AP Human Geography- Models & theories
Burgess
Concentric Zone Model
Hoyt
Sector Model
Sector Model
hearth-1939, homer hoyt says-city develops in sections or wedges not rings -grows outwards in wedges -best housing is on edges ex of model:chicago
Losch's Location Theory
says- manufacturing plants choose locations where they can maximize profit -can maximize profit when income is higher than the cost to make it ex:fur stores in vail, co
Weber's Location Theory
says- says-manufacturing plants will be where costs are the least ex:cheap labor, maquiladoras
Hotelling's Location Theory
says-location of an industry cannot be understood w/o references to other industrys of the same kind ex:gas stations are always next to each other
Wallerstein World Systems Theory
says-the world economy has a 3 tier structure Core: generates wealth in economy, high levels of education, technology, and salaries(RICH) ex:USA Periphery:generates less wealth in world economy lower level of education, technology, and salaries(POOR) ex:congo Semi-periphery: a buffer zone between Core&periphery both can exist ex: brazil, india, china, mexico
Peripheral Model
-good ex for N. America says- an urban area consists of a central area surrounded by other districts and places and enclosed by a major road -model points to problems of segregation that characterizes many suburbs
Lee's Migration Theory
Divides factors causing migrations into two groups of factors, push and pull. The factors are either economic, cultural, or environmental push- things that are unfavorable about the area that one lives in pull-things that attract one to an area
Von Thunen Model
Hearth-1826, Germany, by Johann Heinrich Von Thunen says- What farmers produce varies upon distance from market -takes into account cost of tranportation (which governs use of land) -assumes no natural features (land uniformity) -model places market in middle surrounded by dairy, then forestry (lumber), then grains and field crops, and lastly ranching and livestock
Rostow's Development Model
Hearth-W.W. Rostow, 1950 says- all countries move through 5 steps to development and modernization through selling resources and global participation (productive) Step 1: Traditional Society:high in agriculture but unproductive and developed Step 2:Preconditions of Takeoff:development begins with innovative leader who starts to buy technology Step 3:Takeoff:Same areas start to produce and become productive and bring in $ Step 4:Drive to Maturity: Technology diffuses and workers become more specialized Step 5:High Mass Consumption: More specialized jobs and become consumers
Central Place theory
Hearth-Walter Christaller says- where central places in the urban hierarchy would be functionally and spatially distributed (hexagon shaped areas) -hierarchy: city,town,village, hamlet -assumes that all land is the same (equal, no valleys mnts) ex: Iowa
Malthus Theory
claims-that worlds population is growing much more quickly than earth's food supply (1798)
Concentric Zone Model
hearth-1923, E.W. Burgess says-cities grow outwards from the CBD in rings 1st inner ring-CBD 2nd-Transiton Zone (poorer, immigrants) 3rd-Working Class Homes 4th-Newer spacious homes 5th-commuters
Multiple Nuclei Model
hearth-1945, E.L. Ulman says-cities are a complex structure w/ more than 1 center -also says certain things are more attracted to certain areas ex: airports attract hotels and universities attract pizzerias
Core-Domain-Sphere Model
says- a culture is more homogenous and intense in the core
Demographic Transition Model
says- a process with 4 steps in which every country moves through, once a country enters a new stage it will not go back to a previous stage. Stage 1: Low Growth (high CBR&CDR, low NIR) Stage 2: High Growth (high CBR&NIR, low CDR)(happened due to industrial revolution)ex:Cape Verde, Nicaragua Stage 3: Moderate Growth(decreasing CBR,CDR,NIR)(happens when people decide to start having less kids) ex:Chile, Stage 4:Low Growth(CBR=CDR, has ZPG) ex: USA, England, Luxemburg Stage 5:unofficial stage (low CBR, increasing CDR) ex: Russia
Gravity Model
says-Distance and population size effect receiving and sending countries -people will travel closer than far but large populations send more people. ex:china and india to US
Migration Transition Model
says-countries in stage 1 of DTM have internal migration -most sending countries are in stages 2-3 (international emigration) -most receiving countries are in stages 3-4(int'l immigration)
HDI
says-determines a country's development based on economic, social, and demographic indicators (given in %) economic indicators- GDP per capita Social indicator- Literacy rate Demographic indicator-life expectancy
Ravenstein's Migration Theory
says-majority of migrants move short distances and if they migrate long distances its' to cities. -urban residents migrate less than inhabitants of rural land. -families migrate less than individuals and men will travel further
