AP psych test 2
When New York University women were dressed in Ku Klux Klan-style hoods, they demonstrated significantly more aggression. This finding is best explained in terms of
deindividuation
Participants in the Milgram obedience studies were ordered to
deliver electric shocks to a learner for giving incorrect answers.
A store owner charges Black customers more than Hispanic customers for the very same merchandise. The owner is most clearly engaging in
discrimination
Attitudes
evaluations of people, objects, and ideas
When shown computer-generated faces, people generally prefer slightly __ faces. Women are most likely to perceive a man with a slightly __ face as having placed a personal ad seeking a "special lady to love and cherish"
feminized; feminized
self-worth
general belief about the extent to which one is a good, capable individual
If the political conservatism of students who join fraternities and sororities is greater than that of students who do not, the gap in the political attitudes of the two groups will probably widen as they progress through college. This would be best explained in terms of
group polarization
Professors Maksoud, Struthers, and Vasic each tend to think that obtaining a university degree is easier today than it was when they were students. After discussing the matter over coffee, they are even more convinced that obtaining a degree is easier today. This episode provides an example of
group polarization
An overwhelming desire for harmony in a decision-making group increases the probability of
groupthink
Only when experimental participants were informed that a woman was raped did they perceive the woman's behavior as inviting rape. This best illustrates that victim-blaming is fueled by:
hindsight bias
People may unconsciously harbor negative racial associations. This best illustrates the subtle nature of
implicit prejudice
normative social influence
influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
informational social influence
influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality
ethnic stereotyping
learning about genetic differences between unfriendly groups leads to greater promotion of hostility
Patriotism
love of one's country
mirror-image perceptions
mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive
central route persuasion
occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
peripheral route persuasion
occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness
The longer Chinese people have resided in a Western country, the less they exhibit
other-race effect
In several U.S. states where Black motorists are a minority of the drivers and speeders on interstate highways, they have been the majority of those stopped and searched by police. This best illustrates
overt prejudice
Facing the threat of death at the hands of terrorists is likely to heighten
patriotism
When White university women withheld criticism of a flawed essay written by a Black fellow student, they demonstrated
patronization
Those who feel socially pressured sometimes assert their freedom by doing the opposite of what is socially expected. This best illustrates
personal control
self-disclosure
revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
Norms
rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members
Montel, a White university student, is on academic probation for poor grades. Ever since he received notice of his probation, Montel has become increasingly hostile toward racial minority students and staff on campus. His increasing hostility can best be explained in terms of
scapegoat theory
Disparaging or belittling a despised outgroup provides people with a heightened sense of their own
self worth
superordinate goals
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
Expert pool players were observed to make 71 percent of their shots when alone. When four people watched them, they made 80 percent of their shots. This best illustrates
social facilitation
Prejudice is most likely to develop as a way of justifying
social inequalities
Blindfolded subjects were observed to clap louder when they thought they were clapping alone than when they thought they were clapping with others. This best illustrates
social loafing
Overgeneralized beliefs about a group of people that often underlie prejudicial emotions are called
stereotypes
social facilitation
stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment because
the "teachers" were more obedient than most people would have predicted.
two-factor theory
the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal
visual perception
the ability to interpret the surrounding environment by processing information that is contained in visible light
In all of Milgram's obedience experiments, participants were deceived about
the amount of shock the victim actually received
If poverty causes high rates of crime, the high crime rates can be used to justify discrimination against those who live in poverty. This best illustrates
the blame-the-victim dynamic
group polarization
the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
personal control
the extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless
blame-the-victim dynamic
the idea that the victim of discrimination is partially responsible for that discrimination
Deindividuation
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
Groupthink
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternative
frustration-aggression principle
the principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger which can generate aggression
Attribution
the process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of others
social psychology
the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
personality psychology
the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
experimental psychology
the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method
bystander effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
mere exposure effect
the tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure
fundamental attribution error
the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
social loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
just-world phenomenon
the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
social loafing
the tendency for people to put less effort into a simple task when working with others on that task
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
hindsight bias
the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
ingroup bias
the tendency to favor our own group
other-race effect
the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races
social exchange theory
the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
scapegoat theory
the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
attribution theory
the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition
In 1942, German reserve police officers obeyed orders to kill some 1500 Jews in the village of Jozefow, Poland. This incident illustrated that people are most likely to be destructively obedient when
they perceive their orders to come from legitimate authority figures
Studies of implicit attitudes indicate that prejudice is often
unconscious
altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others
Obedience
A form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority
stereotype
A generalized belief about a group of people
Conformity
Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
cognitive dissonance
Inner tension that a consumer experiences after recognizing an inconsistency between behavior and values or opinions
The value of social conformity is most likely to be emphasized in
Japan
chameleon effect
Natural (unconscious) tendency to imitate other peoples speech, inflections & physical movements
automatic mimicry
Psychological copying of actions or behaviors
clinical psychology
The branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders.
Obedience
a
developmental psychology
a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
patronization
a conscious effort to avoid criticizing anyone from a different race and also overpraising accomplishments of others of different races; in order for people to suppress their stereotypes they go out of their way to make people of other races comfortable
Equity Theory
a theory that states that people will be motivated when they perceive that they are being treated fairly
reciprocity norm
an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
prejudice
an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.
Prejudice is best defined as
an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members
dispositional attribution
assuming that another's behavior is due to personality factors, not situational ones
Prejudice is an _____; discrimination is a _______
attitude; behavior
implicit attitudes
attitudes that influence a person's feelings and behavior at an unconscious level
explicit attitudes
attitudes that we consciously endorse and can easily report
People are most likely to notice the impact of environmental influences on behavior when confronted by
cultural diversity
The preservation of innovation best illustrates the survival value of
culture
