ap psych test 1

Basic facial expressions of emotion are universal across many cultures

evolutionary

Many of our behaviors have developed as a result of our species' adaptation to the challenges of surviving across millennia

evolutionary

Behavior may be the product of unconscious conflict and anxiety

psycho-dynamic

Psychology

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

physiological

-study the biological basis of human behavior, thoughts and emotions - study the workings of the brain and nervous system

Functionalism

A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.

John B. Watson is best known as the founder of

Behaviorism

What was Ivan Pavlov's experiment?

Conditioning dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell

Psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Which of the following psychologists would have been likely to say, "I do not care about the unconscious or hidden motives—I want to study behavior directly"?

John Watson

Gestalt

This school of thought looks at the human mind and behavior as a whole, focusing on the bigger picture rather than every detail - people: Max Wertheimer

Charles Darwin

a naturalist who journeyed worldwide and published "The Origin of the Species." - suggested that animals and people adapt to the environment and that helps them survive - came up with the evolutionary perspective

Structuralism

an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind

behavior

any action that people can observe or record

Identical twins tend to have similar levels of intelligence, even when separated early in life

behavior genetics

Personality is attributable more to genes than to environmental experience

behavior genetics

Behavior is powerfully influenced by its consequences, in the form of reinforcement and punishment

behavioral

Psychological science is the study of behavior that is observable and measurable

behaviorism

Although Paul seems bright and capable to his parents and friends, he has been failing in school. Paul agrees to speak with a psychologist, who suggests that his problems stem from internal processes such as unrealistic expectations and negative thinking. The psychologist's view is typical of which of the following models of behavior?

cognitive

Future behavior is influenced by memory and analysis of past experience

cognitive

Pain tolerance is influenced by expectancies and interpretation of experiences

cognitive

The mind can be viewed as an information processing system

cognitive

According to Wilhelm Wundt, the focus of scientific psychology should be the study of

conscious experience

The debate over whether development occurs gradually, without discernible shifts, or through a series of distinct stages is termed

continuity vs. discontinuity

A behavioral psychologist is most likely to study

effects of token economies on establishing social skills among children with emotional disturbances

Which of the following psychological approaches suggests that jealousy might serve an adaptive function in protecting a sexual relationship from threats?

evolutionary

Women around the world tend to choose older mates who will be good providers

evolutionary

William Wundt

father of psychology, first psychology research lab in Leipzig, Germany; research on workings of senses; applied scientific method to psychology; used Introspection

An important difference between humanistic and psychoanalytic approaches is that humanistic psychologists believe in the importance of

free will

humanistic psychology

historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth

cognitive

how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information

Which of the perspectives argues that every person has the potential to become self-actualized?

humanistic

Behavior is motivated by self-actualization and the promise of human potential

humanistic-existential

mental processes

internal, subjective experiences we infer from behavior

In the early years of psychology, a research participant might have been asked to observe carefully and systematically his conscious experiences. What method would the participant be using?

introspection

counseling/clinical

make up the largest group of psychologists - help people cope with problems and deal more successfully with their lives

Human thought and behavior can be understood in terms of activity at the neural level

neuroscience

Pain tolerance is largely a result of the effects of endorphins and other neurochemicals

neuroscience

The first area of psychology to be studied as a science is known as

psycho-physics

Behavior is motivated by forces that individuals may not understand or be aware of

psychodynamic

One limitation of our understanding of behavior is that most research has been conducted on subjects from North America

socio-cultural

developmental

study all aspects of human growth and change - physical, mental, social, and emotional - from parental to old age