ap psych midterm.
Which of the following coefficients of a correlation indicates the weakest relationship between sleep habits and grades? - 0.51 - -0.28 - +0.08 - -1.0 - +0.74
+0.08
Much like that of a college student, if all external time cues are removed or blocked, the human circadian "free-running" rhythm tends to cycle every - 20 hours - 24 hours - 25 hours - 27 hours - 36 hours
- 25 hours
Which of the following coefficients of a correlation indicates the strongest relationship between sleep habits and grades? - 0.51 - -0.28 - 0.08 - -0.89 - 0.93
0.93
During a normal night's sleep, how many times do we pass through the different stages of sleep? - 2 - 2-3 - 4-7 - 8-11 - 11-15
4-7
Approximately how long is each cycle of sleep during a full nights sleep? - 80 mins - 90 mins - 60 mins - 75 mins - 120 mins
90 mins
In what way might a behaviorist disagree with a cognitive psychologist about the cause of aggression? - A behaviorist might state that aggression is caused by memories of ways we think about aggressive behavior, while a cognitive psychologist might say aggression is caused by a past repressed experience. - A behaviorist might state that aggression is a behavior encouraged by our genetic code, while a cognitive psychologist might state that aggression is caused by memories or ways we think about aggressive behavior. - a behaviorist might state that aggression is caused by past rewards for aggressive behavior, while a cognitive psychologist might believe aggression is caused by an expressed desire to fulfill certain life needs. - A behaviorist might state that aggression is caused by past rewards for aggressive behavior, while a cognitive psychologist might believe aggression is caused by memories or ways we think about aggressive behavior. - A behaviorist would not disagree with a cognitive psychologist about aggression because they both believe that aggressive behavior is caused by the way we cognitively process certain behaviors.
A behaviorist might state that aggression is caused by past rewards for aggressive behavior, while a cognitive psychologist might believe aggression is caused by memories or ways we think about aggressive behavior.
Which of the following psychologists might have described himself as a humanist? - B.F. Skinner - William James - Abraham Maslow - John Watson - Ivan Pavlov
Abraham Maslow
A study found evidence that married people have a better chance of surviving cancer than do single people, meaning that the unmarried people might be good targets for cancer-prevention programs. Which of the following best describes this type of research? - Experimental research - Surveys - Case studies - Correlational research - Naturalistic observation
Correlational research
Which of the following neurotransmitters most closely resembles the effects alcohol has on the nervous system? - anandamide - GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) - dopamine - acetylcholine - serotonin
GABA
John Watson relied on the pioneering work of _______ in establishing behaviorism as a paradigm of psychology - B.F. Skinner - Wilhelm Wundt - William James - Ivan Pavlov - Sigmund Freud
Ivan Pavlov
In a double-blind experimental design, which of the following would be true? - The experiment subjects know whether they are in an experimental group or in a control group, but the researchers do not. - The researchers know whether particular subjects have been assigned to an experimental group or a control group, but the experimental subjects do not. - Both the researchers and the experimental subjects know whether the latter have been assigned to an experimental group or a control group. - Neither the researchers nor the experimental subjects know whether the latter have been assigned to an experimental group or a control group. - The observers are unable to see the responses or behaviors of the experimental group during the course of the experimental manipulation.
Neither the researchers nor the experimental subjects know whether the latter have been assigned to an experimental group or a control group.
Scientists are able to see changes in the brain as it processes information by means of - lesioning - autopsy - CT - MRI - PET
PET
You are at a lecture about the history of psychology and the speaker states that Wilhelm Wundt's theory of structuralism was the first scientific psychological theory. On what historical fact might the speaker be basing her or his argument? - Wundt was internationally known at the time, and this lent credence to his theory in the scientific community. - Wundt studied under Ivan Pavlov for his graduate training, and Pavlov required scientific methods to be used. - Structuralism was based on the results of his introspection experiments, so it is, at least in part, empirical. - Structuralism was based on anecdotes gathered from Wundts extensive clinical career. - Wundt was the first person to study psychology in an academic settng.
Structuralism was based on the results of his introspection experiments, so it is, at least in part, empirical.
Which of the following psychologist was a structuralist? - John Watson - Wilhelm Wundt - WIlliam James - Max Wertheimer - Sigmund Freud
Wilhelm Wundt
Which psychologist argued that consciousness is like a stream, constantly and continuous flowing? - Sigmund Freud - B.F. Skinner - John B. Watson - Plato and Aristotle - William James
William James
Which of the following psychologists wrote the first psychology textbook? - William James - Wilhelm Wundt - B.F. Skinner - John Watson - Albert Bandura
William James.
Which of the following is the best analogy for how psychologists view consciousness? - the on/off switch on a computer - a circuit breaker that controls power to a house - a fuse that allows electricity to pass through until a short circuit occurs - a dimmer switch for a light fixture - the ignition switch on a car
a dimmer switch for a light fixture
Kate collects survey data that indicates that students who spend more time preparing for the AP test tend to score better than other students. Kate can now conclude that - studying improves exam grades - a relationship exists between studying and exam grades - a significant correlation exists between studying and exam grades - anyone who does not study will do poorly on the exam - better students tend to study more
a relationship exists between studying and exam grades
Mark, a psychology major, collected survey data about the number of hours that college students study for finals and their grades on those finals. His data indicates that students who spend more time studying for finals tend to do better than other students. What can mark now conclude? - studying improves a student's grades on a final exam - a relationship exists between studying and exam grades - a significant relationship exists between studying and exam grades - students who do not study for final exams will not do well on those exams - students who have higher IQs tend to study more than those with lower IQs
a relationship exists between studying and exam grades
A random sample can best be defined as: - a sample in which each potential participant has an equal chance of being selected - a sample that is carefully chosen so the characteristics of participants correspond to the larger population - a selection of cases from a larger population - a selection of cases from the control group - a sample of a larger population from the experimental group
a sample in which each potential participant has an equal chance of being selected
The process by which a tiny electrical current is generated when the positive sodium ions rush inside the axon, causing the inside of the axon to reverse its charge, is called - action potential - ion potential - resting state - synaptic state - negative potential
action potential
eighty percent of our sleep takes place in which cycles of sleep? - stage 1 - stage 2 - stage 3 - stage 4 - all of the above
all of the above
If an action potential starts at the beginning of an axon, the action potential will continue at the same speed to the very end of the axon. This concept is known as - nerve impulse - synapse - resting state - all-or-nothing response - sodium pump
all-or-nothing response
Emma is telling her younger sister stories about her first Christmas in their new home. Which part of the brain is Emma using to recall these memories? - hypothalamus - thalamus - amygdala - hippocampus - medulla
amygdala
The correlation between two observed variables is -0.84. From this, it can be concluded that - as one variable increases, the other is likely to increase, showing a direct relationship - as one variable increases, the other is likely to decrease, showing an inverse relationship -the two variables are unrelated - one variable causes the other variable to occur - one variable causes the other variable to not occur
as one variable increases, the other is likely to decrease, showing an inverse relationship
"Give me a dozen healthy infants and my own special world to bring them up in, and i'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist,... lawyer, doctor..." Which psychological approach would support this statement? - cognitive _ structural - functional - behavioral - psychoanalytic
behavioral
Psychology is considered a science mainly because it relies on direct observation. Which field of psychology supports this? - behaviorism - psychodynamic psychology - social psychology - cognitive psychology - structuralism
behaviorism
The part of the brain most closely associated with maintaining balance and the coordination of complex sequences of movements is the - hypothalamus - thalamus - pons - medulla - cerebellum
cerebellum
IQ test scores were compared between school A and school B. School B has a positive z score while school A had a negative z score. These scores definitively show - children at school A are not as intelligent as children at school B - children at school B scored above the mean - the IQ test result differences are statistically significant between the two schools - children at school B are above in intelligence - none of the above
children at school B scored above the mean
Which of the following is not a member of the class of psychoactive drugs collectively known as narcotics? - codeine - morphine - heroine - opium - cocaine
cocaine
Clients who work with their therapists to explore their past to discover the source of their illness would be seeking what type of therapy? - psychoanalytic - humanist - cognitive - eclectic - behavioral
cognitive
Dr. Marco explains to a client that his feelings of hostility toward a coworker are most likely caused by the way the client interprets the coworker's actions and the way he thinks that people should behave at work. Dr. Marco is most likely working from what perspective? - behavioral - cognitive - psychoanalytic - humanistic - social-cultural
cognitive
A study seeks to find the effects of video games on violent behavior. The researcher creates an experimental design in which 100 random participants play violent games for one hour. The researcher then records and observes the behavior of the subjects. The behavior of the subjects is known as the - control variable - independent variable - dependent variable - confounding variable - categorical variable
dependent variable
Sigmund Freud's theory of the unconscious mind - was revolutionary because it was the first comprehensive explanation of human thought and behavior - resulted from discoveries about the human brain obtained by cadaver dissection - is outdated and has no relevance for modern psychology - focused entirely on human males' sex drive - depends on the idea that humans can remember events but not be consciously aware of the memory
depends on the idea that humans can remember events but not be consciously aware of the memory
Which of the following hypotheses would be most difficult to test experimentally? - people exposed to the color red will be more aggressive than those exposed to the color blue - exercise improves mood - exposure to violent television increases aggression - studying leads to better grades - divorce makes children more independent
divorce makes children more independent
The center of the activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming is based on the belief that - the conscious needs to express unfulfilled wishes - dreams provide and outlet for repressed thoughts - dreams are the result of physiological activity in the brain - the unconscious needs to exhibit socially unacceptable behavior - dreams allow the individual to work out daily hassles
dreams are the result of physiological activity in the brain
In a statistical study of the effectiveness of two drugs for treating depression, researchers reported treatment A "provided statistically significant better results for depression" than treatment B. Which of the following most likely can be assumed? - it is proven that subjects taking drug A will have a clinically significant improvement - there is no possibility of bias in the study - effect is large enough to seem unlikely to have occurred solely by chance - there is a practical significance that is important - drug a is probably more effective than drug b
effect is large enough to seem unlikely to have occurred solely by chance
An EEG records - direct electrical stimulation of the brain - the number of neurons in the brain - electrical impulses from the brain - chemical activity in specific areas of the brain - stimulation of the frontal lobe
electrical impulses from the brain
which neurotransmitter is affected by opiates? - serotonin - endorphins - dopamine - GABA - acetylcholine
endorphins
If a researcher is trying to establish a casual relationship between eating breakfast and work performance, the researcher should use which of the following methods of research? - case study - correlational research - experimental research - survey - statistics
experimental research
Psychologists generally prefer the experimental method to other research methods because - experiments are more likely to support psychologists' hypothesis - experiments can show cause-effect relationships - it is easier to obtain a random sample for an experiment - double-blind designs are unnecessary in an experiment - experiments are more likely to result in statistically significant findings
experiments can show cause-effect relationships
The humanistic approach to psychology emphasizes the importance of - childhood experiences - biological predispositions - maladaptive thoughts - free will and conscious awareness. - cultural experiences
free will and conscious awareness.
The idea that dreams represent wish fulfillments comes from which theory of dream interpretation? - extension of waking life - activation-synthesis - spiritual world - transformation dream analysis - freuds theory of dream interpretation
freuds theory of dream interpretation
Marijuana falls under what category of psychoactive drug? - depressant - mood elevator - hallucinogen - stimulant - mood depressant
hallucinogen
John is constantly overeating and can't seem to control his appetite, no matter how hard he tries. It is possible that John may have damage in which of the following brain structures? - thalamus - pons - hypothalamus - amygdala - association areas
hypothalamus
Mr. Waterkotte is a 39-year-old male who has been brought to the neurology clinic by his wife. She has been coming increasingly alarmed by her husbands behavior over the last four months. You recommend a CAT scan to look for tumors in the brain. Which two parts of the brain would you predict to be affected by the tumors? ~SYMPTOMS: vastly increase appetite, body temperature fluctuations, decreased sexual desire, jerky movements, poor balance when walking and standing, inability to throw objects, and exaggerated efforts to coordinate movements in a task~ - motor cortex and emotion cortex - somatosensory cortex and hypothalamus - hypothalamus and cerebellum - cerebellum and medulla - thalamus and motor cortex
hypothalamus and cerebellum
In an experiment, Alice is going to investigate how alcohol affects aggression. The number of alcoholic drinks the subject has is called the - controlled variable - independent variable - dependent variable - experimental variable - positive variable
independent variable
Psychoanalytic psychology focuses mainly on - rewards and punishments - self-esteem and self-actualization - biology and genetics - internal conflict and unconscious desires - sensation and perception
internal conflict and unconscious desires
Paul Broca found that the loss of the ability to speak intelligibly is associated with damage to a region of the brain in the - thalamus - right parietal lobe - right occipital lobe - left temporal lobe - left frontal lobe
left frontal lobe
Mr. Howe suffered a "stroke" as a result of a brain injury. Although he can still move the fingers on his right hand, he has lost sensation in these parts. Of the following, the site of the damage to his brain is most likely in the - right frontal lobe - right temporal lobe - left frontal lobe - left parietal lobe - hypothalamus
left parietal lobe
Wernicke's area is located on which lobe of the brain? - left temporal lobe - right temporal lobe - left occipital lobe - right occipital lobe - left frontal lobe
left temporal lobe
Theoretically, random assignment should eliminate - sampling error - the need to use statistics - concerns over validity - many confounding variables - the need for a representative sample
many confounding variables
The hormone most closely related to one's sleep patterns is: - serotonin - norepinephrine - epinephrine - melatonin - dopamine
melatonin
Agonists are psychoactive drugs that - produce tolerance to the drug without associated withdrawal symptoms - mimic and produce the same effect as certain neurotransmitters - mimic neurotransmitters and block their receptor sites - enhance the effects of certain opiates like heroin - make recovery from physical addiction more difficult
mimic and produce the same effect as certain neurotransmitters
Paralysis of the left arm might be explained by a problem in the - motor cortex in the frontal lobe in the left hemisphere - motor cortex in the frontal lobe in the right hemisphere - sensorimoter cortex in the temporal lobe in the left hemisphere - motor cortex in the parietal lobe in the left hemisphere - motor cortex in the occipital lobe in the right hemisphere
motor cortex in the frontal lobe in the right hemisphere
Which stimulates a muscle to contract? - adrenal hormones - receptors - sensory neurons - motor neurons - interneurons
motor neurons
Which part o the neuron serves as the protective coating? - axon - dendrite - synapse - myelin sheath - cell body
myelin sheath
Olivia, a nursery school student, hypothesizes that boys have fights with the finger paints more than girls do. She tests her hypothesis by casually watching the finger-painting table for three days of nursery school. What method is she using in this situation? - field experiment - informal survey - case study - naturalistic observation - ethnography
naturalistic observation
The observation in a classroom that the higher the room temperature, the lower the student performance would be an example of - negative correlation - zero correlation - positive correlation - independent correlation - dependent correlation
negative correlation
When brain researchers refer to brain plasticity, they are talking about - the brains ability to quickly regrow damaged neurons - the surface texture and appearance caused by the layer known as the cerebral cortex - the brain's versatility caused by the millions of different neural connections - our adaptability to different problems ranging from survival needs to abstract reasoning - new connections forming in the brain to take over for damaged sections
new connections forming in the brain to take over for damaged sections
the information-processing theory states that dreams - are meaningless by-products of how our brains process information during REM sleep - are symbolic representations of the information we encode during the day - are processed by one level of consciousness but other levels remain unaware of the dreams - occur during REM sleep as the brain deals with daily stress and events - occur only after stressful events, explaining why some people never dream
occur during REM sleep as the brain deals with daily stress and events
Loss of the ability of the brain to produce adequate levels of dopamine often leads to - aphasia - alzheimers disease - parkinsons disease - bipolar disorder - amnesia
parkinsons disease
An MRI involves: - passing radio frequencies through the brain to study brain structure - injecting a slightly radioactive solution into the bloodstream to measure the amount absorbed by the brain - mapping the brain's activity by having the patient complete cognitive tasks - following brain images to get an exact measurement of brain size, capacity, and abilities - testing patients' brain damage after severe brain injuries
passing radio frequencies through the brain to study brain structure
Behaviorists explain human thought and behavior as a result of - past conditioning - unconscious behavioral impulses - natural selection - biological processes - individual choice
past conditioning
Which includes all of the others? - autonomic nervous system - peripheral nervous system - somatic nervous system - parasympathetic nervous system - sympathetic nervous system
peripheral nervous system
Which of the following glands interacts(s) most directly with all of the others to help regulate body processes? - pituitary - adrenals - parathyroids - thyroid - ovaries
pituitary
Which of the following functions best explains the role of the sympathetic nervous system? - preparing the body for a traumatic event - returning the body to equilibrium - preparing the body for "fight or flight" - maintaining the body's vital functions - maintaining homeostasis
preparing the body for "fight or flight"
Rachel has had a stroke resulting in damage to her thalamus. Ever since then, Rachel has had a variety of problems primarily related to - receiving sensory information and relaying it to the appropriate area - processing sensory information about touch, pain, and temperature - regulating motivational and emotional behavior - coordinating movements and timed motor responses - controlling all auditory functions of the brain
receiving sensory information and relaying it to the appropriate area
B.F. Skinner introduced the idea of ______ to the paradigm of behaviorism - unconscious thinking - reinforcement - conditioning - defense mechanisms - introspection
reinforcement
A neuron without terminal buttons would be unable to - receive information from neighboring neurons - generate an action potential - direct the synthesis of neurotransmitters - secrete neurotransmitters to postsynaptic neurons - transport ions across the cell membrane
secrete neurotransmitters to postsynaptic neurons
The pons are located between the medulla and other brain areas. It is responsible for which of the following? - motor coordination - sleeping and hearing - sleep and arousal - balance - emotional reactions
sleep and arousal
A patient arrives to the doctors office citing symptoms of wakefulness in the night and tiredness during the day. Given these symptoms, which of the following might be a correct diagnosis? - narcolepsy - sleep apnea - sleepwalking - paradoxical sleep - night terrors
sleep apnea
Which of the following two sleep disorders occur the most commonly? - insomnia and narcolepsy - sleep apnea and narcolepsy - night terrors and sleep apnea - sleepwalking and insomnia - sleep apnea and insomnia
sleep apnea and insomnia
Another name for the cell body of the neuron is - dendrite - myelin - soma - axon - synaptic gap
soma
In comparison with older people, babies - sleep more fitfully; they tend to wake up more often - sleep more deeply; they spend more time in stage 3 and 4 sleep - spend more time in the REM stage that other sleep stages - spend more time in stage 1, which causes them to awaken easily - sleep more than young adults but less than people over 50
spend more time in the REM stage that other sleep stages
The brain wave patterns known as "sleep spindles" are most characteristic of which stage of sleep? - stage 1 sleep - stage 2 sleep - stage 3 sleep - stage 4 sleep - REM sleep
stage 2 sleep
Night terrors and sleepwalking usually occur during which stage of sleep? - stage 1, close to wakefulness - REM sleep - REM sleep, but only later in the night when nightmares usually occur - stage 4 - sleep onset
stage 4
Which stage of sleep is characterized by delta waves (very high amplitude and very low frequency) - stage 4 - stage 3 - stage 2 - stage 1 - REM
stage 4
Over the course of the night, which is true about the sleep cycles? - stages 3 and 4 eventually disappear while REM cycles lengthen to approximately one hour long - stages 2 and 3 eventually disappear while REM cycles lengthen to approximately 30 minutes long - stages 3 and 4 eventually disappear while stages 1 and 2 lengthen to approximately 20 minutes each - REM cycles eventually disappear while stages 3 and 4 lengthen to approximately one hour long - stages 1 and 2 eventually disappear while stages 3 and 4 lengthen to approximately 20 minutes each
stages 3 and 4 eventually disappear while REM cycles lengthen to approximately one hour long
If Cheryl stepped on a nail, which of the following would be the correct order of communication for her to feel the pain? - stimulus-electrical impulse-neurotransmitter-receptor site - electrical impulse-stimulus-receptor site-neurotransmitter - receptor site-neurotransmitter-electrical impulse-stimulus - electrical impulse-receptor site-stimulus-neurotransmitter - stimulus-electrical impulse-receptor site-neurotransmitter
stimulus-electrical impulse-neurotransmitter-receptor site
One major difference between structuralism and functionalism is, - structuralists analyze all mental elements, while functionalists analyze only some elements - structuralists believe all behaviors stem from the evolutionary process - structuralists wish to divide the mind into mental elements while functionalists believe behavior helps and organism adapt to the environment - only functionalists believe in the importance of introspection - structuralists try to manipulate the mind in order to understand behavior, while functionalists study the conscious mind to understand behavior
structuralists wish to divide the mind into mental elements while functionalists believe behavior helps and organism adapt to the environment
Of the following, the effect of adrenaline on the body is most similar to the effect of the - cerebellum - parathyroids - somatic nervous system - parasympathetic nervous system - sympathetic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
The limbic system is responsible for - the control of hunger, thirst, and sex - breathing regulations - balance and coordination - speech - language
the control of hunger, thirst, and sex
In the context of this unit, the term tolerance refers to - treatment of psychoactive drug addicts by peers and other members of society - the amount of sleep a person needs to function normally - the need for an elevated dose of a drug in order to get the same effect - the labeling of individuals automatically produced by the level of out consciousness - the harmful side effects of psychoactive drugs
the need for an elevated dose of a drug in order to get the same effect
According to the theory of evolution, why might we call some parts of the brain old brain and some parts the new brain? - old brain parts are what exist in very young children, and the new brain develops later - the old brain developed first according to evolution - the old brain becomes more active as we grow older - the new brain deals with new information, while the old brain deals with information gathered when we were children - the old brain is most affected by age deterioration (dementia's) while the new brain remains unaffected
the old brain developed first according to evolution
Dr. Ferguson conducts an experiment to see whether hunger makes mice run faster through a maze. He randomly assigns 25 mice to a control group or an experimental group. Which cannot be a confounding variable? - where the experiment takes place - how hungry the mice were before the experiment - how fast the mice are before the race - when the experiment takes place - the population from which he selected the mice
the population from which he selected the mice
What is one major difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems? - the sympathetic nervous system increases physiological arousal, while parasympathetic nervous system returns the body to a calmer and relaxed state - the sympathetic nervous system is a subdivision of the somatic nervous system, while the parasympathetic nervous system is a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system - the sympathetic nervous system plays a role in traumatic events, while the parasympathetic nervous system only plays a role in digestion - the parasympathetic nervous system is used more often than the sympathetic nervous system - the sympathetic nervous system plays a role in sexual behavior, while the parasympathetic nervous system does not
the sympathetic nervous system increases physiological arousal, while parasympathetic nervous system returns the body to a calmer and relaxed state
Which of the following concepts is most integral to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory? - trephining - structuralism - the unconscious mind - the concept of Gestalt - behaviorism
the unconscious mind.
Sigmund Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory has been criticized for being - appropriate for female patients, but not male patients - only applicable to research settings, not therapy settings - based on large groups, not individual cases - unscientific and unverifiable - to closely tied to behavioristic thought.
unscientific and unverifiable
Blindness could result from damage to which cortex and lobe of the brain? - visual cortex in the frontal lobe - visual cortex in the temporal lobe - sensory cortex in the parietal lobe - visual cortex in the occipital lobe - cerebral cortex in the occipital lobe
visual cortex in the occipital lobe