct sponsorship.

Which of the following ethical breaches was not involved in the case of Jayson Blair and The New York Times?

checkbook journalism

A recent study by Common Sense Media found that:

children under age 8 are spending more time than ever using mass media.

When Washington Post Publisher Katharine Weymouth offered sponsorships to lobbyists to underwrite an exclusive "salon" at her home, which ethical principle was breached?

conflict of interest

When reporters go on free trips and/or are given free passes to entertainment events, it could result in:

conflict of interest.

The tendency of journalists to report similar quick conclusions about an event is called:

consensus journalism.

Joseph McCarthy did all but which of the following?

created the voluntary Code of Wartime Practices for American Broadcasters

The public relations firm of Byoir and Associations was charged with which ethics violation in the 1950s?

creating a "front" organization

In the classic definition, public relations involves:

creating understanding for or good will toward, a company, a person or a product.

An organized attack against a corporation presented on the Internet is called:

cybersmear.

Agenda-setting, as the term is typically used, refers to the flow of information from:

news organizations to their audiences and one news organization to another.

In most developing countries:

radio is the dominant communications medium.

During the Civil War:

reporters were accredited for the first time as war correspondents by the government.

A news council:

reviews complaints from the public and reports its findings to the offending news organization.

Advertisers use a formula based on the cost of reaching __________ to determine where to run their ads.

1,000 people

In what year did advertising income in radio exceed advertising income for magazines?

1938

The report Television Advertising to Children revealed which of the following?

All of these answers are correct.

To prove libel, someone must show that:

All of these answers are correct.

Which of the following is an example of unethical journalistic behavior?

All of these answers are correct.

Which types of industries are likely to use PR?

All of these answers are correct.

To counteract stereotypes in media, journalists should:

All of these are correct.

The media faces all of these ethical issues except:

All of these are ethical issues faced by the media.

According to the Impact / Society box, "The Growing Market for Mobile News in the United States," which of the following is true?

64% of tablet owners and 62% of smartphone owners say they use the devices for news at least weekly.

The journalistic concept of fairness is reflected in:

Aristotle's golden mean.

According to the Impact / Money box, "Top 10 U.S. Public Relations Agencies," what types of companies own nine of the top 10 agencies?​

Advertising agencies

Which of the following is a major difference between the practice of public relations and the practice of advertising?

Advertising people are usually not involved in corporate policy decisions, and public relations people usually are.

Access to the Internet in this region of the world is among the lowest:

Africa

Advertising is:

All of these answers are correct.

Daniel Boorstin said advertising in the United States has which of the following characteristics?

All of these answers are correct.

In the future, PR people must:

All of these answers are correct.

News on the Internet appeals to people because:

All of these answers are correct.

The International New York Times:

All of these answers are correct.

The Telecommunications Act of 1996 established:

All of these answers are correct.

The media can invade privacy by:

All of these answers are correct.

Which of the following is not a service typically offered by a PR professional?

All of these services are commonly offered.

​ ABC chief anchor George Stephanopoulos' relationship with former President Bill Clinton is an example of what?

An insider friendship

Rupert Murdoch controls 60 percent of which country's newspaper circulation?

Australia

All U.S. media organizations are required to comply with ethical standards adopted by the Society of Professional Journalists.

False

Which of the following activities runs counter to the Society of Professional Journalists' ethical guideline to "act independently"?

CNN's reporters blending in with Fish and Wildlife agents during a raid on a ranch in Montana

The print media model of fairness and balance in news coverage is strongest in which of these countries?

Canada

Which Supreme Court case forms the basis for commercial speech protection today?

Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission

According to the Impact / Money box, "Top 10 Worldwide Public Relations Agencies," where is the world's top public relations agency located?

Chicago

A paid interviewee has no incentive to sensationalize information.

False

According to a National Institute of Mental Health study, it is possible to predict which children will behave aggressively after watching violence on television.

False

According to the Radio-Television Digital News Association, electronic journalists do not have the same responsibility to the public as print and broadcast journalists do.

False

After a British Petroleum drilling platform exploded in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010, the company immediately accepted responsibility for the spill and practiced good crisis public relations.

False

The Pentagon Papers were prevented from ever being printed in the Washington Post and The New York Times by the U.S. Supreme Court.

False

The Pentagon's policy of keeping media isolated from U.S. military activities in wartime continued through the Iraq war.

False

The U.S. Supreme Court has held that obscenity is protected by the First Amendment.

False

The ethics code of the Public Relations Society of America allows its members to communicate false or misleading information, so long as no one is hurt.

False

The first TV network newscasts were an hour long.

False

Western Europe uses very little television programming from the U. S. because Western European programmers produce almost all European shows.

False

When Toyota accelerator flaws caused 51 deaths in 2010, the crisis communications that followed the recall was handled correctly.

False

​During World War I, the Espionage Act gave people the legal right to speak out publicly against the war.

False

The federal agency with the main responsibility for monitoring ads for deception is the:

Federal Trade Commission.

​The belief that the U.S. press should be free from government control originated with the:

First Amendment.

According to the Impact / Global box, "McDonald's Launches Customer Complaints App in Japan," the fast-food giant is launching its new app in response to what?

Food safety problems, including objects found in food

Who was the first "media president"?

Franklin Roosevelt, with his Fireside Chats

The former newspaper reporter who organized the Committee on Public Information for the U.S. Government during World War I was:

George Creel.

According to the Impact / Profile box, "Ernie Pyle: The War Correspondent Who Hated War," which of the following is true about Ernie Pyle?

He is the most honored journalist in the United States.

The man who fabricated a best-dressed contest to promote Rita Hayworth in 1939 was:

Henry Rogers.

According to the Impact / Society box, "Top 10 Digital-Only News Sites," the Internet news site visited most often is:

Huffington Post

Which of the following women was not an early public relations pioneer?

Ida Tarbell

According to the Impact / Society box, "From Headlines to Hip-Hop: The Ugandan TV Show Rapping the News," how was the newscast by the "rap-porters" received in Uganda?

It became hugely popular in a country where youth take little interest in government affairs.

Which of the following is not true of the U.S. military practice of embedding reporters with troops in the Iraq War?

It excludes combat reporters.

Why did New Yorker writer Jonah Lehrer resign in 2012?​

It was discovered that he fabricated quotes for a book.

Which of the following is not true of The Associated Press?

It was founded overseas by six international news organizations.

An example of misrepresentation is:

James Frey's A Million Little Pieces.

NHK is:

Japan's largest public broadcasting corporation.

Which of the following best describes Rawls' veil of ignorance?

Justice emerges when negotiating without social differentiation.

Making decisions based on principles that you want to be universally applied is an example of:

Kant's categorical imperative.

________ analyzes how people use information they receive from the media:

Media effects research

Which of the following was not true of radio news from the 1920s to the 1940s?

Most radio stations did not maintain their own news departments and instead relied on the radio networks.

According to the Impact/ Society box, "Cameras in the Courtroom: A State-by-State Guide," ...

Most states allow at least some camera access to courtroom proceedings.

Which of the following is not true of television commercials?

National advertisers use television commercials to deliver their messages because of its low cost.

An example of well-managed "crisis public relations" occurred during:

Natural beverage maker Odwalla's response to reports it had sold unpasteurized apple juice containing E coli bacteria.

During World War II:

President Roosevelt created the Office of Censorship and worked out the voluntary Code of Wartime Practices with the press.

Which of the following is not true of Japanese media today?

Private ownership of media is not allowed in Japan.

According to the Impact / Money box, "Top 10 Global Advertisers--Annual Spending," the top global marketer as of 2014 was ...

Procter & Gamble.

According to the Impact / Profile box, "Citing Ben Affleck's 'Improper Influence' PBS Suspends Finding Your Roots," why was the show postponed?

Producers, under pressure from the actor, omitted details about a slave-owning ancestor of Ben Affleck.

​Which of the following is not true of the concept of press shield laws?

Reporters are protected by a federal shield law

Which of the following is an example of "checkbook journalism"?

Reporters who paid neighbors of Jaycee Lee Dugard for information about her alleged kidnappers Phillip and Nancy Garrido

The shift toward more digital news coverage has led to a need for what?

Reporters with print backgrounds.

According to the Impact / Society box, "Reaction to Uber Tactics Highlights Journalists' Fine Line Between Critic and Booster," what did Sarah Lacy do after an Uber executive considered investigating her private life?​

She spoke negatively about the company on a podcast.

According to the Impact / Convergence box, "Top 10 Countries with Public Wireless Locations (Hot Spots)," in 2013 the country with the most public hot spots is:

South Korea.

Which legislation led to a conflict between the FBI and libraries over government access to library records?

The PATRIOT Act

The first American newspaper to declare, "advertising is our revenue" was

The Philadelphia Public Ledger

The first publicity firm in the United States was called:

The Publicity Bureau.

According to the Impact / Money box, "What It Costs: Ad Prices From TV's Biggest Buys to the Smallest Screens," what is the costliest scripted series on TV for advertising?

The Walking Dead

Which of the following companies/institutions was the first to create an in-house public relations firm to do fundraising?

The Washington, D.C., YMCA

According to the Impact / Profile box, "John Green's The Fault in Our Stars Is Banned, Then Returned to Riverside, California, Classrooms," which of the following is true?

The book was originally banned after one parent complained about sex and crude language.

Changes in 2003 in FCC regulations concerning ownership of broadcast stations:

allowed companies to expand the number of radio and TV stations they could own.

During the anti-government demonstrations in Egypt's Tahrir Square in 2011:

The government shut down Internet access nationwide.

Which of the following is not true of radio and television media in Africa?

The majority of funding for radio comes from advertising.

Marshall McLuhan is best remembered for which concept?

The medium is the message.

According to the Impact / Global box, "In Which Countries Do Marketers Spend the Most per Person for Advertising?," which of the following was true in 2014?

The most money spent per person on advertising was in the U.S.

One legacy of John F. Kennedy's use of TV in the 1960 presidential campaign is that national political campaigns came to depend almost entirely on TV to promote presidential candidates.

True

According to the Impact / Money box, "Susan G. Komen Foundation Discovers the Price of Poor Public Relations," which of the following is true?

Their problems stemmed from their decision to defund the controversial organization, Planned Parenthood.

Modern public relations emerged at the beginning of the 20th century as a way for business to respond to muckrakers and to the antitrust campaign of which U.S. president?

Theodore Roosevelt

According to the Impact / Global box, "Fake Sheikh Mazher Mahmood: 25 Criminal Convictions Linked to Undercover Reporter to Be Re-examined," why was Mahmood suspended by the Sun in 2014?

There was strong evidence that he had manipulated evidence in several criminal cases.

Which of the following was not true of newsreels in movie theaters?

They were updated semi-annually.

Which of the following is not true of efforts to censor books, magazines and films?

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee has never been targeted by censors.

According to the Impact / Profile box, "The Advertising Networker: Sir Martin Sorrell of WPP," where is the world's largest advertising agency based?

Tokyo

Two examples of poorly handled public relations crises are:

Toyota and BP Petroleum

"Situational ethics" means that journalists weigh each circumstance individually because each situation calls for unique decisions.

True

According to the Impact / Convergence box, "Voters Follow Political Figures on Social Media to Stay Current, Connected and Informed," a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center revealed that the number of voters ages 30-49 who follow political figures on social media has more than tripled since 2010.

True

According to the Impact / Money box, "TV Political Campaign Spending in Presidential Elections, 1972-2012," a majority of the $6 billion collected by the presidential candidates in the 2012 campaign was used to pay for TV and Internet advertising.

True

Accreditation of reporters by the government began during the Civil War.

True

Anne Williams Wheaton, an early public relations pioneer, later worked for President Dwight D. Eisenhower as his associate press secretary.

True

Beginning in 2003, the U.S. government adopted a system for war reporting called "embedding."

True

China is the world's second-largest Internet market.

True

During the Cuban missile crisis, President John F. Kennedy confronted Russian Premier Nikita Khrushchev with a live challenge on television.

True

Early TV advertisers expected viewers to buy their products out of gratitude for sponsoring a popular program.

True

Eastern European nations developed their press policies following the Soviet model.

True

Immanuel Kant said that people should make decisions based on principles that they want to be universally applied.

True

In 2005, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that a software company can be held liable if someone uses the company's software to illegally download music.

True

In Near v. Minnesota, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the government can prevent the media from publishing or broadcasting certain types of information.

True

In a PR firm, placement people contact news media, hoping to persuade them to publish or broadcast stories about their clients.

True

In the early days of the Gulf War, when the U.S. ground assault began, the Defense Department announced the first total news blackout in U.S. military history.

True

International advertising campaigns have become more common for global products.

True

Ivy Lee was one of the first public relations practitioners to promise he would be honest and open with the news media.

True

Mathew Brady is considered the nation's first photojournalist.

True

One argument against television advertising is that viewers have the ability to change channels, so TV commercials are not as effective as print advertisements.

True

One of the first targets of the revolutionary movements in Eastern Europe is the nation's broadcast facilities.

True

One of the reasons media organizations have been reluctant to depict alternative relationships in entertainment programming is because they believe they are protecting their economic interests.

True

One reason for the charge of Western "cultural imperialism" is that many of the major international news services are based in the West.

True

President Franklin D. Roosevelt's first "Fireside Chat" dealt with a banking crisis in the United States.

True

Reality shows make it difficult for an audience to distinguish true news footage from recreated drama.

True

Recent new approaches to Internet advertising seek to make advertising look like entertainment.

True

Right of privacy laws provide little protection for public officials.

True

The "V-chip" allows parents to program a TV set to eliminate objectionable programming.

True

The Federal Trade Commission can order an advertiser to halt a deceptive ad campaign.

True

The National News Council was disbanded in 1984, and there are currently two local news councils remaining in the U.S.

True

The Public Relations Society of America was the first organization to establish a code of ethics for the public relations industry.

True

The Television Advertising to Children study suggested that many young children think of advertising as just another form of programming and don't distinguish between programs and ads.

True

The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1961 that a public relations firm could exercise its First Amendment rights to present dishonest information on behalf of its client.

True

The foreign language press is especially strong in the Middle East because so many immigrants live in the region.

True

The nation's first consecutively issued newspaper was the Boston News-Letter, beginning in 1704.

True

The way a country's political system is organized affects the way media within the country operate.

True

There are three ways to encourage someone to do what you want them to do: power, patronage, and persuasion.

True

When newspapers don't have readers' representatives, the editor usually handles complaints.

True

​The press was required to submit news stories for government review during World War II.

True

According to the Impact/ Convergence box, "Young Adults Want News Every Day, Survey Shows," which of the following is true?

Two-thirds of Americans ages 18 to 34 regularly consume news online.

Which country collects a government tax on the sale of radios and TV sets?

United Kingdom

In the New York Times v. Sullivan decision, the Supreme Court held that:

a public official must prove that the story was published with a reckless disregard for the truth.

According to the Impact / Society box, "Lasswell's Model Asks Five Questions," which of the following is not one of those questions?

Where is the feedback coming from?

Codes of ethics established by professional and industry groups:

are voluntary and carry no penalties.

Which of the following phrases was not part of the various attempts to define public relations over a period of 30 years by Edward L. Bernays?

a secret press bureau

A readers' representative (ombudsperson):

acts as a go-between from the public to the newsroom.

The ubiquity of advertising means that:

advertising is everywhere.

One of the main arguments against advertising is:

advertising reduces competition and creates monopolies.

Situational ethics, often applied by journalists to their reporting, may at any time involve which of the following philosophical principles?

any combination of these answers

The broadcast media:

are regulated by the Federal Communications Commission.

The Golden Age of Television:

began in 1961 with President John F. Kennedy's inauguration.

The Cantril study of media effects found that:

better-educated people were less likely to believe what the media said.

The audience for print news is:

declining.

In the 1800s, most media owners' response to consumer complaints about advertising was to:

develop an open advertising policy, which allowed them to continue to accept ads while criticizing the ads at the same time.

Broadcast media in Australia today is:

dominated by Australian Broadcasting Corporation.

In Africa:

early print media were created to serve the colonists, not the local population.

Which term describes journalists who were allowed to cover the Iraq war on the frontlines, supervised by the US military?

embedded

The Sheppard v. Maxwell case:

established the legal precedent for limiting press access to courtrooms.

The People's Choice study:

found that family and friends have more effect on people's voting decisions than the media.

The People's Republic of China:

has seen the number of newspapers increase dramatically and the content become more sensational.

Children who watch a lot of television, according to a 1981 California study:

have lower scores on math, reading and writing tests.

What was the first printed advertisement, created by William Caxton in England in 1478, for?

his book

In Eastern Europe:

increased democratization is transforming media at an unprecedented pace.

Celebrity worship syndrome, a psychiatric condition identified by researchers:

is an unhealthy interest in the rich and famous.

Many firms attempt to use PR to get positive publicity for their products because:

it is cheaper to get a publicity release published than to purchase an ad.

The _____ theory of the press assumes that opposing viewpoints will be heard.

libertarian

​After the Roth and Miller cases, determining obscenity is the responsibility of:

local courts.

Which is not a principal reason for the popularity of foreign language radio in the Middle East?

most Middle Eastern citizens speak at least four languages

Which is NOT one of the ways that author Jib Fowles says advertisers work to attract buyers?

need to sell products

In the age of the Internet, who bears an increased burden to seek reliable information?

news consumers

An early study that concentrated on the effects of movies on children was:

one of the Payne Fund studies.

The first publicity firms in the United States were hired to:

overcome public criticism of railroads and other industries.

The Food and Drug Administration:

oversees claims that appear on food labels.

What is "viral marketing"?

pass-along advertising messages

In the 1800s, many readers complained about:

patent medicine ads.

New York Times reporter Zachery Kouwe was suspended because he:

plagiarized portions of an article he wrote for The Times from an article by a Wall Street Journal reporter.

Using public relations to create a favorable story about a new toy is an example of:

product public relations.

Media that operate under the developmental theory:

promote the country's social and economic goals.

Ethnocentric means:

promoting the superiority of one ethnic group over another.

According to the Impact / Society box, "Excerpts from the 1943 Code of Wartime Practices for American Broadcasters," which of the following was not censored by the Office of War Information?

situation comedies

The cost of national and statewide political campaigns has:

skyrocketed since the year 2000.

Which of the following was not part of the "Declaration of Principles" published by Ivy Lee in 1906 on behalf of his public relations firm, Lee & Parker?

supporting negative principles

Which medium first prompted scholars to widely expand their study and analysis of the effects of media on society?

television

In the larger Arab states:

television stations typically broadcast from early morning until midnight.

Studies by media scholar Carolyn Martindale concluded:

that non-white groups are visible "only in glimpses" in the media.

The rate at which someone visits a Web site to learn more because of an Internet ad is called:

the "click-through rate."

The first U.S. election where the Internet began to play a role in national politics was:

the 2004 presidential election.

The law designed to prevent illegal copying of material on the Internet is:

the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.

Which of the following is not a defense against libel?

the First Amendment

Which event led to what has been called television's finest four days?

the JFK assassination

The term "demographics" refers to:

the analysis of audience characteristics, such as sex, age and marital status.

The reason there is no mass circulation newspaper in Africa is because:

the continent is a diverse culture with 800 to 2,000 language dialects.

The nation's largest single employer of public information people is (are):

the federal government.

Which of these is not a trend affecting the future of news media?

the increase in the number of cable news networks

Part of the rising cost of presidential campaigns is due to:

the increased costs of TV advertising.

Journalists in developing countries in Latin America face danger because:

the media represent a challenge to political power.

In 2002, for the first time:

the number of cell phones in the world exceeded the number of landline phones.

Which of the following was not an attempt by government to control free speech?

the recording industry's content labels

The case of Carson v. Here's Johnny Portable Toilets established which legal principle?

the right of publicity

Researcher Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann says the media discourage people from expressing views that disagree with the prevailing point of view. She calls this effect:

the spiral of silence.

The two-step flow of communication is:

the transmittal of information from mass media to opinion leaders and then to friends.

After Congress held hearings on violent content in television programming in 1993, cable operators and network broadcasters agreed:

to develop violence ratings for TV programming.

The word "advertise" originally meant:

to take note or consider.

Mathew Brady:

took 3,500 photographs of the Civil War.

The word ethics derives from the Greek word ethos, which means:

traditions that govern a culture.

Which ethical question is raised by a reporter who misrepresents the facts or creates false stories and attributes them to others?

truthfulness

After studying the 1972 presidential race (The Unseeing Eye), researchers Thomas Patterson and Robert McClure concluded that political advertising on television:

was able to manipulate about 7 percent of voters.

The Watergate Hearings in 1973:

was an important television news story for more than a year.

News coverage of World War II:

was an opportunity for radio to bring America closer to the action than they had ever been.

Hard liquor advertising:

was challenged in 1996 by Seagram's, which advertised whiskey on local TV in Texas.

The first TV newscasts:

were 15 minutes long.

According to David M. Potter, in his book People of Plenty, when does advertising begin "to fulfill a really essential economic function"?

when potential supply outstrips demand

In most cases, a reporter who makes an ethical mistake:

will not face a lawsuit.

Ernie Pyle:

wrote stories during World War II that debunked the "glory" of war.

What was Hulk Hogan's claim against Gawker Media?​

​ A video posted on the website was an invasion of privacy.

Who founded Cable News Network (CNN) in 1980, leading to around-the-clock cable news?​

​Ted Turner