AP Human Geography-Chapter 3 (Unit 2)
Russia Where? Why? How?
Where? far north and east Why? resources to exploit the natural resources as a way to provide jobs government encouraged migration to far north to construct and operate steel mills, mines, power stations, etc. How? under force and persuasion of the government
China Where? Why? How?
Where? from the rural areas of the west to the urban areas of the east Why? economic reasons (more job opportunities in the urban area of the country) How? N/A
Brazil Where? Why? How?
Where? northwest Why? to be near the capital, many people moved to the area near the capital How? the government moved the capital of Brazil from Rio de Janerio to Brasilia
Canada Where? Why? How?
Where? towards the west Why? gold rush How? N/A
Impact of Europeans Emigrating Around the World
With Europe being the source of a lot of immigrants, they made an influence in the places they went -Indo-European languages are spoken by half the world -Christianity has spread far and wide -European art, music, literature, and philosophy has been spread to other parts of the world as well
US immigration law gives preference to groups. Identify those preferences.
more immigrants try to get into the US than what the quotas permits. So the government has set up some preferences regarding whom to admit. -family reunification - almost 3/4 of the admissions are admitted on these grounds. Most are either spouses, children, or some family member of a person already living in the US -skilled workers - talented professionals fill up the rest of the quota -diversity - accept an immigrant through lottery process as historically his country has sent very few immigrants
Interregional Migration
movement from one region of a country to another
Intraregional Migration
movements within one region
Undocumented Immigrants
people who enter a country without proper documentation and without following proper procedures
What types of push factors are usually responsible for involuntary migration (refugees)?
political or environmental BTW: involuntary migration implies migrants have been compelled to move
Guest Worker
immigrant from poorer countries that were allowed to immigrate temporarily to obtain jobs. Protected by minimum wage laws, labor union contracts, and other support programs
How did the Immigration Act of 1956 change the existing quota laws?
individual country quota laws were replaced with hemisphere quotas 170K for the eastern hemisphere and 120K for the western hemisphere
Pull Factors
induces people to move into a new location
Push Factors
induces people to move out of their present location
Role of transportation in examining intervening obstacles and migration
recent inventions and advancements in transportation facilities (motor vehicles and airplanes) has made migration easier Transportation while improvements have been made, travel can still be an expensive intervening obstacle to migration
What is the most famous example of large-scale interregional migration in the US?
rural areas --> urban areas indian relocation
How did the railroads encourage settlement of the American interior?
it made it easier to access
Brain Drain
large scale of emigration by very talented people
Emigration
migration FROM a place
Immigration
migration TO a place
Urbanization
migration from rural to urban areas in US: increased 5% in 1800 to 50% in 1920 and 80% in 2010
Counterurbanization
migration from urban to rural cities in US: Rocky Mountain States - Colorado, Idaho, Utah, Wyoming all experienced net in-migration
Suburbanization
migration from urban to suburban areas in US: nearly twice as many Americans migrate from cities to suburbs each year
Chain Migration
migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there
What is the population center?
where the most people are located in the US, the population center moved west and later south as well because of the gold rush and there was more land and job opportunities in the west and south
Global Migration Patterns
-3 largest flows: Asia --> Europe, Asia --> North America, Latin America --> North America -developing countries (net out migration) --> developed countries ( net in migration) -low income and high natural increase --> relatively wealthy countries (job prospects are brighter)
Role of political concerns/laws in examining intervening obstacles and migration
-congress passed the Quota Act in 1921 and the National Origins Act in 1924 -these laws established "quotas" (max limits on number of people who could immigrate to the US during one year period Politics/legalities which were once the easiest thing to get around when it came to migration are now a huge intervening obstacle for migrants. Countries require varying procedures for legal immigrating to take place. In many countries immigration laws are become more stringent.
Role of physical geography in examining intervening obstacles and migration
-migrants have to cross long arduous passages by land or sea -crossing mountains and oceans might be difficult too Physical geography while once the most common type of intervening obstacles, think long sea voyage, mountains and deserts have been largely overcome due to improvements in transportation
The world's third most populous country (the US) inhabited overwhelmingly by...
...direct descendants of immigrants
Pull Factors 1. political 2. environmental 3. economic
1. immigration policies 2. mountain seasides, warm climate 3. career options, job opportunities
For what 2 reasons have people been migrating to the South in recent years?
1. jobs 2. environment
What are Ravenstein's 2 laws for distance in relation of migrants
1. most migrants relocate a short distance and remain in the same country 2. long-distance migrants to another country head for major centers of economical activity
Push Factors 1. political 2. environmental 3. economic
1. slavery, war/political climate, government persecution 2. flood or drought, natural disaster 3. no job opportunities
What caused immigration from Latin America to the United States to increase?
1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act issued visas to several hundred thousand people who had entered the US in previous years without legal documents
Where do most undocumented immigrants who enter the US come from?
58% of unauthorized immigrants come from Mexico the remained is evenly divided between Latin America and the rest of the world
Why China and Southwest Asia are major destinations for migrants
China's booming economy is attracting immigrants from neighboring countries like Vietnam who are willing to work in China's factories. But internal migration is greater then immigration in China Southeast Asia has wealthy oil production industry and it attracts poor folks from neighboring Egypt and Yemen
What are 3 countries that sent out the most immigrants from Asia in recent years
China, Philippines, India, and Vietnam
Why was the settlement of the Great Plains slow to come with settlers passing by for California and the West Coast?
Gold Rush, harsh climate
How was immigration laws further changed in 1978? And presently?
In 1978, there was a global quota of 290,000 with 20,000 maximum per country. In 1990, the global quota was raised to 700,000
Migration may be classified as either international or internal. What is the difference?
International: permanent move from one country to another Internal: permanent move within the same country
Net growth or loss of US regions for 2010
South: +111 West: +103 Midwest: -214 Northeast: -78
In what stage of the DTM are most countries that send out immigrants
Stage 2
How did they (the Acts) favor immigration from certain regions?
The 1924 Act made it possible that for each country that had born persons already living in the US, 2% of their number (based on the 1910 census) could immigrate per year. This made sure that most immigrants would come from Europe.
What was the first intervening obstacle which hindered American settlement of the interior of the continent?
The Appalachian Mountains
Although the reasons people leave their countries to immigrate to the US have not changed over time, what has changed here in the US?
The patterns of immigration changed from Europe to Asia and Latin America
What did the Quota Act of 1921 and the National Origins Act of 1924 do?
These laws established quotas or limits on the number of immigrants that could come from certain areas and during certain time periods
Compare and Contrast US and Europe's attitude towards immigrants
US ATTITUDES TOWARD IMMIGRANTS -Immigration is necessary -Federal enforcement -Fewer restrictions -Improves country with diversity EUROPEAN ATTITUDE TOWARD GUEST WORKERS -More restrictions -Workers not as necessary -Dangerous to cohesiveness of culture SIMILAR -hostility towards immigrants - blame immigrants for crime, unemployment, and high welfare costs -view as a threat to their culture as immigrants differ in their religion, language, and food habits
Stage 2 (migration transition)
high international emigration and interregional migration from rural to urban areas
Immigration Law a) Border Patrol b) Workplace c) Civil Rights d) Local Initiatives
a) US government has stepped up Border Patrol enforcement resulting in the deportation of 390,000 immigrants in 2010. Americans like more effective Border Patrol, but don't want to spend their money in building a fence b) most Americans know that unauthorized immigrants take the job that nobody else wants to do, so they support in the making of immigrants legal. But Americans oppose against raids at workplace. c) Americans are okay with law enforcement stopping anyone suspected as unauthorized immigrants, but fear that they themselves will be affected by this enforcement d) most believe that enforcement is a federal government responsibility and do not support local law enforcement to find unauthorized immigrants
Characteristics of Immigrants a) Gender b) Age c) Education
a) mostly adult male b) about 40% of immigrants are young adults, in the age range of 25-39 c) have attended school or few years and are less likely to have a high school diploma
Stage 3 & 4 (migration transition)
high international immigration and intraregional migration from city to suburbs
What developments in transportation eventually encouraged settlement to the Mississippi?
canals
What types of push factors are usually responsible for voluntary migration
economic improvement BTW: voluntary migration implies migrants chose to move
Intervening Obstacle
environmental or political feature that hinders migration
Stage 1 (migration transition)
high daily or seasonal mobility in search for food
