AP Human Geography- Models & theories

Burgess

Concentric Zone Model

Hoyt

Sector Model

Sector Model

hearth-1939, homer hoyt says-city develops in sections or wedges not rings -grows outwards in wedges -best housing is on edges ex of model:chicago

Losch's Location Theory

says- manufacturing plants choose locations where they can maximize profit -can maximize profit when income is higher than the cost to make it ex:fur stores in vail, co

Weber's Location Theory

says- says-manufacturing plants will be where costs are the least ex:cheap labor, maquiladoras

Hotelling's Location Theory

says-location of an industry cannot be understood w/o references to other industrys of the same kind ex:gas stations are always next to each other

Wallerstein World Systems Theory

says-the world economy has a 3 tier structure Core: generates wealth in economy, high levels of education, technology, and salaries(RICH) ex:USA Periphery:generates less wealth in world economy lower level of education, technology, and salaries(POOR) ex:congo Semi-periphery: a buffer zone between Core&periphery both can exist ex: brazil, india, china, mexico

Peripheral Model

-good ex for N. America says- an urban area consists of a central area surrounded by other districts and places and enclosed by a major road -model points to problems of segregation that characterizes many suburbs

Lee's Migration Theory

Divides factors causing migrations into two groups of factors, push and pull. The factors are either economic, cultural, or environmental push- things that are unfavorable about the area that one lives in pull-things that attract one to an area

Von Thunen Model

Hearth-1826, Germany, by Johann Heinrich Von Thunen says- What farmers produce varies upon distance from market -takes into account cost of tranportation (which governs use of land) -assumes no natural features (land uniformity) -model places market in middle surrounded by dairy, then forestry (lumber), then grains and field crops, and lastly ranching and livestock

Rostow's Development Model

Hearth-W.W. Rostow, 1950 says- all countries move through 5 steps to development and modernization through selling resources and global participation (productive) Step 1: Traditional Society:high in agriculture but unproductive and developed Step 2:Preconditions of Takeoff:development begins with innovative leader who starts to buy technology Step 3:Takeoff:Same areas start to produce and become productive and bring in $ Step 4:Drive to Maturity: Technology diffuses and workers become more specialized Step 5:High Mass Consumption: More specialized jobs and become consumers

Central Place theory

Hearth-Walter Christaller says- where central places in the urban hierarchy would be functionally and spatially distributed (hexagon shaped areas) -hierarchy: city,town,village, hamlet -assumes that all land is the same (equal, no valleys mnts) ex: Iowa

Malthus Theory

claims-that worlds population is growing much more quickly than earth's food supply (1798)

Concentric Zone Model

hearth-1923, E.W. Burgess says-cities grow outwards from the CBD in rings 1st inner ring-CBD 2nd-Transiton Zone (poorer, immigrants) 3rd-Working Class Homes 4th-Newer spacious homes 5th-commuters

Multiple Nuclei Model

hearth-1945, E.L. Ulman says-cities are a complex structure w/ more than 1 center -also says certain things are more attracted to certain areas ex: airports attract hotels and universities attract pizzerias

Core-Domain-Sphere Model

says- a culture is more homogenous and intense in the core

Demographic Transition Model

says- a process with 4 steps in which every country moves through, once a country enters a new stage it will not go back to a previous stage. Stage 1: Low Growth (high CBR&CDR, low NIR) Stage 2: High Growth (high CBR&NIR, low CDR)(happened due to industrial revolution)ex:Cape Verde, Nicaragua Stage 3: Moderate Growth(decreasing CBR,CDR,NIR)(happens when people decide to start having less kids) ex:Chile, Stage 4:Low Growth(CBR=CDR, has ZPG) ex: USA, England, Luxemburg Stage 5:unofficial stage (low CBR, increasing CDR) ex: Russia

Gravity Model

says-Distance and population size effect receiving and sending countries -people will travel closer than far but large populations send more people. ex:china and india to US

Migration Transition Model

says-countries in stage 1 of DTM have internal migration -most sending countries are in stages 2-3 (international emigration) -most receiving countries are in stages 3-4(int'l immigration)

HDI

says-determines a country's development based on economic, social, and demographic indicators (given in %) economic indicators- GDP per capita Social indicator- Literacy rate Demographic indicator-life expectancy

Ravenstein's Migration Theory

says-majority of migrants move short distances and if they migrate long distances its' to cities. -urban residents migrate less than inhabitants of rural land. -families migrate less than individuals and men will travel further