AP psych test 2

When New York University women were dressed in Ku Klux Klan-style hoods, they demonstrated significantly more aggression. This finding is best explained in terms of

deindividuation

Participants in the Milgram obedience studies were ordered to

deliver electric shocks to a learner for giving incorrect answers.

A store owner charges Black customers more than Hispanic customers for the very same merchandise. The owner is most clearly engaging in

discrimination

Attitudes

evaluations of people, objects, and ideas

When shown computer-generated faces, people generally prefer slightly __ faces. Women are most likely to perceive a man with a slightly __ face as having placed a personal ad seeking a "special lady to love and cherish"

feminized; feminized

self-worth

general belief about the extent to which one is a good, capable individual

If the political conservatism of students who join fraternities and sororities is greater than that of students who do not, the gap in the political attitudes of the two groups will probably widen as they progress through college. This would be best explained in terms of

group polarization

Professors Maksoud, Struthers, and Vasic each tend to think that obtaining a university degree is easier today than it was when they were students. After discussing the matter over coffee, they are even more convinced that obtaining a degree is easier today. This episode provides an example of

group polarization

An overwhelming desire for harmony in a decision-making group increases the probability of

groupthink

Only when experimental participants were informed that a woman was raped did they perceive the woman's behavior as inviting rape. This best illustrates that victim-blaming is fueled by:

hindsight bias

People may unconsciously harbor negative racial associations. This best illustrates the subtle nature of

implicit prejudice

normative social influence

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

informational social influence

influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality

ethnic stereotyping

learning about genetic differences between unfriendly groups leads to greater promotion of hostility

Patriotism

love of one's country

mirror-image perceptions

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

central route persuasion

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

peripheral route persuasion

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness

The longer Chinese people have resided in a Western country, the less they exhibit

other-race effect

In several U.S. states where Black motorists are a minority of the drivers and speeders on interstate highways, they have been the majority of those stopped and searched by police. This best illustrates

overt prejudice

Facing the threat of death at the hands of terrorists is likely to heighten

patriotism

When White university women withheld criticism of a flawed essay written by a Black fellow student, they demonstrated

patronization

Those who feel socially pressured sometimes assert their freedom by doing the opposite of what is socially expected. This best illustrates

personal control

self-disclosure

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

Norms

rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members

Montel, a White university student, is on academic probation for poor grades. Ever since he received notice of his probation, Montel has become increasingly hostile toward racial minority students and staff on campus. His increasing hostility can best be explained in terms of

scapegoat theory

Disparaging or belittling a despised outgroup provides people with a heightened sense of their own

self worth

superordinate goals

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

Expert pool players were observed to make 71 percent of their shots when alone. When four people watched them, they made 80 percent of their shots. This best illustrates

social facilitation

Prejudice is most likely to develop as a way of justifying

social inequalities

Blindfolded subjects were observed to clap louder when they thought they were clapping alone than when they thought they were clapping with others. This best illustrates

social loafing

Overgeneralized beliefs about a group of people that often underlie prejudicial emotions are called

stereotypes

social facilitation

stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment because

the "teachers" were more obedient than most people would have predicted.

two-factor theory

the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal

visual perception

the ability to interpret the surrounding environment by processing information that is contained in visible light

In all of Milgram's obedience experiments, participants were deceived about

the amount of shock the victim actually received

If poverty causes high rates of crime, the high crime rates can be used to justify discrimination against those who live in poverty. This best illustrates

the blame-the-victim dynamic

group polarization

the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

personal control

the extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless

blame-the-victim dynamic

the idea that the victim of discrimination is partially responsible for that discrimination

Deindividuation

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Groupthink

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternative

frustration-aggression principle

the principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger which can generate aggression

Attribution

the process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of others

social psychology

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

personality psychology

the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

experimental psychology

the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method

bystander effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

mere exposure effect

the tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure

fundamental attribution error

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

social loafing

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

just-world phenomenon

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

social loafing

the tendency for people to put less effort into a simple task when working with others on that task

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

hindsight bias

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

ingroup bias

the tendency to favor our own group

other-race effect

the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races

social exchange theory

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

scapegoat theory

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

attribution theory

the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition

In 1942, German reserve police officers obeyed orders to kill some 1500 Jews in the village of Jozefow, Poland. This incident illustrated that people are most likely to be destructively obedient when

they perceive their orders to come from legitimate authority figures

Studies of implicit attitudes indicate that prejudice is often

unconscious

altruism

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

Obedience

A form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority

stereotype

A generalized belief about a group of people

Conformity

Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

cognitive dissonance

Inner tension that a consumer experiences after recognizing an inconsistency between behavior and values or opinions

The value of social conformity is most likely to be emphasized in

Japan

chameleon effect

Natural (unconscious) tendency to imitate other peoples speech, inflections & physical movements

automatic mimicry

Psychological copying of actions or behaviors

clinical psychology

The branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders.

Obedience

a

developmental psychology

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

patronization

a conscious effort to avoid criticizing anyone from a different race and also overpraising accomplishments of others of different races; in order for people to suppress their stereotypes they go out of their way to make people of other races comfortable

Equity Theory

a theory that states that people will be motivated when they perceive that they are being treated fairly

reciprocity norm

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

prejudice

an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.

Prejudice is best defined as

an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members

dispositional attribution

assuming that another's behavior is due to personality factors, not situational ones

Prejudice is an _____; discrimination is a _______

attitude; behavior

implicit attitudes

attitudes that influence a person's feelings and behavior at an unconscious level

explicit attitudes

attitudes that we consciously endorse and can easily report

People are most likely to notice the impact of environmental influences on behavior when confronted by

cultural diversity

The preservation of innovation best illustrates the survival value of

culture