AP Psych - brain project

The human sleep cycle repeats itself about every

90 minutes

The primary effect of the myelin sheath is to A increase the velocity of conduction of the action potential along the axon B increase the velocity of conduction of the action potential across the synapse C facilitate the incoming stimulus signals at sensory receptors D reduce the amount of unused neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft E protect the terminal buttons of the neuron from destruction by enzymes

A increase the velocity of conduction of the action potential along the axon

The parietal lobe is most involved in A processing sensory information B storing information in long-term memory C coordinating complex motor movements D regulating emotions E triggering the fight-or-flight response

A processing sensory information

Briefly describe how one neuron transmits an impulse to another neuron using the following terms correctly to describe the process of neural transmission: Axon, action potential, terminal branches of axon, neurotransmitter, synapse, receptor site, dendrite.

A neuron sends a message by firing an impulse also called the action potential. The dendrite fibers receive and integrate info and pushing it to the cell body from there the axon fiber passes the message through the terminal branches to other neurons it meets at the synapse, a meeting point between neurons. The neurotransmitters cross over the synapic gap and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron.

Which of the following describes what happens when a neuron sends a signal? A The neuron goes from being positively charged to briefly being negatively charged, and finally returns to being positively charged again. The magnitude of the negative charge is fixed regardless of the strength of the input signal it receives. B The neuron goes from being negatively charged to briefly being positively charged, and finally returns to being negatively charged again. The magnitude of the negative charge is fixed regardless of the strength of the input signal it receives. C The neuron goes from being negatively charged to briefly being positively charged, and finally returns to being negatively charged again. The magnitude of the positive charge varies depending on the strength of the input signal it receives. D The neuron goes from being positively charged to briefly being negatively charged, and finally returns to being positively charged again. The magnitude of the negative charge varies depending on the strength of the input signal it receives. E The neuron goes from being negatively charged to being positively charged, and then it remains at that level until it fires again. The magnitude of th

B The neuron goes from being negatively charged to briefly being positively charged, and finally returns to being negatively charged again. The magnitude of the negative charge is fixed regardless of the strength of the input signal it receives.

Antagonists function by A mimicking neurotransmitters that bind to neural receptors to cause neural firing B blocking receptors to prevent other neurotransmitters from binding to the neural receptors C prompting the production of neurotransmitters D strengthening the connections between neurons E raising the threshold at which the neuron will fire

B blocking receptors to prevent other neurotransmitters from binding to the neural receptors

Ruth and Debbie are identical twins who were raised by the same family. Vince and Frankie are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised by different families. According to research on the heritability of personality traits, Ruth's and Debbie's personalities are statistically A more likely to be similar to one another than are Vince's and Frankie's personalities B likely to be as similar and dissimilar to one another as are Vince's and Frankie's personalities C more likely to be dissimilar to one another than are Vince's and Frankie's personalities D less likely to match on the personality dimensions of agreeableness and extraversion than are Vince and Frankie but not on other personality dimensions E less likely to match on the personality dimensions of openness and neuroticism than are Vince and Frankie but not on other personality dimensions

B likely to be as similar and dissimilar to one another as are Vince's and Frankie's personalities

Briefly summarize the functions of the brain structures in the brainstem and limbic system.

BRAINSTEM: pons - controls sleep and coordinates movements medulla - controls heartbeat and breathing LIMBIC SYSTEM: amygdala - emotion, fear, aggression hypothalamus - directs eating, drinking, body temp. Helps govern the endocrine system hippocampus - process for storage explicit memories of facor and events.

if a body does not have enough potassium, how might that affect neuronal firing? A The neurons will fire too easily because there will not be enough negatively charged ions to maintain a negatively charged resting state. B The neurons will fire too easily because there will not be enough positively charged ions to maintain a positively charged resting state. C The neurons will struggle to fire because there will not be enough positively charged ions to trigger the firing of the neuron. D The neurons will struggle to fire because there will not be enough negatively charged ions to trigger the firing of the neuron. E The neurons will struggle to fire because potassium binds to receptors and inhibits neuronal firing.

C The neurons will struggle to fire because there will not be enough positively charged ions to trigger the firing of the neuron.

10. corpus callosum

Connects the right and left hemispheres and carries messages between them

Which of the following best describes a major role of the thalamus? A It regulates body temperature. B It regulates hunger. C It regulates the autonomic nervous system. D It relays most sensory signals to the cortex. E It relays olfactory signals to the cortex.

D It relays most sensory signals to the cortex.

At a synapse, neurotransmitters released by the sending neuron do which of the following? A They combine with neurotransmitters released by the receiving neuron. B They combine with neurotransmitters released by other sending neurons. C They pass through channels into the receiving neuron. D They bind to receptors at the receiving neuron, which opens ion channels. E They bind to ions in the synapse, which creates a chemical reaction that causes the receiving neuron to fire.

D They bind to receptors at the receiving neuron, which opens ion channels.

What effect do agonists have? A They decrease the likelihood that a person will get a good night's sleep. B They stimulate the gastric system, leading to increased hunger. C They decrease the likelihood that a postsynaptic neuron will fire. D They increase the likelihood that a postsynaptic neuron will fire. E They lead to a decreased sex drive.

D They increase the likelihood that a postsynaptic neuron will fire.

Carl Wernicke discovered the region of the brain that is responsible for A visual perception B sense of balance C memory consolidation D language comprehension E language productio

D language comprehension

Madeline has previously been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. She has an identical twin sister, Josephine, and a nonidentical sister, Abigail. Neither of Madeline's sisters have previously been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Which of the following statements is true of Madeline's sisters? A Because their sister has been diagnosed, it is highly likely that both sisters will be diagnosed with major depressive disorder at some point in their lives. B Neither sister is likely to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder because it is rare for family members to be diagnosed with the same disorder. C The sisters are equally likely to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder in response to a stressful or traumatic event. D Josephine is less likely to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder than Abigail in response to a stressful or traumatic event. E Josephine is more likely to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder than Abigail in response to a stressful or traumatic event.

E. Josephine is more likely to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder than Abigail in response to a stressful or traumatic event.

Which of the following provides information regarding brain function by monitoring the brain at work through metabolism of glucose? A Computed tomography (CT) B Electrooculography (EOG) C Electroencephalography (EEG) D Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) E Positron emission tomography (PET)

E. PET

Which hormone is released when a person is under stress? A Progesterone B Testosterone C Estrogen D Oxytocin E Cortiso

E. cortisol

Johnny often hits his brother even though his brother does not do anything to antagonize him. Johnny's aggression is most likely due to a combination of A his genetic makeup, the fact that aggression can be evolutionarily adaptive, and a lack of neuroplasticity B developmental delays, the fact that aggression can be evolutionarily adaptive, and a lack of neuroplasticity C the environment he grew up in, developmental delays, and the fact that aggression can be evolutionarily adaptive D his genetic makeup, developmental delays, and a lack of neuroplasticity E his genetic makeup, the environment he grew up in, and the fact that aggression can be evolutionarily adaptive

E. his genetic makeup, the environment he grew up in, and the fact that aggression can be evolutionarily adaptive

Briefly describe the kinds of information each of the following scans provides about the brain: EEG, CT, PET, MRI, fMRI.

EEG - recording of waves of electrical activity across the brains surface CT - x-ray taken from different angles and combined to show a slice of the brain's structure, show structural damage PET - a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive glucose goes while the brain performs a task. Shows activity MRI - shows images of the brains anatomy fMRI - a measure of blood flow and brain activity used to show brain function and structure. Structure - CT, MRI, fMRI Function - EEG, PET, fMRI

Which neural center in the limbic system plays a central role in emotions such as aggression and fear? a. amygdala b. thalamus c. cerebellum d. medulla e. dendrite

a amygdala

A participant in a study of music perception listens to music with electrodes attached to her scalp while data are collected on the activity of her brain. This technique is called A electroencephalography (EEG) B computed tomography (CT) C positron-emission tomography (PET) D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) E functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

a. EEG

A drug that is used to treat seizures functions by preventing inhibitory neurotransmitters from returning to the presynaptic neuron. This slows the rate of neurons firing by increasing the amount of the inhibitory neurotransmitter in the synapse. The drug is most likely to be classified as a A GABA reuptake inhibitor (GRI) B selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) C hallucinogen D stimulant E beta blocker

a. GABA

Brain regions that are active as rats learn to navigate a maze show similar activity patterns again as the rats later experience a. REM sleep. b. hypnagogic sensations. c. neuroadaptation. d. dissociation. e. NREM sleep.

a. REM Sleep

If a blind person uses one finger to read Braille, the brain area dedicated to that finger expands as the sense of touch invades the visual cortex. This is an example of.. a. brain plasticity. b. hemispheric specialization. c. neural prosthetics. d. integrated association areas. e. positron emission training.

a. brain plasticity

After four years of working nights, Raymond now works days. His present difficulty in getting to sleep at night is most likely due to a disruption of his normal a. circadian rhythm. b. hypnagogic sensations. c. alpha wave pattern. d. sleep apnea. e. physical dependence

a. circadian rhythm

To identify which specific brain areas are most active during a particular mental task, researchers would be most likely to make use of a(n) a. fMRI. b. hemispherectomy. c. ACh agonist. d. brain lesion. e. MRI.

a. fMRI

Adolescents are most likely to start smoking in order to a. gain social acceptance. b. trigger the release of lymphocytes. c.. reduce their mental alertness. d. reduce their blood pressure. e. gain decreased anxiety.

a. gain social acceptance

Some people function well with fewer than 6 hours of sleep per night, while others need 9 hours or more. Such differences in individual sleep patterns suggests that a. genetics makes a difference in how much sleep we need and get. b. sleep debt affects a person's health and mental well-being. c. most adults are seriously sleep deprived. d. sleep is necessary for helping us restore and repair brain tissue. e. sleep disorders are widespread in our culture.

a. genetics makes a difference in how much sleep we need and get.

An adaptation is an inherited physical or behavioral characteristic that a. increases an organism's chance for survival. b. is ecologically disruptive. c. enables an organism to control its environment. d. may or may not benefit the organism. e. has no effect on fitness.

a. increases an organism's chance for survival

Freud called the remembered story line of a dream its ________ content. a. manifest b. latent c. dissociated d. paradoxical e. delusional

a. manifest

Evolutionary psychologists are most likely to be criticized for a. providing hindsight explanations for human behaviors. b. failing to consider unconscious motivations. c. overemphasizing humans' capacity to learn and adapt to a variety of environments. d. underestimating gender differences in mate selection. e. overestimating cultural differences in human sexual behaviors.

a. providing hindsight explanations for human behaviors..

A common psychological effect of alcohol intake is A reduced inhibition B anxiety C enhanced memory D psychosis E heightened creativity

a. reduced inhibition

Sleep apnea is a disorder involving a. the cessation of breathing during sleep. b. periodic uncontrollable attacks of overwhelming sleepiness. c. hypnagogic sensations of falling or floating weightlessly. d. the excessive use of sleeping pills or other sleep-inducing drugs. e. screams and panic during deep sleep.

a. the cessation of breathing during sleep

A participant in a study of music perception listens to music with electrodes attached to her scalp while data are collected on the activity of her brain. This technique is called A electroencephalography (EEG) B computed tomography (CT) C positron-emission tomography (PET) D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) E functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

b hypothalamus

The brain's ability to adapt after it is damaged is known as A integration B plasticity C polarization D lateralization E specificity

b placsticity

Research suggests that young men prefer older women, mid-twenties men prefer women their own age, and older men prefer younger women. Based on this finding, evolutionary psychologists suggest that men a. view sex as being more relational. b. are attracted to women with peak fertility. c. prefer mates who are interested in long-term relationships. d. have a higher threshold for perceiving warm responses as sexual. e. are less concerned with sending their genes into the future.

b. are attracted to women with peak fertility

Information is most quickly transmitted from one cerebral hemisphere to the other by the a medulla. b. corpus callosum. c. angular gyrus. d. limbic system. e. reticular formation.

b. corpus callosum

One of the deadly effects of Ecstasy is a. increased appetite. b. dehydration. c. lethargy. d. pupil constriction. e. decreased blood pressure.

b. dehydration

The hormone most associated with the fight or flight response is A oxytocin B epinephrine C testosterone D estrogen E dopamine

b. epinephrine

A person whose body is not producing enough testosterone is most likely to exhibit A overly aggressive behavior B fatigue C memory loss D increased hunger E increased thirst

b. fatigue

The emotional tone of our dreams is especially likely to be influenced by activation of the ________ during REM sleep. a. sensory cortex b. limbic system c. frontal lobes d. pineal gland e. MDMA area

b. limbic system

The neural system located at the border between the brainstem and the cerebral hemispheres is known as the a. sensory cortex. b. limbic system. c. reticular formation. d. peripheral nervous system. e. cerebellum.

b. limbic system

The fatty casing that helps speed up the neural transmissions of a neuron is called the A medulla B myelin sheath C cerebrum D soma E corpus callosum

b. myelin sheath

The chemical messengers released into the spatial junctions between neurons are called a. hormones. b. neurotransmitters. c. synapses. d. sensory neurons. e. motor neurons.

b. neurotransmitters

Morphine and heroin are a. amphetamines. b.opiates. c. hallucinogens. d. barbiturates. e. stimulants.

b. opiates

Prozac, a drug commonly prescribed to treat depression, prevents the sending neuron from taking in excess serotonin. Which process does this drug prevent from taking place? a. depolarization b. reuptake c. the all-or-none response d. an action potential e. a refractory period

b. reuptake

Waking up frequently, loud snoring, silent pauses in breathing, and sleepiness during the day are symptoms of A somnambulism B sleep apnea C narcolepsy D circadian rhythm sleep disorders E insomnia

b. sleep apnea

When Mr. Valdez thought his 1-year-old daughter had fallen down the stairs, his heartbeat accelerated, his blood pressure rose, and he began to perspire heavily. Mr. Valdez's state of arousal was activated by his ________ nervous system. a. parasympathetic b. sympathetic c somatic d sensorimotor e central

b. sympathetic

The time shortly after a neuron fires is referred to as A the latent stage B the refractory period C the reticular formation D depolarization E the neurotransmitter

b. the refracotry period

The minimum level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse is called the a. reflex. b. threshold. c. synapse. d. action potential. e. refractory period.

b. threshold

Damage to which of the following brain structures may cause the inability to detect the emotional significance of facial expressions, especially those demonstrating fear? A Hippocampus B Thalamus C Cerebellum D Hypothalamus E Amygdala

b. visual deficit

A drug that has the effect of intensifying or mimicking a particular neurotransmitter can be characterized as A a hallucinogen, because it has the reverse effect of an agonist B an agonist, because it intensifies the effects of a particular neurotransmitter C an antagonist, because it intensifies the effects of a particular neurotransmitter D a reuptake inhibitor, because it increases activity of the central nervous system E a stimulant, because it increases activity of the central nervous system

b.an agonist, because it intensifies the effects of a particular neurotransmitter

An adult with a healthy sleep cycle is most likely to enter REM sleep A immediately after falling asleep B after the dream stage is completed C after cycling through the NREM sleep stages D only as necessary to prevent waking E soon after falling asleep and then remain there for the majority of the night

c. after cycling through the NREM sleep stages

A neuron sends a signal along its A dendrite B optic chiasm C axon D neurotransmitter E nucleus

c. axon

The area labeled X in the drawing above denotes which of the following structures? A Dendrites B Nodes of Ranvier C Axon terminals D Mitochondria E Glial cells

c. axon terminals

When people discuss the "nature vs. nurture" controversy, Nature refers to ________ and Nurture refers to ________. a. genes; heredity b. chromosomes; genetics c. biology; environment d. DNA; hormones e. thinking; behavior

c. biology;environment

Alcohol is considered a(n) a. stimulant. b.hallucinogen. c. depressant. d.opiate. e. both a depressant and a hallucinogen.

c. depressant

In 1848, Phineas Gage, a railroad construction foreman, survived when an explosion drove an iron rod through his head. The once friendly, soft-spoken Gage became irritable and dishonest. Gage's case provided evidence that which region of the brain plays a role in personality and behavior? a. temporal lobes b. sensory cortex c. frontal lobes d. parietal lobes e. Broca's area

c. frontal lobes

According to Freud, the personally threatening and censored meaning of a dream is its a. manifest content. b. dissociated content. c. latent content. d. hallucinatory content. e. social influence.

c. latent content

For you to be able to run, ________ must relay messages from your central nervous system to your leg muscles. a. interneurons b. agonists c. motor neurons d. sensory neurons e. the autonomic nervous system

c. motor neurons

Recent brain research contradicts previously held beliefs, indicating that new neurons are actually formed in the brain. What is this process called? a. plasticity b. reuptake c. neurogenesis d. reticular formation e. myelin cells

c. neurogenesis

REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because a. our heart rate is slow and steady, while our breathing is highly irregular. b. we are deeply asleep but can be awakened easily. c. our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move. d. it leads to highly imaginative dreams that are perceived as colorless images. e. our brain and nervous system are less active and our muscles are very active.

c. our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move.

Which of the following structures in the brainstem helps coordinate movements and lies above the medulla? a. reticular formation b. hippocampus c. pons d. thalamus e. hypothalamus

c. pons

The auditory hallucinations experienced by people with schizophrenia are most closely linked with the activation of areas in which brain area? a. motor cortex b. amygdala c. temporal lobes d. hypothalamus e. sensory cortex

c. temporal lobes

Hunger and eating are primarily regulated by which of the following? A Androgens B Estrogens C The hypothalamus D The kidneys E The medulla oblongata

c. the hypothalamus

People have always responded so positively to Alyssa's good looks that she has developed a socially confident and outgoing personality. This best illustrates a. the impact of personality on gender identity. b. that ideas about gender and social roles are complementary. c. the interaction of nature and nurture. d. the reciprocal influence of norms and roles. e. the importance of nurture rather than nature.

c. the interaction of nature and nurture

2. medulla

controls heartbeat and breathing

1. pons

controls sleep and helps coordinate movements

15. motor cortex

controls voluntary movements

9. cerebral cortex

covers the cerebral hemispheres and is the ultimate control and information-processing center

How is the hypothalamus involved in sleep? a. Cell clusters in the hypothalamus stimulate the production of relatively slow alpha waves, signaling the transition from deep relaxation to sleep. b. The hypothalamus triggers the pituitary gland in the endocrine system to produce the hormone thyroxin, which leads you to sleep. c. During sleep the hypothalamus stimulates the production of free radicals, molecules that are toxic to neurons, which weakens unused connections. d. In response to decreasing light the hypothalamus' suprachiasmatic nucleus causes the pineal gland to increase production of melatonin, leading you to sleep. e. The action of the hypothalamus suppresses immune cell production that fights off viral infections and cancer.

d. In response to decreasing light the hypothalamus' suprachiasmatic nucleus causes the pineal gland to increase production of melatonin, leading you to sleep.

What do methamphetamine, caffeine, and cocaine have in common? a. They slow body functions and calm neural activity. b. They depress neural functioning and reduce pain. c. They distort perceptions and evoke sensations without sensory input. d. They excite neural activity and arouse body functions. e. They relax the body, lead to disinhibition, and produce euphoria.

d. They excite neural activity and arouse body functions.

Damage to the cerebellum would most likely result in which of the following problems? A Aphasia B Increased aggression C A loss of vision D A loss of motor coordination E A change in personality

d. a loss of motor coordination

The medulla oblongata is a part of the A cerebellum B prefrontal cortex C occipital lobe D brain stem E corpus callosum

d. brain stem

The thin surface layer of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebrum is called the a. cerebellum. b. corpus callosum. c. reticular formal d. cerebral cortex. e. sensory cortex.

d. cerebral cortex

The threadlike structures that contain genes are called a. synapses. b. hormones. c. neurons. d. chromosomes. e. genomes.

d. chromosomes

The biological clock that operates in human beings to adjust their functioning to night-and-day periodicity is referred to as A spontaneous neural activity B the biofeedback monitor C a fixed-interval schedule D a circadian rhythm E active consciousness

d. circadian rhythm

An individual with damage to Wernicke's area is most likely to have difficulty A identifying an object held in the hand but not seen B planning what to wear to a party C remembering the name of a person in a photograph D comprehending a spoken request for information E distinguishing between red and green

d. comprehending a spoken request for info

A brain lesion refers to ________ of brain tissue. a. electrical stimulation b. X-ray photography c. radioactive bombardment d. destruction e. development

d. destruction

The autonomic nervous system is most directly involved in A driving a car B reading a textbook C sensing painful stimuli D digesting food E experiencing pain

d. digesting food

The psychodynamic theory of dreaming would postulate that A time spent dreaming helps with problem solving and creativity B people sleep more after they have engaged in strenuous physical activity C dreams are the brain's way of making sense of random neural activity D dreams fulfill unconscious wishes E lions sleep more than deer

d. dreams fulfill unconscious wishes

The area labeled X in the drawing above denotes which of the following structures? A Dendrites B Nodes of Ranvier C Axon terminals D Mitochondria E Glial cells

d. frontal lobe

Evolutionary psychologists would be most likely to attribute gender differences in attitudes toward sex to the fact that men have ________ than do women. a. larger bodies b. stronger personalities c. a weaker sense of empathy d. greater reproductive potential e. more insecurities

d. greater reproductive potential

The brain structure that provides a major link between the nervous system and the endocrine system is the a. cerebellum. b. amygdala. c. reticular formation d. hypothalamus. e. medulla.

d. hypothalamus

Which of the following are located exclusively within the brain and spinal cord? a. sensory neurons b. motor neurons c. myelin sheath d. interneurons e. axons

d. interneurons

The area of the brain stem that is important in controlling breathing is the A suprachiasmatic nucleus B cerebellum C limbic system D medulla E hippocampus

d. medulla

Direct stimulation of the motor cortex would be most likely to result in a. feelings of anger. b. acceleration of heartbeat. c. a sensation of being touched on the arm. d. movement of the mouth and lips. e. intense pain.

d. movement of mouth and lips

The slowdown of neural communication in multiple sclerosis involves a degeneration of the a. thresholds. b. dendrites. c. endocrine gland. d. myelin sheath. e. pituitary gland.

d. myelin sheath

Evolutionary psychology studies the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of a. humanistic psychology. b. psychotherapy. c. self-regulation. d. natural selection. e. interaction.

d. natural selection

The body's speedy, electrochemical information system is called the a. circulatory system. b. threshold. c. action potential. d. nervous system. e. endocrine system.

d. nervous system

A PET scan of a patient looking at a photograph of a painting would most likely indicate high levels of activity in which brain structure? a. sensory cortex b. Broca's area c. corpus callosum d. occipital lobes e. frontal lobes

d. occipital lobes

Evolutionary psychologists are most likely to emphasize that human adaptiveness to a variety of different environments has contributed to human a. naturalistic observation. b. genetic mutations. c. behavior correlations. d. reproductive success. e. prenatal development.

d. reporductive success

The idea that there is a part of the mind that is not directly accessible to awareness but still drives a person's thinking and behavior is most directly attributable to A William James B Edward Thorndike C Margaret Floy Washburn D Sigmund Freud E Paul Broca

d. sigmund freud

When the cat's amygdala is electrically stimulated the cat prepares to attack by hissing and arching its back. Which division of the autonomic nervous system is activated by such stimulation? a. somatic b. parasympathetic c. central d. sympathetic e. sensorimotor

d. sympathetic

Ben was enjoying a walk in the woods on a beautiful Saturday afternoon. As he went around a curve, he noticed a bear walking toward him. Immediately his pupils dilated, he began to perspire, and his heart accelerated. These changes are most closely related to the function of the A angular gyrus B hippocampus C parasympathetic nervous system D sympathetic nervous system E ventricular system

d. sympathetic nervous system

Which brain structure receives information from all the senses except smell? a. hippocampus b. amygdala c. pons d. thalamus e. medulla.

d. thalamus

An axon is a. a cell that serves as the basic building block of the nervous system. b. a layer of fatty tissue that encases the fibers of many neurons. c. an antagonist molecule that blocks neurotransmitter receptor sites. d. the extension of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body. e. a junction between a sending and receiving neuron.

d. the extension of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body

The phenomenon of declining physiological effects of taking a drug after sustained use is referred to as A endorphin release B withdrawal C long-term potentiation D tolerance E a relapse

d. tolerance

To estimate trait heritability, researchers are most likely to make use of a. cloning. b. natural selection. c. interaction. d. twin studies. e. DNA.

d. twin studies

6. hypothalamus

directs eating, drinking, body temp and helps govern the endocrine system by the pituitary gland

What is most likely to occur when the brain is repeatedly flooded with artificial opiates? a. The immune system is suppressed. b. The brain shrinks. c. The brain stops making dopamine. d. the level of serotonin is permanently decreased. e The brain stops producing endorphins.

e! The brain stops producing endorphins.

An altered state of consciousness in which people experience fantastic images and often feel separated from their bodies is most closely associated with the use of a. heroin. b. concaine c. barbiturates. d. marijuana. e. LSD.

e. LSD

Damage to which of the following brain structures may cause the inability to detect the emotional significance of facial expressions, especially those demonstrating fear? A Hippocampus B Thalamus C Cerebellum D Hypothalamus E Amygdala

e. amygdala

Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system results in which of the following? A An increase in pupil dilation B An increase in respiratory rate C A decrease in digestion D A decrease in salivation E A decrease in heart rate

e. decrease in heart rate

A person with damage to Broca's area would most likely demonstrate which of the following symptoms? A Forgetfulness B Hearing difficulties C Difficulty controlling balance and coordination D Difficulty controlling emotions E Difficulty with speech production

e. difficulty with speech production

When people consume large amounts of alcohol, they are often unable to recall what they did and said while they were drinking. This occurs because alcohol interferes with the brain's ability to form new memories in the A reticular formation B occipital lobe C parietal lobe D thalamus E hippocampus

e. hippocampus

The pituitary gland is controlled by the A hippocampus B medulla C amygdala D occipital lobe E hypothalamus

e. hypothalamus

Mary participates in an exercise program because she experiences an increase in energy and feelings of well-being at the end of each exercise session. The best explanation for Mary's perseverance in the program is that exercise A reduces her level of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B reduces her level of acetylcholine C reduces her level of glutamate D increases her level of teratogens E increases her level of endorphins

e. increases her level of endophins

Beth received a hemispherectomy to treat a seizure disorder when she was two years old. However, by the time she was five years old, her cognitive abilities were the same as those of a neurotypical five year old. Which of the following best explains her abilities? A Reuptake B Dual processing C Accommodation D Myelination E Neuroplasticity

e. neuroplasticity

Slow wave sleep appears to play an important role in a. narcolepsy. b. sleep apnea. c. paradoxical sleep. d. posthypnotic amnesia. e. physical growth.

e. physical growth

Which of the following is true about the pons? A It is closely associated with judgment, higher-order cognition, and personality. B It functions as a bridge between the two hemispheres. C It is associated with hormones and the endocrine system. D It is associated with visual processing. E It is the region of the brain that is most closely associated with sleep and arousal.

e. sleep and arousal

Michael Gazzaniga is best known for A showing that cats can learn to escape puzzle boxes B conditioning Little Albert to be fearful of rats C studying attachment styles in children D studying false memories E studying split-brain patient

e. studying split-brain patients

13. temporal lobe

each lobe receives auditory information, primarily from opposite ear

14. occipital lobe

each lobe receives visual info, primarily from opposite visual field

3. reticular formation

helps control arousal and filters incoming sensory stimuli

7. hippocampus

helps process for storage explicit memories of facts and events

19. broca's area

involved in expressive language

20. wernicke's area

involved in receptive language

8. amygdala

linked to emotion, fear, and aggression

18. right hemisphere

perceptual tasks, making inferences, modulating speech, visual perception, recognition of emotion, controlling the left side of the body.

5. cerebellum

processing sensory input, coordinating movement and balance, nonverbal learning and memory.

12. parietal lobe

receives and processes sensory input for touch and body position

16. sensory cortex

registers info from the skin senses and body movement

4. thalamus

relay station for incoming and outgoing sensory info

17. left hemisphere

speaking and language, math calculations, literal interpretations, controlling the right side of the body.

11. frontal lobe

speaking, motor movements, judgement, and decision making.