AP psych midterm

What is the median for the following set of numbers? .... 7, 5, 10, 4, 4 a.) 4 b.) 5 c.) 6 d.) 7 e.) 10

b.) 5

What is the difference between Bottom-Up Processing & Top-Down Processing? a.) Bottom-Up Processing occurs when our brain perceives a stimuli before we can sense it, while Top-Down Processing occurs when we sense a stimuli first and then perceive it in the brain b.) Bottom-Up Processing occurs when we sense a stimuli first and then we perceive it in the brain, while Top-Down Processing occurs when our brain perceives a stimuli before we sense it c.) There is no difference between the two d.) None of the above

b.) Bottom-Up Processing occurs when we sense a stimuli first and then we perceive it in the brain, while Top-Down Processing occurs when our brain perceives a stimuli before we sense it

Sarah didn't do so well on the AP Psychology Exam and she is confused because she faired much better on the unit tests given by her AP Psychology teacher. Which Spacing Effect probably can be attributed to her low AP Psychology Exam score and why? a.) She engaged in Distributed Practice because she probably spaced out her studying for her unit tests and forgot the information a lot quicker than had she done Massed Practice b.) She engaged in Massed Practice because she probably crammed for her unit tests and forgot the information a lot quicker than if she did Distributed Practice c.) She engaged in Massed Practice because she probably spaced out her studying for her unit tests and forgot the information a lot quicker than if she did Distributed Practice d.) She engaged in Distributed Practice because she probably crammed for her unit tests and forgot the information a lot quicker than if she did Massed Practice

b.) She engaged in Massed Practice because she probably crammed for her unit tests and forgot the information a lot quicker than if she did Distributed Practice

Jorge was born in Mexico and moved to the U.S. when he was 6 yrs. old. He was taught Spanish by his parents as his native language but is trying to learn English in school. He is having trouble remembering all of the grammar rules for English because of his knowledge of Spanish and its grammar rules. Which form of interference is illustrated in this scenario? a.) Proactive b.) Retroactive c.) Anterograde d.) Source e.) Retrograde

a.) Proactive

Kendall has been working the jackhammer on a construction crew for the last ten years. His doctor told him that his job has caused chronic damage to the Cilia in his Inner Ear in both ears. Kendall is most likely suffering from which form of hearing loss? a.) Sensorineural Hearing Loss b.) Conductive Hearing Loss c.) Sensory Conductive Hearing Loss d.) Conductive Neural Hearing Loss

a.) Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Which of the following best describes the three stages of Information Processing? a.) Stimuli enters our sensory memory banks and lasts anywhere from one to three seconds where it will be lost unless we pay attention to it, where it then moves into our short term memory banks where it will last for about 20-30 seconds unless we engage in maintenance rehearsal to keep it alive. To encode it into our long term memory banks, we must transform the information to make it stick. Once this happens, it stays in our long term memory forever and can be retrieved at any point during the rest of our lives

a.) Stimuli enters our sensory memory banks and lasts anywhere from one to three seconds where it will be lost unless we pay attention to it, where it then moves into our short term memory banks where it will last for about 20-30 seconds unless we engage in maintenance rehearsal to keep it alive. To encode it into our long term memory banks, we must transform the information to make it stick. Once this happens, it stays in our long term memory forever and can be retrieved at any point during the rest of our lives

What is the primary advantage of conducting a survey rather than using other types of research methods? a.) Surveys can gather information from a diverse representation of and a large number of people b.) Surveys can demonstrate cause and effect c.) Surveys can provide an in-depth analysis of a unique individual or group d.) Surveys collect more descriptive data than other research methods do e.) Surveys allow the researcher to control the variables of the study

a.) Surveys can gather information from a diverse representation of and a large number of people

Which of the following would be the best example of Long-Term Potentiation? a.) The more that Sally engages her memory at school, the more efficient the firing of neurotransmitters through the synapse between her neurons, which ultimately makes it easier for her to engage in studying and recall of memories b.) The less that Sally engages her memory at school, the more efficient the firing of neurotransmitters through the synapse between her neurons, which ultimately makes it easier for her to engage in studying and recall of memories c.) The more that Sally engages her memory at school, the less efficient the firing of neurotransmitters through the synapse between her neurons, which ultimately makes it easier for her to engage in studying and recall of memories d.) The less that Sally engages her memory at school, the more efficient the firing of neurotransmitters through the synapse between her neurons, which ultimately makes it more difficult for her to engage in studying and recall of memories

a.) The more that Sally engages her memory at school, the more efficient the firing of neurotransmitters through the synapse between her neurons, which ultimately makes it easier for her to engage in studying and recall of memories

Which of the following describes what happens when a signal travels through a neuron? a.) The neuron's dendrite receives a chemical neurotransmitter that crosses the synapse from a sending neuron where it activates the neuron's cell nucleus to create an electric impulse which travels down the axon via positively-charged sodium ions entering & then exiting the wall of the axon, where it then triggers a corresponding chemical neurotransmitter to be fired from its axon terminal through the synapse to a receiving neuron, where the process begins all over again

a.) The neuron's dendrite receives a chemical neurotransmitter that crosses the synapse from a sending neuron where it activates the neuron's cell nucleus to create an electric impulse which travels down the axon via positively-charged sodium ions entering & then exiting the wall of the axon, where it then triggers a corresponding chemical neurotransmitter to be fired from its axon terminal through the synapse to a receiving neuron, where the process begins all over again

Which of the following is a true statement about our nervous system? a.) The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is comprised of 2 different systems...our autonomic nervous system that deals with our internal organs & balances between the sympathetic (arousal) state & parasympathetic (calming) state; and our somatic nervous system which controls muscle movements, while our central nervous system (CNS) is comprised of our brain & spinal cord

a.) The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is comprised of 2 different systems...our autonomic nervous system that deals with our internal organs & balances between the sympathetic (arousal) state & parasympathetic (calming) state; and our somatic nervous system which controls muscle movements, while our central nervous system (CNS) is comprised of our brain & spinal cord

Molly is giving her daughter a bath and tells her daughter to let her know when the water starts to get warmer as she turns the dial on the tub faucet. A quarter turn later, Molly's daughter replies that the water has gotten warmer. That quarter turn would be an example of her daughter's... a.) difference threshold b.) absolute threshold c.) sensory adaptation d.) perceptual set

a.) difference threshold

Mr. Velotta is upset that Jimmy keeps acting up in class. He can only see Jimmy's behavior as a challenge instead of possibly a cry for help. This scenario best illustrates which type of Bias? a.) fixedness

a.) fixedness

The fatty casing that helps to protect & speed up the neural transmissions of a neuron is called the... a.) myelin sheath

a.) myelin sheath

Which of the following is the process of detecting environmental stimuli & converting them into signals that can be detected by the nervous system? a.) perception b.) sensation c.) top-down processing d.) difference threshold e.) false alarm

a.) perception

The parietal lobe is most involved in... a.) processing sensory information involving touch and body & body position awareness b.) storing information in long-term memory c.) coordinating complex motor movements d.) regulating emotions e.) triggering the fight-or-flight response

a.) processing sensory information involving touch and body & body position awareness

A researcher wanted to test the psychometric properties of a new intelligence test for children. She administered the test twice, two months apart, to children in a fourth grade classroom. On the second administration, she noticed that the children who performed well were not the same children who performed well on the first administration and that there appeared to be no relationship between student performance on the first and second administration of the test. Based on this scenario, the intelligence test trait missing from this test is... a.) reliability b.) validity c.) standardization d.) all of the above e.) none of the above

a.) reliability

The advantage of an experiment is that it allows a researcher to... a.) test cause and effect b.) test a large number of people c.) see how people behave in their natural environment d.) gain an in-depth knowledge of a person or small group of people e.) find the relationship between two variables

a.) test cause and effect

Dr. Wilson, who teaches engineering classes, is interested in learning about how lack of sleep affects performance. What would be the best way to ensure that her findings are generalizable to all of the students at her university? a.) Randomly assigning half the students in one of her classes she teaches into a condition where they are told to sleep four hours a night and the other half into a condition in which they are told to sleep eight hours a night b.) Surveying every tenth student listed in the university directory about their sleep habits c.) Surveying all students in the classes she teaches d.) Studying 40 students over time from their freshman year through their senior year, to see differences as the students mature e.) Asking friends who teach at other universities to collect and share data on their students

b.) Surveying every tenth student listed in the university directory about their sleep habits

A researcher was interested in studying the effects of a new medication on depression. One group received the new medication & another group received a standard medication for depression. The researcher asked participants to answer a series of questions rating their mood levels before and after six weeks of taking the medications. Which of the following is the control condition in this study? a.) The group receiving the new medication b.) The group receiving the standard medication c.) The rating of the participant's mood levels d.) The series of questions e.) The participants

b.) The group receiving the standard medication

Tim has damage to the photoreceptors in his Retina that don't allow him to distinguish the shape of things. He can't tell a square from a triangle. Which of the following is probably most true regarding his situation? a.) Tim has damage to, or lack of, the photoreceptors known as Cones in his Retina b.) Tim has damage to, or lack of, the photoreceptors known as Rods in his Retina c.) Tim has damage to, or lack of, the photoreceptors known as Flovea in his Retina d.) Tim has damage to, or lack of, the photoreceptors known as Bipolar Cells in his Retina

b.) Tim has damage to, or lack of, the photoreceptors known as Rods in his Retina

Through studies of identical twins raised apart and adoptive families, behavioral geneticists now believe that... a.) shared family environments have a huge effect on personality & genetic predisposition has a very limited effect on the stability of personality b.) shared family environments have little effect on personality & the stability of personality suggests a strong genetic predisposition c.) the personality of identical twins raised apart & children from adoptive families are much more influenced by the families that raised them as opposed to their biological parents d.) the personality of identical twins raised apart are more dissimilar than similar, while children from adoptive families are more similar to their adoptive siblings than they are to their biological siblings

b.) shared family environments have little effect on personality & the stability of personality suggests a strong genetic predisposition

What is the definition of variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement? a.) A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses b.) A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed c.) A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable/random number of responses d.) A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable/random time intervals

c.) A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable/random number of responses

Which statement is not true? a.) Any kind of reinforcement encourages behavior b.) Any kind of punishment discourages behavior c.) A stimulus is 'subtracted' with positive reinforcement/punishment; a stimulus is 'added' with negative reinforcement/punishment d.) A stimulus is 'added' with positive reinforcement/punishment; a stimulus is 'subtracted' with negative reinforcement/punishment e.) Positive punishment administers an aversive stimulus, while negative punishment withdraws a rewarding stimulus

c.) A stimulus is 'subtracted' with positive reinforcement/punishment; a stimulus is 'added' with negative reinforcement/punishment

All of the following would be examples of someone exhibiting thoughts illustrating an external locus of control, except... a.) John feels that the reason he is having trouble in class is because his teacher doesn't know the content and can't explain things well b.) After testing positive for Covid, Rudy truly believes he has the worst luck in the world c.) After being diagnosed with migraines, Kelly decides that she is going to eat healthy, start doing yoga and practice meditation to reduce her stress levels d.) Carmen believes that the reason Rick broke up with her was because his mom didn't like her, not because she was constantly nagging him all the time

c.) After being diagnosed with migraines, Kelly decides that she is going to eat healthy, start doing yoga and practice meditation to reduce her stress levels

Which one of the following statements is true? a.) Edward Thorndike added to B.F. Skinner's Law of Effect by creating an Operant Chamber b.) Edward Thorndike's Law of Effect states that 'behaviors followed by favorable consequences become less likely, & behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become more likely c.) B.F. Skinner added to Edward Thorndike's Law of Effect by creating an Operant Chamber, otherwise known as a Skinner Box d.) Operant Conditioning is a type of learning in which behavior is diminished if followed by a reinforcer or strengthened if followed by a punisher

c.) B.F. Skinner added to Edward Thorndike's Law of Effect by creating an Operant Chamber, otherwise known as a Skinner Box

Frank is a student in Mr. Velotta's Government class. His specific learning disability makes it difficult to complete extended response questions while multiple choice questions come much easier for him. Which of the following best explains his situation? a.) Frank has trouble with recognition but not recall of memories b.) Frank has trouble with both recognition and recall of memories c.) Frank has trouble with recall but not recognition of memories d.) Frank doesn't have trouble with recall or recognition of memories e.) None of the above

c.) Frank has trouble with recall but not recognition of memories

Lexi is one of Mr. Velotta's AP Psychology students who went on the park walk with his class to talk about the novel they are reading. A week later, she was in an automobile accident and suffered brain damage. As a result, she can't remember the discussion about the novel but she can remember what time of day the walk occurred and what types of leaves were on the trees. She probably suffered brain damage to which part of her brain? a.) Cerebellum b.) Occipital Lobe c.) Hippocampus d.) Cerebral Cortex e.) Parietal Lobe

c.) Hippocampus

When it comes to problem solving, which of the following statements is most correct? a.) Informal Reasoning (slow thinking) is more efficient but less effective, while Formal Reasoning (fast thinking) is less efficient but more effective b.) Informal Reasoning (fast thinking) is less efficient but more effective, while Formal Reasoning, (slow thinking) is more efficient but less effective c.) Informal Reasoning (fast thinking) is more efficient but less effective, while Formal Reasoning (slow thinking) is less efficient but more effective d.) Informal Reasoning (slow thinking) is less efficient but more effective, while Formal Reasoning (fast thinking) is more efficient but less effective

c.) Informal Reasoning (fast thinking) is more efficient but less effective, while Formal Reasoning (slow thinking) is less efficient but more effective

Which of the following is not true regarding our Chemical Senses? a.) With our sense of gustation, food molecules are dissolved by our saliva to activate our taste buds b.) With our sense of olfaction, chemical molecules from an object must evaporate into the air & are then inhaled through our nose & picked up by tiny hair-like cilia c.) Our sense of smell and taste do not interact at all d.) Our sense of smell and taste do interact, as illustrated in the fact that we can't taste foods as well when we are congested

c.) Our sense of smell and taste do not interact at all

Which of the following is considered most true regarding Wilhelm Wundt? a.) He is considered to be the Father of Modern Psychology b.) He created the world's first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig in Germany c.) both of the above d.) none of the above

c.) both of the above

A teacher asks Yvonne to go to another classroom to get a student whom Yvonne has never met. As she walks, she repeats the student's name to herself over and over to help her remember the name. Yvonne is boosting her short term memory by using... a.) chunking b.) distributed learning c.) maintenance rehearsal d.) a mnemonic device e.) massed practice

c.) maintenance rehearsal

Researchers trained monkeys to perform 2 tasks: a Touch Sensory stimulation task & an Auditory task. Separating the monkeys into 2 groups, researchers created a lesion in one area of the brains of the monkeys in one group and a lesion in a different area of the brains of the monkeys in the 2nd group. The researchers then tested the monkeys' performance on the 2 tasks. The data below show the monkeys' accuracy on the 2 tasks... Group 1 had a 95% accuracy rate on Touch Sensory stimulation & a 45% accuracy rate on the Auditory task. Group 2 had a 55% accuracy rate on Touch Sensory stimulation & a 90% accuracy rate on the Auditory task. The lesions were most likely performed in the... a.) frontal lobe for Group 1 & the occipital lobe for Group 2 b.) occipital lobe for Group 1 & the frontal lobe for Group 2 c.) temporal lobe for Group 1 & the parietal lobe for Group 2 d.) occipital lobe for Group 1 & the parietal lobe for Group 2 e.) parietal lobe for Group 1 & the temporal lobe for Group 2

c.) temporal lobe for Group 1 & the parietal lobe for Group 2

Which of the following is not true regarding Noam Chomsky's Theory on Language Acquisition? a.) All languages share common traits and we're prewired as infants to neurologically learn language b.) Proof of his theory resides in the fact that deaf babies can babble sounds they've never heard c.) He called this ability or process the Language Acquisition Device d.) He would be considered a Nurture Advocate in the Nature vs. Nurture Debate

d.) He would be considered a Nurture Advocate in the Nature vs. Nurture Debate

In which scenario does sunblock serve as a conditioned stimulus? a.) Ernesto received a free lifetime supply of sunblock when he won a trivia contest b.) Sophia broke out in a painful rash when she spread sunscreen on her skin because she is allergic to an ingredient in it c.) Helen pictures sunblock on her mantle to help her remember to buy some at the store d.) Lowell feels relaxed & happy when he smells sunblock because it reminds him of his vacations at the beach e.) Sarah avoids sunblock because people compliment her on her tan when she goes without it

d.) Lowell feels relaxed & happy when he smells sunblock because it reminds him of his vacations at the beach

Which of the following is not true? a.) The Operational Definition of Intelligence takes an abstract idea and makes it measurable, which is flawed because it reduces that abstract concept to something that can be measured, and intelligence is much deeper than something that can be counted b.) The Speed of Intelligence is a type of Psychometrics that measures the ability to process information and is positively correlated with higher intelligence scores c.) Fluid Intelligence is our brain's ability to quickly process & organize a lot of information, and is most often associated with the teen brain; while Crystallized Intelligence is related to the use of heuristics (short-cuts) and is often associated with the older brain d.) The Flynn Effect states that over time, the average IQ score of any given society, decreases

d.) The Flynn Effect states that over time, the average IQ score of any given society, decreases

Which of the following scenarios would best illustrate someone engaging in the Informal Reasoning function of Heuristics to solve a problem? a.) Finding your lost keys by searching every 1ft. x 1ft. grid in your house b.) Utilizing the scientific method to solve a problem c.) Solving a problem by looking at it from your perspective (example - Since I'm a teacher, I'm going to look at the problem from the view point of a teacher) d.) Using a short cut to find your lost keys (example - what is the most likely place where I put my keys and then looking in those places, such as your pants pocket, your coat pocket, or the kitchen drawar) e.) Solving a problem by thinking about how things interact (example - a brick will probably break a glass window if thrown at it)

d.) Using a short cut to find your lost keys (example - what is the most likely place where I put my keys and then looking in those places, such as your pants pocket, your coat pocket, or the kitchen drawar)

When seeking approval to conduct an experiment using participants from her college psychology course, a student researcher should... a.) ask her professor b.) request permission from the dean of the department c.) get consent from students' parents d.) apply to the institutional review board at the university e.) apply to the IACUC at the university

d.) apply to the institutional review board at the university

Mr. Velotta and his AP Psychology class took a walk in the park to discuss a novel they had to read. According to the Dual-Track Memory System, which of the following would be considered an implicit memory processed automatically by Mr. V into his Long-Term Memory? a.) the plot of the novel b.) character development of the novel c.) the setting of the novel d.) how long they walked in the park and what the temperature was e.) the conflict between the protagonist and antagonist in the novel

d.) how long they walked in the park and what the temperature was

Which of the following best describes a major role of the thalamus? a.) it regulates body temperature b.) it regulates hunger c.) it regulates the autonomic nervous system d.) it relays most sensory signals to the cortex e.) it relays olfactory signals to the cortex

d.) it relays most sensory signals to the cortex

The benefit of using inferential statistics is that it allows a researcher to... a.) describe the data b.) find the measures of central tendency c.) find the spread of the data d.) make generalizations about a population e.) visualize the raw data

d.) make generalizations about a population

Mr. Gregg wants to help his second-grade students improve their reading skills. He tests the students with 20 reading comprehension questions at the beginning of the year. Every week throughout the year, he gives the students 30 minutes of reading comprehension tips. He tests the students at the end of the year with 20 reading comprehension questions that are similar in difficulty to those on the original test. He finds that the students' reading comprehension has increased and concludes that his tips worked. Which of the following describes the most significant problem (confounding variable) with Mr. Gregg's study? a.) Mr. Gregg should have had someone else test the children in case he was showing experimenter bias b.) Mr. Gregg should have tested his students every month so he could more accurately track their progress c.) It was unethical of Mr. Gregg to test the children without their parents' consent d.) Mr. Gregg should have used the same test to ensure reliability e.) Mr. Gregg failed to account for changes in the students' maturity that took place over the course of the year

e.) Mr. Gregg failed to account for changes in the students' maturity that took place over the course of the year

At a synapse, neurotransmitters released by the sending neuron do which of the following? a.) They combine with neurotransmitters released by the receiving neuron b.) They combine with neurotransmitters released by the sending neuron c.) They pass through channels into the receiving neuron d.) They bind to receptors at the receiving neuron, which opens ion channels in the receiving neuron e.) They bind to ions in the synapse, which creates a chemical reaction that causes the receiving neuron to fire

e.) They bind to ions in the synapse, which creates a chemical reaction that causes the receiving neuron to fire

Dr. Rodriguez is interested in finding out if stress levels throughout the year have a relationship with students' grades. The research method she most likely used is... a.) a case study b.) a cross-sectional study c.) a naturalistic observation d.) an experiment e.) a correlational study

e.) a correlational study

Johnny often hits his brother even though his brother doesn't do anything to antagonize him. Johnny's aggression is most likely due to a combination of... a.) his genetic makeup, the fact that aggression can be evolutionarily adaptive, & a lack of neuroplasticity b.) developmental delays, the fact that aggression can be evolutionarily adaptive, & a lack of neuroplasticity c.) the environment he grew up in, developmental delays, & the fact that aggression can be evolutionarily adaptive d.) his genetic makeup, developmental delays, & a lack of neuroplasticity e.) his genetic makeup, the environment he grew up in, & the fact that aggression can be evolutionarily adaptive

e.) his genetic makeup, the environment he grew up in, & the fact that aggression can be evolutionarily adaptive

Julie is interested in developing a test to measure achievement levels of middle school students. Which of the following domains of psychology is most applicable to Julie's interest? a.) personality b.) counseling c.) biological d.) industrial-organizational e.) psychometric

e.) psychometric