ap psych test 1
Basic facial expressions of emotion are universal across many cultures
evolutionary
Many of our behaviors have developed as a result of our species' adaptation to the challenges of surviving across millennia
evolutionary
Behavior may be the product of unconscious conflict and anxiety
psycho-dynamic
Psychology
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
physiological
-study the biological basis of human behavior, thoughts and emotions - study the workings of the brain and nervous system
Functionalism
A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.
John B. Watson is best known as the founder of
Behaviorism
What was Ivan Pavlov's experiment?
Conditioning dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell
Psychoanalysis
Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
Which of the following psychologists would have been likely to say, "I do not care about the unconscious or hidden motives—I want to study behavior directly"?
John Watson
Gestalt
This school of thought looks at the human mind and behavior as a whole, focusing on the bigger picture rather than every detail - people: Max Wertheimer
Charles Darwin
a naturalist who journeyed worldwide and published "The Origin of the Species." - suggested that animals and people adapt to the environment and that helps them survive - came up with the evolutionary perspective
Structuralism
an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind
behavior
any action that people can observe or record
Identical twins tend to have similar levels of intelligence, even when separated early in life
behavior genetics
Personality is attributable more to genes than to environmental experience
behavior genetics
Behavior is powerfully influenced by its consequences, in the form of reinforcement and punishment
behavioral
Psychological science is the study of behavior that is observable and measurable
behaviorism
Although Paul seems bright and capable to his parents and friends, he has been failing in school. Paul agrees to speak with a psychologist, who suggests that his problems stem from internal processes such as unrealistic expectations and negative thinking. The psychologist's view is typical of which of the following models of behavior?
cognitive
Future behavior is influenced by memory and analysis of past experience
cognitive
Pain tolerance is influenced by expectancies and interpretation of experiences
cognitive
The mind can be viewed as an information processing system
cognitive
According to Wilhelm Wundt, the focus of scientific psychology should be the study of
conscious experience
The debate over whether development occurs gradually, without discernible shifts, or through a series of distinct stages is termed
continuity vs. discontinuity
A behavioral psychologist is most likely to study
effects of token economies on establishing social skills among children with emotional disturbances
Which of the following psychological approaches suggests that jealousy might serve an adaptive function in protecting a sexual relationship from threats?
evolutionary
Women around the world tend to choose older mates who will be good providers
evolutionary
William Wundt
father of psychology, first psychology research lab in Leipzig, Germany; research on workings of senses; applied scientific method to psychology; used Introspection
An important difference between humanistic and psychoanalytic approaches is that humanistic psychologists believe in the importance of
free will
humanistic psychology
historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth
cognitive
how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information
Which of the perspectives argues that every person has the potential to become self-actualized?
humanistic
Behavior is motivated by self-actualization and the promise of human potential
humanistic-existential
mental processes
internal, subjective experiences we infer from behavior
In the early years of psychology, a research participant might have been asked to observe carefully and systematically his conscious experiences. What method would the participant be using?
introspection
counseling/clinical
make up the largest group of psychologists - help people cope with problems and deal more successfully with their lives
Human thought and behavior can be understood in terms of activity at the neural level
neuroscience
Pain tolerance is largely a result of the effects of endorphins and other neurochemicals
neuroscience
The first area of psychology to be studied as a science is known as
psycho-physics
Behavior is motivated by forces that individuals may not understand or be aware of
psychodynamic
One limitation of our understanding of behavior is that most research has been conducted on subjects from North America
socio-cultural
developmental
study all aspects of human growth and change - physical, mental, social, and emotional - from parental to old age