AP Psych Chapter 1: history and research

In generalizing from a sample to the population, it is important that: a. the sample is representative of the population. b. the sample is large. c. the scores in the sample have low variability. d. all of the above are observed.

all of the above are observed

In psychology, "behavior" is best defined as:

any action we can observe and record

A psychologist who studies how worker productivity might be increased by changing office layout is engaged in ________ research

applied

Which perspective emphasizes the learning of observable responses? a. social-cultural b. neuroscience c. cognitive d. behavioral

behavioral

Psychologists who study, assess, and treat troubled people are called:

clinical psychologists

The way the mind encodes, processes, stores, and retrieves information is the primary concern of the ________ perspective

cognitive

The four families on your block all have annual household incomes of $25,000. If a new family with an annual income of $75,000 moved in, which measure of central tendency would be most affected? a. mode b. median c. standard deviation d. mean

mean

A psychologist studies the play behavior of third-grade children by watching groups during recess at school. Which type of research is being used?

naturalistic observation

Which psychological perspective emphasizes the interaction of the brain and body in behavior? a. behavior genetics b. behavioral c. neuroscience d. cognitive

neuroscience

To ensure that other researchers can repeat their work, psychologists use:

operational definitions.

One reason researchers base their findings on representative samples is to avoid the false consensus effect, which refers to our tendency to:

overestimate the extent to which others share our belief.

Which of the following individuals is also a physician? a. psychiatrist b. clinical psychologist c. experimental psychologist d. biological psychologist

psychiatrist

To say that "psychology is a science" means that:

psychologists approach the study of thoughts and actions with careful observation and rigorous analysis.

To say that "psychology is a science" means that

psychologists study thoughts and actions with an attitude of skepticism and derive their conclusions from direct observations

Well-done surveys measure attitudes in a representative subset, or ________, of an entire group, or ________.

random sample; population

What is the mode of the following distribution: 8, 2, 1, 1, 3, 7, 6, 2, 0, 2?

2

What is the median of the following distribution of scores: 1, 3, 7, 7, 2, 8, 4?

4

What is the mean of the following distribution of scores: 2, 3, 7, 6, 1, 4, 9, 5, 8, 2?

4.7

Who introduced the early school of structuralism?

Edward Titchener

Which of the following best describes the hindsight bias? a. A person's intuition is usually not correct. b. A person's intuition is usually correct. c. Events seem more predictable after they have occurred. d. Events seem more predictable before they have occurred.

Events seem more predictable after they have occurred

Who would be most likely to agree with the statement, "Psychology should investigate only behaviors that can be observed"?

John B. Watson

The seventeenth-century philosopher who believed that the mind is blank at birth and that most knowledge comes through sensory experience is

Locke

Dr. Salazar recently completed an experiment in which she compared reasoning ability in a sample of females and a sample of males. The means of the female and male samples equaled 21 and 19, respectively, on a 25-point scale. A statistical test revealed that her results were not statistically significant. What can Dr. Salazar conclude?

The difference in the means of the two samples is probably due to chance variation

Which of the following is the measure of variation that is most affected by extreme scores? a. standard deviation b. range c. mode d. mean

range

Which of the following is not a basic research strategy used by psychologists? a. replication b. description c. correlation d. experimentation

replication

Jawan believes that psychologists should go back to using introspection as a research tool. This technique is based on

self-examination of mental processes

A lopsided set of scores that includes a number of extreme or unusual values is said to be

skewed.

The set of scores that would likely be most representative of the population from which it was drawn would be a sample with a relatively: a. large standard deviation. b. small standard deviation. c. small range. d. large range.

small standard deviation

A psychologist who explores how Asian and North American definitions of attractiveness differ is working from the ________ perspective

social-cultural

(Close-Up) Your roommate announces that her schedule permits her to devote three hours to studying for an upcoming quiz. You advise her to:

space study time over several short sessions

The football team's punter wants to determine how consistent his punting distances have been during the past season. He should compute the:

standard deviation

After detailed study of a gunshot wound victim, a psychologist concludes that the brain region destroyed is likely to be important for memory functions. Which research strategy did the psychologist use to deduce this?

the case study

You decide to test your belief that men drink more soft drinks than women by finding out whether more soft drinks are consumed per day in the men's dorm than in the women's dorm. Your belief is a(n) ________, and your research prediction is a(n) ________.

theory; hypothesis

Which subfield is most directly concerned with studying human behavior in the workplace?

industrial/organizational psychology

In order to study the effects of lighting on mood, Dr. Cooper had students fill out questionnaires in brightly lit or dimly lit rooms. In this study, the independent variable consisted of:

the room lighting

Your roommate is conducting a survey to learn how many hours the typical college student studies each day. She plans to pass out her questionnaire to the members of her sorority. You point out that her findings will be flawed because:

the sample will probably not be representative of the population of interest

Which of the following research strategies would be best for determining whether alcohol impairs memory?

experiment

If shoe size and IQ are negatively correlated, which of the following is true? a. People with small feet tend to have low IQs. b. People with small feet tend to have high IQs. c. IQ is unpredictable based on a person's shoe size. d. People with large feet tend to have high IQs.

People with small feet tend to have high IQs

Who would be most likely to agree with the statement, "Psychology is the science of mental life"?

Wilhelm Wundt

Which of the following research methods does not belong with the others? a. experiment b. survey c. case study d. naturalistic observation

experiment

In a test of the effects of air pollution, groups of students performed a reaction-time task in a polluted or an unpolluted room. To what condition were students in the unpolluted room exposed?

control

In order to determine the effects of a new drug on memory, one group of people is given a pill that contains the drug. A second group is given a sugar pill that does not contain the drug. This second group constitutes the:

control group

Which type of research would allow you to determine whether students' college grades accurately predict later income? a. naturalistic observation b. correlation c. case study d. experimentation

correlation

In an experiment to determine the effects of attention on memory, memory is the

dependent variable

Dr. Jones' research centers on the relationship between changes in our thinking over the life span and changes in moral reasoning. Dr. Jones is most likely a:

developmental psychologist

The biopsychosocial approach emphasizes the importance of:

different levels of analysis in exploring behavior and mental processes

The psychological views of William James are to those of Edward Titchener as ________ is to ________.

functionalism; structuralism

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are most closely associated with:

humanistic psychology

Joe believes that his basketball game is always best when he wears his old gray athletic socks. Joe is a victim of the phenomenon called

illusory correlation

Concerning the major psychological perspectives on behavior, the text author suggests that: a. researchers should work within the framework of only one of the perspectives. b. only those perspectives that emphasize objective measurement of behavior are useful. c. the different perspectives often complement one another; together, they provide a fuller understanding of behavior than provided by any single perspective. d. psychologists should avoid all of these traditional perspectives

the different perspectives often complement one another; together, they provide a fuller understanding of behavior than provided by any single perspective

To prevent the possibility that a placebo effect or researchers' expectations will influence a study's results, scientists employ

the double-blind procedure