AP Psych Unit 6 Test

Gender differences have most often been found in which of the following? A Aggression B Short-term memory C Auditory discrimination D Visual acuity E Pattern matching

A Aggression

Bobby is seventeen and has been engaging in risky behaviors, such as reckless driving, skipping class, and breaking curfew. Which of the following is an explanation for Bobby's actions that most psychologists support? A Bobby is still developing new neural connections in his brain. B Bobby is rebelling against his peers because he feels left out. C Bobby's temperament makes him prone to risk-taking behavior. D Bobby's parents have an authoritative parenting style. E Bobby is depressed, as most adolescents are.

A Bobby is still developing new neural connections in his brain.

Which of the following is true about gender roles in children? A Children often develop traditional gender roles despite parents discouragement of such roles. B Children are often confused about gender roles when parents discourage them to avoid traditional gender roles. C Children often do not develop gender roles that are similar to those held in their society. D Children most often do not develop specific gender roles. E Research indicates there is a large biological basis for gender roles.

A Children often develop traditional gender roles despite parents discouragement of such roles.

Which of the following is more associated with environmental effects than with genetic influence? A Fetal alcohol syndrome B Prenatal maturation C Temperament D Rooting reflex E Sequence of motor development

A Fetal alcohol syndrome

A nine-year-old girl first learning about her capabilities on the playground and in the classroom would be in which of Erikson's stage of development? A Industry vs. Inferiority B Identity vs. role confusion C Autonomy vs. shame and doubt D Integrity vs. despair E Trust vs. mistrust

A Industry vs. Inferiority

Fekru knows that when his teacher pours water from a small, wide glass into a tall, thin glass, the amount of water remains the same even though the tall, thin glass looks like it has more water. Which of the following theories best explains Fekru's ability? A Jean Piaget's theory of conservation B Lev Vygotsky's theory of zone of proximal development C B. F. Skinner's theory of operant conditioning D Ivan Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning E Albert Bandura's theory of social learning

A Jean Piaget's theory of conservation

Which of the following researchers found that ducklings will follow the first figure they see within their first day of hatching? A Konrad Lorenz B Harry Harlow C Mary Ainsworth D Diana Baumrind E Albert Bandura

A Konrad Lorenz

Mary Ainsworth's research indicates that a toddler with a secure attachment style is most likely to do which of the following when left with a caregiver, such as a babysitter, for the first time? A Show distress when left, calm down and play, and run to the mother when she returns B Cry when left and continue to cry until the mother returns C Not notice when the mother leaves and not seek attention from the mother when she returns D Play happily when the mother leaves but exhibit anger and rejection toward the mother when she returns E Show distress when the mother leaves and not seek attention when the mother returns

A Show distress when left, calm down and play, and run to the mother when she returns

Benjamin is five years old. While his mother is making his lunch, he explains to her that he is very hungry and would like a lot to eat. His mother cuts his sandwich into four pieces, and he is very pleased. Benjamin's pleasure at having four small pieces instead of one large piece is due to the fact that he lacks A conservation B object permanence C theory of mind D assimilation E accommodation

A conservation

The results of Harry Harlow's experiments with infant monkeys and surrogate mothers show that A contact comfort was the primary basis of attachment for the infant monkeys B female infant monkeys are more independent than male infant monkeys C female infant monkeys are more obedient than male infant monkeys D food outranked all other factors in the development of the infant monkeys' attachment to the mother E infant monkeys mimic the surrogate mothers 'behavior

A contact comfort was the primary basis of attachment for the infant monkeys

Konrad Lorenz found that shortly after a gosling is born, it tends to follow the first large moving object it sees. That is an example of A imprinting B object permanence C observational learning D accommodation E a secure attachment

A imprinting

When parents set few controls on their children's television viewing, allowing the children freedom to set individual limits, make few demands, and do not punish for improper television viewing, the parents exemplify a parenting style referred to as A permissive B authoritative C authoritarian D rejecting-neglecting E pessimistic

A permissive

Gender stereotypes are developed as a result of A societal norms and other environmental factors B heredity and other biological factors C both environmental and biological factors D the development of gender identity E the development of gender constancy

A societal norms and other environmental factors

Which parenting style is characterized by high demands for obedience and low warmth? A Permissive B Authoritarian C Authoritative D Neglectful E Indulgent

B Authoritarian

According to Diana Baumrind, which of the following is a parenting style that, among children raised in the United States, is most closely associated with the development of self-reliance and confidence? A Authoritarian B Authoritative C Permissive D Neglectful E Secure

B Authoritative

A conscientious objector refuses to engage in combat because he cannot support the taking of human life. His reasoning best illustrates which stage in Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development? A Authoritative B Postconventional C Concrete operational D Conventional E Egocentric

B Postconventional

According to Jean Piaget, children cease to exhibit egocentrism during which of the following stages? A Sensorimotor B Preoperational C Concrete operational D Post-conventional E Pre-conventional

B Preoperational

Egocentrism, animism, and artificialism are characteristic of which of Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development? A Sensorimotor B Preoperational C Postformal D Concrete operations E Formal operations

B Preoperational

Which of the following describes the different emotional dispositions of infants? A Imprinting B Temperament C Mental set D Instinct E Attachment

B Temperament

Every day Haiying tells her parents something new she would like to be when she grows up. Haiying's parents listen carefully and provide encouraging words. Even if Haiying's ideas are fanciful and impractical, her parents never pass judgment or suggest that she is being irrational. Haiying's parents' responses to their daughter demonstrate which concept? A Scaffolding B Unconditional positive regard C An authoritarian parenting style D Accommodation E Cognitive restructuring

B Unconditional positive regard

Harry Harlow found that when infant monkeys were startled or frightened, they preferred a cloth surrogate mother over a wire mother who had food. The baby monkeys' response indicated that A the amygdala develops earlier in rhesus monkeys than in humans B contact comfort was more important to them than food C rhesus monkeys do not develop normally with artificial food sources D being raised with a terry cloth mother leads to an insecure attachment style E they had not developed object permanence

B contact comfort was more important to them than food

In Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment, infants who were classified as securely attached were more likely to A have a tantrum when the mother left the room B express happiness when the mother returned to the room C prevent the mother from leaving the room D try to play with the stranger when the mother left the room E not notice when the mother returned to the room

B express happiness when the mother returned to the room

Seven-year-old Maria helps her mother wash the dishes, while her nine-year-old-brother helps their father with the yard work. This involvement of the children in helping activities directly illustrates the process of A identity diffusion B gender-role development C preconventional morality development D classical conditioning of sex roles E evolutionary determinism

B gender-role development

Infants are repeatedly shown an object dropping onto a platform. Eventually, the infants spend less time looking at the object, and their heart rates and respirations decrease. This is an example of A sensory adaptation B habituation C dishabituation D generalization E transference

B habituation

According to Erik Erikson, in late adulthood the individual reaches the eighth and final stage of the life span in which one reviews and evaluates one's life and the choices one has made. Erikson labeled this stage A initiative versus guilt B integrity versus despair C generativity versus stagnation D identity versus role confusion E intimacy versus isolation

B integrity versus despair

Jaime, a six month old, is fussy and does not transition well between situations. According to Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, this behavior is part of Jaime's A attachment style B temperament C cognitive development D physical development E external locus of control

B temperament

Which of the following is the best example of the cognitive process Jean Piaget called assimilation? A When her father cuts her single slice of pizza into three pieces, Megan thinks she has more than her sister, who has a single slice. B When her mother leaves the room, Lillian continues playing with toys without becoming anxious. C Having learned that his family pet is a dog, William sees a neighbor's cat and says, "Dog!" D David, who previously called all animals "doggies," sees a horse and says, "Horse!" E After his favorite toy car is accidentally kicked under a bed where he cannot see it, two-year-old Arturo crawls under the bed to retrieve it.

C Having learned that his family pet is a dog, William sees a neighbor's cat and says, "Dog!"

Rik, who is an adolescent, was always studious and quiet throughout childhood. His parents are concerned because he suddenly dyed his hair, pierced his tongue, and started hanging out with a different crowd. A few months later, he tried out for the football team and became so active in sports that he neglected his schoolwork. According to psychologists, which of the following would best explain Rik's changes in behavior? A His parents had an authoritarian parenting style as he was growing up, so he is confused. B He is having a difficult time getting along with peers. C He is going through the process of exploring his identity that many adolescents experience. D The neural pathways in his cerebellum are not fully developed. E He is the middle child in his sibling group.

C He is going through the process of exploring his identity that many adolescents experience.

Which of the following did Erik Erikson say was the primary conflict through which a teenager needs to work? A Autonomy versus shame and doubt B Initiative versus guilt C Identity versus role confusion D Intimacy versus isolation E Generativity versus stagnation

C Identity versus role confusion

Jerry is not able to tie his shoes on his own, but he is able to tie his shoes with the help of his father. Which of the following theories best explains the interaction between Jerry and his father? A Mary Ainsworth's theory of attachment, because it focuses on whether a child has a secure or insecure attachment B Lev Vygotsky's social learning theory, because it focuses on whether a child has a secure insecure attachment C Lev Vygotsky's social learning theory, because it includes the concept of zone of proximal development D Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory, because it includes the concept of zone of proximal development E Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory, because it includes the concept of the Oedipal complex

C Lev Vygotsky's social learning theory, because it includes the concept of zone of proximal development

Which of the following scenarios best describes what Erik Erikson thought someone might experience in early adulthood? A Frances was a good student who socialized mostly with other good students, but recently she has started socializing with a different crowd and places less importance on her grades. B Liz has tried to do things independently but has not been successful, so now she feels bad about herself. C Mohammed has dated a few people but has not been very successful, so he has decided to give up on dating. D Thomas has a difficult time trusting people. E Jazmin feels like she is unfulfilled and living a mundane life.

C Mohammed has dated a few people but has not been very successful, so he has decided to give up on dating.

Primary sex characteristics include which of the following? A Deepened voice in males B Breast development in females C Presence of ovaries D Body hair E Menopause

C Presence of ovaries

Laura is in transition from Erik Erikson's industry versus inferiority stage into the identity versus role confusion stage. Which of the following is most likely what Laura is experiencing? A She is less affected by self-esteem and more interested in initiative. B She is more concerned with autonomy than feelings of guilt. C She is less interested in accomplishing things and more interested in defining herself. D She is more affected by matters of trust and is not spending much time thinking, "Am I good or bad?" E She is more interested in doing things for herself than relying on others.

C She is less interested in accomplishing things and more interested in defining herself.

Amehd, a fifth grader, is passing a note to his friend in class while his teacher is teaching a new type of math problem. When he is later tested on the material, he is unable to recall how to solve a similar problem. Which of the following theories best explains Amehd's difficulty in recalling how to do this type of problem? A Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, because it focuses on how children think about the world B The information processing approach, because it focuses on pairing a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that produces a reflexive response so that the neutral stimulus triggers the reflexive response C The information processing approach, because it focuses on encoding and retrieving information D Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning approach, because it focuses on how children think about the world E Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning approach, because it focuses on pairing a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that produces a reflexive response so that the neutral stimulus triggers the reflexive response

C The information processing approach, because it focuses on encoding and retrieving information

Four-year-old Rebecca states that the two lines in set A have the same number of dots but that the second line in set B has more dots than the first line has. Rebecca's inability to report that the two rows in set B contain the same number of dots reflects a lack of A animism B theory of mind C conservation D accommodation E object permanence

C conservation

Harry Harlow's experiments with rhesus monkeys and surrogate mothers demonstrate the importance of A socialization to neural development B environmental stimulation to cognitive development C contact comfort to attachment D imprinting to observational learning E instincts to reproductive habits

C contact comfort to attachment

Children of authoritative parents tend to be A immature B indecisive C independent D withdrawn E aggressive

C independent

A baby looks under the sofa for a ball that has just rolled underneath it. According to Jean Piaget, the baby's action shows development of A conservation of mass B reversibility C object permanence D logical thinking E metacognition

C object permanence

Darien's father dictated who Darien's friends should be and what classes he should take, and he set an extremely early curfew. If Darien went against his father's wishes, the repercussions were harsh and swift. What type of parenting did Darien experience? A Permissive B Rejecting-neglecting C Authoritative D Authoritarian E Self-regulation

D Authoritarian

According to Jean Piaget, what is the earliest stage at which a child is capable of using simple logic to think about objects and events? A Sensorimotor B Preoperational C Symbolic D Concrete operational E Formal operational

D Concrete operational

Shamir wants to be a doctor like both of his parents when he gets older. He never thought of doing anything else. Which of the following best explains Shamir's decision? A He has not fully developed his identity. B His parents have a permissive parenting style, which has left him with an underdeveloped identity. C He is in a moratorium state of identity. D He is identity foreclosed. E He is in a state of identity diffusion.

D He is identity foreclosed.

Which of the following research findings supports a strong biological basis for behavior? A Presenting a loud sound just before presenting a neutral stimulus eventually produces fear of the neutral stimulus. B Including misinformation in a question about an event decreases the accuracy of memory for the event. C Observing an aggressive model leads to aggressive behavior by the observer. D Identical twins who are reared apart have similar levels of intelligence. E Individuals working in a group put forth less effort than they put forth when working alone.

D Identical twins who are reared apart have similar levels of intelligence.

Sexual orientation is most likely developed as a result of A parenting style B gender identity C the overgeneralizations society makes about people of different genders D a combination of genetics, prenatal hormones, and social influences E a combination of developmental norms, socialization, and gender constancy

D a combination of genetics, prenatal hormones, and social influences

Sabrina plays on a rugby team and collects antique dolls. Peter is on a football team and loves to cook. Both Sabrina and Peter demonstrate a high degree of A sex-role stereotyping B sex-role confusion C gender constancy D androgyny E sex-role identity

D androgyny

When ten-month-old Frances throws her toy out of sight, she looks to see where it falls. Developmental psychologists would say that Frances' behavior indicates that she has developed A centration B conservation C egocentrism D object permanence E accommodation

D object permanence

In Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which of the following best exemplifies the concept of accommodation? A A newborn touched lightly on the right cheek turns his head to the right. B An infant reaches out toward the moon as if to grasp it. C An infant stops reaching for a toy as soon as it is covered by a cloth. D An infant acquires a fear of heights after learning to crawl. E An infant trying unsuccessfully to suck her fist opens her mouth wider and is successful.

E An infant trying unsuccessfully to suck her fist opens her mouth wider and is successful.

A one-year-old child learns that the furry animals with bushy tails she sees outside her window are squirrels. Later she sees chipmunks outside the window and believes those are also squirrels. Which Piagetian concept is the child demonstrating? A Equilibration B Conservation C Object permanence D Accommodation E Assimilation

E Assimilation

Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning is best described by which of the following? A Personal conscience is innate and all human beings develop it at the same rate. B By adulthood, all people judge moral issues in terms of self-chosen principles. C Ethical principles are defined by ideals of reciprocity and human equality in individualistic societies, but by ideals of law and order in collectivistic societies. D Children grow up with morals similar to those of their parents. E Children progress from a morality based on punishment and reward to one defined by convention, and ultimately to one defined by abstract ethical principles.

E Children progress from a morality based on punishment and reward to one defined by convention, and ultimately to one defined by abstract ethical principles.

Mr. and Mrs. Stanley are very strict with their children. They do not spend a lot of time talking with them, except to tell them what to do. Which of the following theorists would be most likely to study this type of parenting behavior? A Albert Bandura B Konrad Lorenz C Harry Harlow D Mary Ainsworth E Diana Baumrind

E Diana Baumrind

Hypothetical and deductive thinking are characteristic of which of Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development? A Preoperational B Operational C Conservation D Concrete operations E Formal operations

E Formal operations

Which developmental milestone must be reached before an infant experiences separation anxiety? A Imprinting B Theory of mind C Conservation D Egocentrism E Object permanence

E Object permanence

Which of the following statements is supported by research on homosexuality? A There is a correlation between sexual orientation and early childhood problems. B There is a correlation between the sexual orientation of a child and the sexual orientation of his or her adoptive parents. C There is a correlation between sexual orientation and the size of the cerebellum. D It is possible that high levels of dopamine influence sexual orientation. E Studies of twins have shown a genetic predisposition to homosexuality.

E Studies of twins have shown a genetic predisposition to homosexuality.

Carol Gilligan's criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's development theory is based on the argument that Kohlberg's A work has been invalidated by changes in the structure of families in the United States B stages are too limited in their critical-period parameters C theory underestimates the capabilities of infants and children D stage do not apply equally well to all racial and ethnic groups E theory fails to account sufficiently for differences between males and females

E theory fails to account sufficiently for differences between males and females