AP psych unit 7

Internal Locus of Control (Rotter)

Internal locus of control: we feel that we are in charge of ourselves and our circumstances. An internal locus of control is correlated with greater success and achievement. --because the tendency to attribute both one's successes and failures to one's actions gives people a reason to review their actions, identify where they could improve, and take action. Too much internal locus of control: We blame ourselves for bad events, or have the illusion that we have the power to prevent bad events.

Introverted (Jung)

Introverts, meanwhile, focus their energy inwards, towards more solitary, thoughtful activities. Introverts are generally more withdrawn Introversion is a personality type characterized by traits such as reserve, passivity, thoughtfulness, and a preference to keep emotional states private. Introverts are most comfortable interacting in small groups and with one-on-one relationships, and are energized by spending time alone.

evolutionary theory of emotions

emotions developed because of their adaptive value, allowing the organism to avoid danger and survive says that one function of emotions is to help us evaluate objects, people, and situations in terms of how good or bad they are for our well being and survival our emotions exist because they serve an adaptive role. Emotions motivate people to respond quickly to stimuli in the environment, which helps improve the chances of success and survival.

leptin

hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used a protein, manufactured and secreted by fat cells, that may communicate to the brain the amount of body fat stored and may help to regulate food intake. Leptin receptors have been found in the hypothalamus, and, when they are stimulated, food intake is reduced. stimulates the satiety center (ventromedial hypothalamus)

Determinism (Skinner)

idea of Skinner on personality that behavior and personality are fully determined by environmental stimuli behavior is fully determined by environment The determinist approach proposes that all behavior has a cause and is thus predictable. Free will is an illusion, and our behavior is governed by internal or external forces over which we have no control. Determinism is usually understood to preclude free will because it entails that humans cannot act otherwise than they do.

Preconscious

in Freud's theory, the level of consciousness in which thoughts and feelings are not conscious but are readily retrievable to consciousness Sigmund Freud developed the concept of the preconscious to characterize ideas, memories, and beliefs that are unconscious at a particular moment, but are not repressed. The preconscious refers to those facts of which we are not currently conscious but which exist in latency and can be easily called up when needed.

Archetypes (Jung)

inherent templates for human thoughts and behavior. They can be thought of as patterns of human experience that have exited since the dawn of humanity. Found within the collective unconscious, some of the more prominent archetype are: The-Self, The persona, The Shadow, The Anima, and The Animus Emotional symbols that are common to all people and have been formed since the beginning of time emotionally charged images and thoughts that have universal meaning Jung believed that we inherit these archetypes much in the way we inherit instinctive patterns of behavior.

Alfred Kinsey's research

known for his research regarding human sexual behavior. the Kinsey scale of sexual orientation Kinsey developed the Kinsey Scale, which was a numerical ranking of sexual behavior on a scale of complete heterosexuality to complete homosexuality or X. X: Asexual - A term used to describe someone who does not experience sexual attraction toward individuals of any gender. The Kinsey Scale acknowledges that many people aren't exclusively heterosexual or exclusively homosexual — that sexual attraction can fall somewhere in the middle.

External Locus of Control (Rotter)

people believe their lives are controlled by luck, fate or other people People with an external locus of control tend to be more stressed and prone to clinical depression. Too much external locus of control: We lose initiative, lose motivation to achieve, have more anxiety about what might happen to us, don't bother developing willpower -Blame outside forces for their circumstances -Often credit luck or chance for any successes -Don't believe that they can change their situation through their own efforts

type B personality

person who is relaxed and laid-back, less driven and competitive than Type A, and slow to anger Personality characterized by relatively relaxed, patient, easygoing, amicable behavior. easygoing, relaxed people, open to change, are flexible, enjoy life. Low stress levels. Non-competitive. People with a Type B personality are often described as easy-going, relaxed, and highly flexible. The type B personality is basically the opposite of the type A. Where people with a type A personality are meticulous; type B people tend to take a much more casual and carefree approach.

Self-report inventories

questionnaires that ask people to provide information about themselves The main advantage of self-report is that it is a relatively simple way to collect data from many people quickly and at low cost. A second advantage is that self-report data can be collected in various ways to suit the researcher's needs. Some personality self-report measures are the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, MMPI/MMPI-2, and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire.

Rationalization (defense mechanism)

rationalization is a defense mechanism, an unconscious attempt to avoid addressing the underlying reasons for a behavior. Rationalizing an event may help individuals maintain self-respect or avoid guilt over something they have done wrong. offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions - Attempting to make excuses or formulate logical reasons to justifying unacceptable feelings or behaviors. EX: John tells the rehab nurse, "I drink because its the only way I can deal with my bad marriage and awful job."

Social learning theory/social cognitive theory (Bandura)

referring to the use of cognitive processes in relation to understanding the social world -the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished The view of psychologists who emphasize behavior, environment, and cognition as the key factors in development. -In social-cognitive theory, the concepts of reciprocal determinism, observational learning, and self-efficacy all play a part in personality development. -thus personality result when people see other people's actions and the consequences of those actions and then incorporate those behaviors into their own behavior.

Regression (defense mechanism)

regression is a defense mechanism in which an individual copes with stressful or anxiety-provoking relationships or situations by retreating to an earlier developmental stage. A person goes back to an earlier or less mature state or behavior - Responding to stress by retreating to an earlier level of development and the comfort measures associated with that level of functioning. EX: When 2 year old Jay is hospitalized for tonsillitis, he will drink only from a bottle, although his mother states he has been drinking from a cup for over 6 months.

Albert Bandura

researcher famous for work in observational or social learning, including the famous Bobo doll experiment Albert Bandura agreed with Skinner that personality develops through learning. -He disagreed, however, with Skinner's strict behaviorist approach to personality development, because he felt that thinking and reasoning are important components of learning. -He presented a social-cognitive theory of personality that emphasizes both learning and cognition as sources of individual differences in personality.

need

something like air, food, or shelter that is necessary for survival

two-factor theory of emotion Schachter-Singer "Two-factor" Theory

suggests that emotions do not exist until we add a label to whatever body sensations we are feeling. The two-factor theory of emotion focuses on the interaction between physical arousal and how we cognitively label that arousal. In other words, simply feeling arousal is not enough; we also must identify the arousal in order to feel the emotion. Emotion = Body Plus a Cognitive Label I face a stranger, and my heart is pounding. Is it fear? Excitement? Anger? Lust? Or did I have too much caffeine? The label completes the emotion. Schachter's theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal

Projective tests

tests designed to reveal inner aspects of individuals' personalities by analysis of their responses to a standard series of ambiguous stimuli Projective tests are intended to uncover feelings, desires, and conflicts that are hidden from conscious awareness. By interpreting responses to ambiguous cues, psychoanalysts hope to uncover unconscious feelings that might be causing problems in a person's life. Some examples of projective tests are the Rorschach Inkblot Test, the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

frustration

the act of blocking, interfering with or disrupting behavior that is directed toward some kind of goal A negative emotional state that occurs when one is prevented from reaching a goal. a feeling of anger or annoyance caused by being unable to do something The definition of frustrated is annoyed or ready to give up. An example of a frustrated person is someone who has been working on the same math problem for an hour with no success. Frustrated is defined as to have prevented someone from accomplishing something or annoyed someone.

Superego (Morality Principle)

the aspect of personality that represents a person's moral sense The voice that incorporates the values and morals which are learned from one's parents and society. It tries to persuade the id and ego to turn to moral goals rather than seeking pleasure "It's not right to do that"

Unconditional love/regard

unconditional positive regard: complete acceptance of another person; not contingent on any specific behavior🡪 children of parents who provide this do not need to block out unworthy experiences because they are assured that they are worthy of affection🡪 congruence showing unconditional positive regard for your children helps them meet two essential needs: experiencing positive regard from others and a positive sense of self-worth. Rogers believed that unconditional positive regard is essential for healthy development and tried to establish it as a therapeutic component.

Richard Lazurus's appraisal theory

upon encountering a stressor, a person judges its potential threat (via primary appraisal) and then determines if effective options are available to manage the situation (via secondary appraisal). Stress is likely to result if a stressor is perceived as threatening and few or no effective coping options are available. proposes that emotions are based on an individual's assessment of a situation or an outcome and its relevance to his or her goals stating that people's cognitive appraisals or evaluations of a situation determine the emotions they feel in response to the situation. It enables a person to decide whether a situation is perceived as stressful or not.

Superiority Complex

when someone tries to conquer their inferiority complex by suppressing those feelings, but usually overcompensate because they do not realize their limitations; results in arrogance or pretension a condition that develops when a person overcompensates for normal inferiority feelings Sometimes, people with an inferiority complex show signs of being overconfident or narcissistic, but this isn't really the case. Instead, it's a way of masking an overwhelming feeling of being inadequate. -These symptoms may include: -Being highly competitive -Being a perfectionist or sensitive to criticism -Finding faults in others -Seeking attention -Having trouble admitting to mistakes

MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)

widely used structured personality test designed to assess symptoms of mental disorders most widely researched and clinically used personality test. The MMPI is completed by indicating true/false to a series of declarative statements that identify personal beliefs or symptomology.

Motivation

It refers to a willingness to do something in order to achieve organizational objectives and goals. It is the reason for people's actions, desires, and needs. refers to a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal. the reason or reasons one has for acting or behaving in a particular way. It serves as a guiding force for all human behavior, but understanding how it works and the factors that may impact it can be important in a number of ways. Understanding motivation can: Help improve the efficiency of people as they work toward goals. Help people take action.

Extraverted (Jung)

Jung described how extraverts engage with external stimuli. He believed that extraverts direct their energy outwards - towards other people - and gain energy from such encounters. Extroversion is a personality type characterized by traits such as sociability, assertiveness, and cheerfulness. Extroverts seek out novelty and excitement, and enjoy being the center of attention Jung (1923) described extroverts as preferring to engage with the outside world of objects, sensory perception, and action.

Maslow's theory

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory of motivation which states that five categories of human needs dictate an individual's behavior. Those needs are physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. Human needs are arranged hierarchically and humans need a balance between social and biological needs. Each successive level of the hierarchy is addressed only after the preceding level's needs have been met. Once one level is met satisfactorily, the need for the next level is activated. Humans may regress back to lower needs if basic needs are no longer satisfied. The higher levels in the pyramid represent progressively less basic needs. The ultimate goal is self actualization, the complete fulfillment or realization of one's potential. A theory of cultural evolution that details transition through phases of human needs; from "becoming" needs to "being" needs Needs lower down in the hierarchy must be satisfied before individuals can attend to needs higher up. The lowest levels of the pyramid are made up of the most basic needs, while the most complex needs are at the top of the pyramid. ... Once these lower-level needs have been met, people can move on to the next level of needs,

Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow)

Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active must satisfy lower level before moving to next higher At the top of this hierarchy are self-actualization, fulfilling one's potential, and self-transcendence. -In this ideal state, a personality includes being self-aware, self-accepting, open, ethical, spontaneous, loving caring, focusing on a greater mission than social acceptance.

Lewin's motivational conflicts theory

Sometimes what you want to do in a situation is clear to you, but at other times you no doubt find yourself conflicted about what choice to make. Psychologist Kurt Lewin developed a theory proposing four types of motivational conflicts. approach-approach conflict avoidance-avoidance conflict approach-avoidance conflict multiple approach-avoidance conflicts When Motives Conflict conflict between two opposite motives

Response Tendencies (Skinner)

an idea of behaviorist psychology that the tendency to respond to situations in certain ways (one's personality) is fully acquired through experience & the positive/negative reinforcement that occurs during those experiences Skinner believed that the environment determines behavior. According to his view, people have consistent behavior patterns because they have particular kinds of response tendencies. This means that over time, people learn to behave in particular ways.

Personality

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting An individual's characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors [persisting over time and across situations] Personality refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving.

drive

an internal state of tension, or imbalance, pushes people to behave in certain ways. An internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension A drive, such as hunger or thirst, motivates the organism to act in ways that will reduce the tension. So, for example, when you become hungry (tension caused by need for food) you are motivated to eat (method of reducing the tension).

cognitive dissonance

an unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes, or beliefs Inner tension that a consumer experiences after recognizing an inconsistency between behavior and values or opinions For example, you love the environment, but you still use plastic garbage bags. That feeling of mental discomfort about using plastic bags is an example of cognitive dissonance. This is because your beliefs are clashing with your actions or behavior. The term cognitive dissonance is used to describe the mental discomfort that results from holding two conflicting beliefs, values, or attitudes.

hassles

annoyances of daily life that impose a stressful burden daily hassles are a source of stress that include irritating, frustrating and distressing demands that people face on a day-to-day basis. daily disturbing, troubling, disrupting situations; everyday annoyances; the little stressors that add up. Such as: Arguments ∙ Traffic jams ∙ Time pressures ∙ Lack of sleep ∙ Fear of Crime ∙ Shopping

life changes

any substantial alterations in one's living circumstances that require readjustment significant personal life changes- require alterations in one's living circumstances and require adjustment. These are significant changes in a person's life which disrupt their normal routines. They include both positive and negative events, such as, marriage, divorce, a new job, moving house, etc. A number of researchers argue that life changes are a major source of stress.

instinct theory

belief that behavior is motivated by instinct A view that explains human behavior as motivated by automatic, involuntary, and unlearned responses. That all behaviors will be determined by innate factors and biologically based behaviors that generally lead to survival An instinct is a fixed (rigid and predictable) pattern of behavior that is not acquired by learning and is likely to be rooted in genes and the body.

Identification (defense mechanism)

bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group EX: After Juana had problems adjusting to college life, she decided to join a sorority

Conditional love/regard

conditional positive regard: acceptance that is given only under certain circumstances🡪 children whose parents use this causes children to block out of their self-concept those experiences that make them feel unworthy of love 🡪 incongruence conditional positive regard teaches children to value their experiences in light of what their parents' value.

Approach-avoidance conflict

conflict occurring when a person must choose or not choose a goal that has both positive and negative aspects approach-avoidance: the individual is both attracted and repelled by the same goal. The same goal has qualities that make the individual want to approach it and other qualities that make him want to avoid it. For instance, a person who dislikes his job but fears on quitting and unemployment.

type A personality

(self-imposed stress and intense reactions to stress) personality type that describes people who are competitive, driven, hostile, and ambitious Term used for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, & anger-prone people. Competitive & Distracted, thinking of what will say next, not listening. Tend to have high blood pressure and heart problems. Type A personality is characterized by a constant feeling of working against the clock and a strong sense of competitiveness. Individuals with a Type A personality generally experience a higher stress level, hate failure and find it difficult to stop working, even when they have achieved their goals.

binge-eating disorder

an eating disorder in which people overeat compulsively significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt eating large amounts when not physically hungry, eating alone due to embarrassment; significant distress

Oral Stage (Freud)

0-1 years. In the first stage of personality development, the libido is centered in a baby's mouth. It gets much satisfaction from putting all sorts of things in its mouth to satisfy the libido, and thus its id demands. Which at this stage in life are oral, or mouth orientated, such as sucking, biting, and breastfeeding. 0-18 months, the infant uses mouth for gratification and exploration nail-biting, smoking, gum-chewing, and excessive drinking are signs of an oral fixation. This would indicate that the individual did not resolve the primary conflicts during the earliest stage of psychosexual development, the oral stage.

Anal Stage (Freud)

1-3 years. 18-36 months. The libido now becomes focused on the anus and the child derives great pleasure from defecating. During the anal stage, Freud believed that the primary focus of the libido was on controlling bladder and bowel movements. The major conflict at this stage is toilet training—the child has to learn to control their bodily needs. Developing this control leads to a sense of accomplishment and independence. According to Freud, success at this stage is dependent upon the way in which parents ​approach toilet training. Parents who utilize praise and rewards for using the toilet at the appropriate time encourage positive outcomes and help children feel capable and productive.

Approach-approach conflict

A conflict that results from having to choose between two attractive alternatives the situation where a person is trying to make a choice between two desirable options. ... For example, a student wishes to pursue a graduate degree and has been accepted into two graduate programs and needs to make a decision about which one to attend. approach-approach: the individual is faced with the necessity of making a choice between two (or more) desirable goals. Since both goals are desirable, this is the least stressful situation.

Psychodynamic theories

A general definition of psychodynamic theory is that forces outside of a person's awareness explain why they behave a certain way. Today psychodynamic theory is not a unified theory. Instead, there are many related theories regarding human development and personality. a constellation of theories of human functioning that are based on the interplay of drives and other forces within the person, especially (and originating in) the psychoanalytic theories developed by Sigmund Freud and his colleagues and successors, such as Anna Freud, Carl Jung, and Melanie Klein. Strengths: research has shown that -Unconscious forces can influence behavior -Internal conflict often plays a key role in generating psychological distress -Early childhood experiences have powerful influences on adult personality; however, development is lifelong -People use defense mechanisms to deal with anxiety Weaknesses: -Poor testability- few testable hypotheses offered -Inadequate evidence -Unrepresentative samples Sexist

Ghrelin

A hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach (inside your stomach, and it growls because it releases ghrelin and then stimulates the lateral hypothalamus) a hormone that is known as an appetite increaser. It is released in the stomach and stimulates the hypothalamus to increase appetite. If a person's bodily resources are low, or if they are not eating enough, this leads to an increase in ghrelin levels.

Insulin

Insulin is a hormone that lowers the level of glucose (a type of sugar) in the blood. It's made by the beta cells of the pancreas and released into the blood when the glucose level goes up, such as after eating. Insulin helps glucose enter the body's cells, where it can be used for energy or stored for future use. allows glucose to enter the body's cells to provide energy stimulates the satiety center (ventromedial)

Birth order theories

A researcher named Alfred Adler developed birth order theory in the 20th century. The theory claims that the order in which a child is born shapes their development and personality. Adler also claimed that family, community, and social aspects play a major role in shaping a child's personality. Birth order personality traits are not necessarily present when a child is born into a family. -For example, the first child is not born with particular personality traits ingrained in his or her psyche. Instead, in birth order theory, Adler illustrates how family environments and dynamics play a role in shaping personality during a child's formative years. -Though every family is different, there are many similarities between the interactions of parents and children, as well as siblings, as a family grows and develops.

Person-centered theory

A theory, proposed by Carl Rogers, stating that the self-concept is the most important feature of personality. Roger's view of personality development and dynamics. Roger's theory of development posts that conditional love leads to a need to distort experiences, which fosters an incongruent self-concept. Incongruence makes one prone to recurrent anxiety, which triggers defensive behavior, which fuels more incongruence. The 3 conditions that facilitate growth: -Genuineness: Being honest, direct, not using a façade. -Acceptance, a.k.a Unconditional Positive Regard: acknowledging feelings, even problems, without passing judgment; honoring, not devaluing. -Empathy: tuning into the feelings of others, showing your efforts to understand, listening well (NOT sympathy: people need to be heard, not to be pitied) The purpose of Roger's humanistic therapy is to increase a person's feelings of self-worth, reduce the level of incongruence between the ideal and actual self, and help a person become more of a fully functioning person.

Phallic Stage (Freud)

Age Range: 3 to 6 Years Freud suggested that during the phallic stage, the primary focus of the libido is on the genitals. At this age, children also begin to discover the differences between males and females.​ Freud also believed that boys begin to view their fathers as a rival for the mother's affections. The Oedipus complex describes these feelings of wanting to possess the mother and the desire to replace the father. However, the child also fears that he will be punished by the father for these feelings, a fear Freud termed castration anxiety. The term Electra complex has been used to describe a similar set of feelings experienced by young girls. Freud, however, believed that girls instead experience penis envy.

Latency (Freud)

Age Range: 6 to Puberty During this stage the libido is dormant and no further psychosexual development takes place (latent means hidden). Freud thought that most sexual impulses are repressed during the latent stage, and sexual energy can be sublimated towards school work, hobbies, and friendships. The development of the ego and superego contribute to this period of calm. The stage begins around the time that children enter into school and become more concerned with peer relationships, hobbies, and other interests.

Genital Stage (Freud)

Age Range: Puberty to Death The onset of puberty causes the libido to become active once again. During the final stage of psychosexual development, the individual develops a strong sexual interest in the opposite sex. This stage begins during puberty but last throughout the rest of a person's life. Where in earlier stages the focus was solely on individual needs, interest in the welfare of others grows during this stage. The goal of this stage is to establish a balance between the various life areas. Unlike the many of the earlier stages of development, Freud believed that the ego and superego were fully formed and functioning at this point.

Self-efficacy

An individual's belief is that he or she is capable of performing a task. Self- efficacy: one's belief about one's ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes; an individual's sense of his/her abilities or capabilities to control events and situations. People with a strong sense of self-efficacy: -Develop deeper interest in the activities in which they participate -Form a stronger sense of commitment to their interests and activities People with a weak sense of self-efficacy: -Avoid challenging tasks -Believe that difficult tasks and situations are beyond their capabilities

anorexia nervosa

Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder and psychological condition marked by extreme self-starvation due to a distorted body image. People with anorexia think they are fat, regardless of how much they weigh, and are obsessive about monitoring their weight and the food they consume. An eating disorder characterized by an obstinate and willful refusal to eat, a distorted body image, and an intense fear of being fat an eating disorder in which a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve Eating disorders usually develop because of a combination of psychological, genetic, and social factors.

Emotion

Arousal, Behavior, and Cognition Emotions are a mix of expressive behavior (yelling, accelerating), bodily arousal (sweat, pounding behavior), conscious experience (thoughts, especially the labeling of the emotion) involves (1) a subjective conscious experience (the cognitive component) accompanied by (2) bodily arousal (the physiological component) and by (3) characteristic overt expressions (the behavioral component) involves: physiological (body), expressive behaviors (what we do), conscious experience (knowing what is happening and labeling it) emotions prepare our bodies for immediate action, influence thoughts, and can be felt, they are important motivators of future behavior. Many of us strive to experience the feelings of satisfaction, joy, pride, or triumph in our accomplishments and achievements

arousal theory

Arousal: a person's state of alertness and mental and physiological activation. Motivation is to achieve and maintain preferred levels of stimulation; humans seek activities that create the desired level of physiological stimulation and avoid activities that produce excessive stimulation. Maintaining an optimal level of arousal may involve reducing tension or creating it focuses on finding the right level of stimulation theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation The arousal theory of motivation suggests that people are driven to perform actions in order to maintain an optimum level of physiological arousal. ... Some people may require a higher level of arousal, which might motivate them to seek out exciting and stimulating activities. A theory of motivation suggests that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness and physical and mental activation.

Reciprocal Determinism (Bandura)

Bandura proposed that three factors- person, environment and behavior- interact to determine patterns of behavior and thus personality. Reciprocal determinism: we are architects and products of our environment. a person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment Example: a tendency to enjoy risky behavior affects choice of friends, who in turn may encourage rock climbing, which may lead to identifying with the activity.

Conscious

Consciousness refers to your individual awareness of your unique thoughts, memories, feelings, sensations, and environments. Essentially, your consciousness is your awareness of yourself and the world around you It's awareness of your internal processes like thinking, feeling, sensing, and perceiving. It knows who you are and what you possess. Our experience of consciousness is functional because we use it to guide and control our behaviour, and to think logically about problems

general adaptation syndrome (Selye)

Describes our response to a stressful event. all types of stressful situations lead to a similar stress response consisting of three stages: alarm, resistance, exhaustion Psychologist Hans Selye came up with this stress response that has there phases: 🚨Alarm—Our sympathetic nervous system is activated and our body is ready to face the stressor. 🏃Resistance—We attempt to cope with the stressor. Our body is on high alert and stress hormones are released. 😴Exhaustion—We cannot be in high alert forever, so our body begins to be vulnerable. Repeated and prolonged stress, with too much Phase 3 time, leads to various signs of physical deterioration and premature aging:

display rules for emotion

Emotional display rules in psychology are cultural rules and etiquette for how, when, and where to express, or not express, certain emotions. display rules: rules we learn in the course of growing up about when, how, and to whom it is appropriate to show our emotional expressions. Display rules determine how we act and to what extent an emotion is expressed in any given situation. They are often used to protect one's own self-image or those of another person. Display rules vary by culture; for example, the expression of anger may be considered appropriate in some cultures but not in others.

Evolutionary approach to personality

Evolutionary personality psychology suggests that human personality variation is a meaningful and relevant source of human diversity, and that different combinations of heritable personality traits biologically prepare individuals to exploit the different social niches they inhabit. Evolutionary psychology uses Darwin's ideas to theorize that human personality is adaptive. This means that certain aspects of human behavior are developed to help us survive. Strengths: -Extensive empirical research -Takes careful look at environment/social/mental factors of behavior Weaknesses: -Fragmented view of personality -Behaviorist's determinism is dehumanizing

Incongruence /Congruence (Rogers)

He defined congruence as the matching of experience and awareness. Incongruence was therefore lacking congruence, or having feelings not aligned with your actions z incongruence: degree of disparity between one's self-concept and reality; self-estrangement congruence: a state of harmony between one's self-concept and reality; integration (part of the Person-centered theory)

Carl Rogers

He developed the person-centered, also known as client-centered, approach to psychotherapy and developed the concept of unconditional positive regard while pioneering the field of clinical psychological research. And for being one of the founders of humanistic psychology. Humans have one basic motive/drive- -The tendency to self-actualize- -To fulfill one's potential and achieve the highest level of "human-beingness" they can. "The organism has one basic tendency and striving - to actualize, maintain, and enhance the experiencing organism" (Rogers, 1951, p. 487).

Sigmund Freud

His work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; he founded psychoanalysis. He became aware that many powerful mental processes operate in the unconscious, without our awareness. This insight grew into a theory of the structure of human personality and its development. -His name for his theory and his therapeutic technique: psychoanalysis. (Personality develops from the efforts of our ego, our rational self, to resolve tension between our id, based in biological drives, and the superego, society's rules and constraints.)

Humanism

Humanism: focusing on the conditions that support healthy personal growth. In the 1960s, some psychologists began to reject: -the dehumanizing ideas in Behaviorism, and the dysfunctional view of people in Psychodynamic thought. Maslow and Rogers sought to offer a "Third Force" in psychology: The Humanistic Perspective. -They studied healthy people rather than people with mental health problems. Humanism focuses on each individual's potential and stresses the importance of growth and self-actualization. The fundamental belief of humanistic psychology is that people are innately good and that mental and social problems result from deviations from this natural tendency. Weaknesses: -Poor testability and evidence -The individualism encouraged by humanistic psychology can lead to self- indulgence, selfishness... -It's naïve- fails to appreciate the reality of our human capacity for evil

Abraham Maslow

Humanistic psychologist known for his "Hierarchy of Needs" and the concept of "self-actualization" In Maslow's view, people are motivated to keep moving up a hierarchy of needs, growing beyond getting basic needs met. As a leader of humanistic psychology, Abraham Maslow approached the study of personality by focusing on subjective experiences, free will, and the innate drive toward self-actualization. Maslow believed self-actualizers indicate a coherent personality syndrome and represent optimal psychological health and functioning.

Carl Jung

In his theory of personality, Carl Jung distinguishes two different attitude types: Introverts, which are those people who receive stimulation from within, and extroverts, which are those who receive their stimulation from the environment. founded analytical psychology, advancing the idea of introvert and extrovert personalities, archetypes and the power of the unconscious. Contributions: people had conscious and unconscious awareness; archetypes; collective unconscious; libido is all types of energy, not just sexual; - No stages🡪 people develop over time different degrees of introversion/extraversion, and different tendencies to rely on specific psychological functioning such as thinking and feeling Jung's theory is limited in terms of describing introverts and extroverts.

Oedipal complex (Freud)

Oedipus complex takes its name from Greek mythology to describe a psychological theory involving how children view their parents. Freud believed that as boys in the phallic stage seek genital stimulation, they begin to develop unconscious sexual desires for their mothers and hate their fathers as a rival, feeling guilt and fearing punishment by castration. He also believed that successful completion of this stage involved identifying with the same-sex parent which ultimately would lead to developing a mature sexual identity.

displacement (defense mechanism)

One particular defense mechanism, known as displacement, essentially unfolds as literally taking feelings that belong in one situation, and placing them elsewhere. Instead of dealing with the stressful situation at hand, one feels that it is safer to focus on a topic, person or situation where there isn't as much at stake or where one has better control. - The transfer of feelings from one target to another that is considered less threatening or that is neutral. EX: A client is angry at his doctor, does not express it, but becomes verbally abusive with the nurse. Displacement is a psychological defense mechanism in which a person redirects a negative emotion from its original source to a less threatening recipient.

Fixation (of libido)

Oral, anal, and phallic fixations occur when an issue or conflict in a psychosexual stage remains unresolved, leaving the individual focused on this stage and unable to move on to the next. For example, individuals with oral fixations may have problems with drinking, smoking, eating, or nail-biting. In the course of psychosexual development, fixation refers to the theoretical notion that a portion of the individual's libido has been permanently 'invested' in a particular stage of his/her development. People can get fixated at one stage, never resolving how to manage the needs of that zones needs. Freud theorized that fixations caused people to focus on energies that create pleasure at an earlier stage of psychosocial development. He believed that one has to resolve an issue or conflict in one stage before it would be possible to move onto the next stage.

Paul Eckman's research on cross cultural displays of emotions

Paul Ekman theorized that some basic human emotions (happiness/enjoyment, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust and contempt) are innate and shared by everyone, and that they are accompanied across cultures by universal facial expressions. Through continued cross-cultural studies,* Dr. Ekman noticed that many of the apparent differences in facial expressions across cultures were due to context. first person to study human emotions and how it could be related to facial expressions. He discovered that several facial expressions of emotion were universal and that people could easily read these expressions in people from different cultures.

intrinsic motivation

Performing an action or behavior because you enjoy the activity itself When intrinsically motivated, a person is moved to act for the fun or challenge entailed rather than because of external products, pressures, or rewards. Engage in a behavior because it is personally rewarding, not for an external reward motivated to perform an activity for its own sake and personal rewards Intrinsic motivation is based on an internal need for achievement and internal reinforcements, such as positive feelings of accomplishment or fulfillment of beliefs or expectations. This type of motivation often results in higher achievement.

Personal Unconscious (Jung)

Personal Unconscious is a term that is used in Carl Jung's theories of analytical psychology. It refers to all information that is present within an individual's mind, but not readily available to conscious recall, i.e. memories that have been forgotten or repressed. like Freud's- all repressed thoughts, memories, and emotions Memories of bitterness, hatred, embarrassing moments, pain, and forbidden urges can all be repressed in the personal unconscious of an individual. Jung believed that these could have a great impact on the individual. For example, imagine a person who went through a traumatic experience in his or her childhood.

pressure

Pressure is the psychological stress associated with expectations to perform well in a situation. For example, an athlete might feel pressure before they compete for a medal in the Olympics or a student may feel pressure before a big exam. expectations or demands that one behaves in a certain way.

projection (defense mechanism)

Projection may be used as a defense mechanism and is thought to be an unconscious process that protects the ego from unacceptable thoughts and impulses. Attributing those tendencies to others allows the person to place themselves above and beyond those urges, while still being able to observe them from afar. A person "projects" their own thoughts and feelings onto someone else - Attributing feelings or impulses unacceptable to ones self to another person. EX: Sue feels a strong sexual attraction to her track coach and tells her friend, "Hes coming on to me!"

psychosomatic diseases

Psychosomatic disorders resulting from stress may include hypertension, respiratory ailments, gastrointestinal disturbances, migraine and tension headaches, pelvic pain, impotence, frigidity, dermatitis, and ulcers. Prolonged exposure to stress can cause stress-related illnesses like heart disease, cancer, a stroke, and chronic lung disease.

reaction formation (defense mechanism)

Reaction formation seeks to compensate for an unacceptable desire by acting in the opposite direction. - Preventing unacceptable thoughts or behaviors from being expressed by exaggerating opposite thoughts or types of behaviors. EX: Jane hates nursing. She attended nursing school to please her parents. During career day, she speaks to prospective students about the excellence of nursing as a career. reaction formation is a defense mechanism in which a person unconsciously replaces an unwanted or anxiety-provoking impulse with its opposite, often expressed in an exaggerated or showy way. A classic example is a young boy who bullies a young girl because, on a subconscious level, he's attracted to her

Repression (defense mechanism)

Repression is an unconscious defense mechanism employed by the ego to keep disturbing or threatening thoughts from becoming conscious Repression is the unconscious blocking of unpleasant emotions, impulses, memories, and thoughts from your conscious mind. Introduced by Sigmund Freud, the purpose of this defense mechanism is to try to minimize feelings of guilt and anxiety. - Involuntary blocking of unpleasant feelings and experiences from ones awareness. EX: An accident victim can remember nothing about the accident

sublimation (defense mechanism)

Sublimation is a defense mechanism that involves channeling unwanted or unacceptable urges into an admissible or productive outlet. For example, a woman who recently went through a breakup may channel her emotions into a home improvement project. Sublimation is one way that the ego reduces the anxiety that can be created by unacceptable urges or feelings. channeling socially unacceptable impulses into constructive, even admirable, behavior - Rechanneling of drives or impulses that are personally or socially unacceptable into activities that are constructive. EX: Mom of son killed by drunk driver, president of MADD.

B.F. Skinner's theory

The behaviorist view of personality is that personality is an adaptation to the environment. ... Skinner proposed that personality develops across the lifespan in response to the environment. For Skinner, personality is behavior and behavior is determined by principles of operant conditioning which focuses on the relationship of behavior to the environment. -Mental processes and structures are not important in determining a link between behavior and its controlling environmental conditions. For Skinner, free will is an illusion, and in his strong determinism he contends that behavior is fully determined by environmental stimuli. He argued that personality develops over our entire life, not only in the first few years. Our responses can change as we come across new situations; therefore, we can expect more variability over time in personality than Freud would anticipate.

Homeostasis

The body's tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state, a state of physiological stability or equilibrium Humans seek balance in their lives. When things are out of order or imbalanced, it tends to cause problems. This is true particularly with regard to our internal state or well-being. Homeostasis refers to this tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state that is optimal for functioning. In short, the purpose of homeostasis is to maintain the established internal environment without being overcome by external stimuli that exist to disrupt the balance.

Anxiety

The condition of feeling uneasy or worried about what may happen Anxiety is an emotion characterized by feelings of tension, worried thoughts and physical changes like increased blood pressure. People with anxiety disorders usually have recurring intrusive thoughts or concerns. They may avoid certain situations out of worry.

overjustification effect

The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do. The person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task. a phenomenon in which being rewarded for doing something actually diminishes intrinsic motivation to perform describes our tendency to become less intrinsically motivated to partake in an activity that we used to enjoy when offered an external incentive such as money or a reward. example: Children enjoy playing with toys until they are told they will get paid to play with toys. They may still play with toys to get paid, but they view it differently because they are getting paid. can cause us to abandon activities that we actually find intrinsically valuable once we are presented with a prize or money for doing the activity. Instead of the rewards adding value to the activity, they take away from it.

Ego (reality principle)

The ego is the decision-making part of the mind. It also seeks pleasure, but uses reason and logic to do so. It tries to get the unrealistic id to corporate in a society bound by laws and social norms. the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. The ego works as the "executive" of this three-part system, to manage bodily needs and wishes in a socially acceptable way. "Maybe we can compromise"

cognitive consistency theory

The theory states that motivation is produced by inner conflict this is called cognitive dissonance Motivation is produced from internal conflict. Beliefs that are in opposition or beliefs and actions that are in contradiction often produce conflict called cognitive dissonance. Humans are motivated to reduce the tension created by conflict by either changing or modifying beliefs or by changing or modifying behavior. Cognitive consistency is a psychological theory that proposes that humans are motivated by inconsistencies and a desire to change them. The tension arises when thoughts conflict with each other and or actions and this tension creates a motivation to change and correct the inconsistency The term cognitive dissonance is used to describe the mental discomfort that results from holding two conflicting beliefs, values, or attitudes. Example: Your friend Jeff likes to smoke, and prior to attending the health lecture, this attitude was not in conflict. However, after attending a lecture on the health consequences of smoking, his enjoyment of smoking and knowledge about the negative health effects of smoking are now in conflict. Holding these two contradictory beliefs creates tension, which leads Jeff to want to reduce the tension. To do this, he quits smoking, thereby regaining balance. You may be asking, "Can't Jeff choose to smoke anyway, and ignore the health consequences?" That is indeed an option—to reduce the tension between the conflicting cognitions, Jeff could deny the validity of the health consequences of smoking to reach balance.

facial feedback theory/hypothesis

The view that expressing a specific emotion, especially facially, causes the subjective experience of that emotion. The facial-feedback theory of emotions suggests that facial expressions are connected to experiencing emotions. For example, an individual who is forced to smile during a social event will actually come to find the event more of an enjoyable experience. The facial feedback hypothesis, that skeletal muscle feedback from facial expressions plays a causal role in regulating emotional experience and behavior, is an important part of several contemporary theories of emotion.

set-point theory

Theory that proposes that humans and other animals have a natural or optimal body weight, called the set-point weight, that the body defends from becoming higher or lower by regulating feelings of hunger and body metabolism. Set point theory states that our bodies have a preset weight baseline hardwired into our DNA. According to this theory, our weight and how much it changes from that set point might be limited. The theory says some of us have higher weight set points than others and our bodies fight to stay within these ranges. the human body tries to maintain its weight within a preferred range

Joseph LeDoux's theory of emotion

They thought that some emotions, particularly those needed for our immediate survival (e.g., anger or rage), were quickly activated through a fast pathway, while other emotions (e.g., love) went through a slow pathway. Some embodied emotions happen instantly, without conscious appraisal. An example of this is when you automatically get startled by a sound in the forest before labeling it as a threat. the theory asserts that sometimes we react before we have time to "think/consider" what is happening some emotional reactions, especially fears, likes, and dislikes, develop in a "low road" through the brain, skipping conscious thought. Emotions without Awareness/Cognition

evolutionary theory of motivation

This theory states that motivation and emotion are inseparable and that our motives are largely based on instincts. motives are the products of evolution individuals are motivated to engage in behaviors that maximize their genetic fitness. organisms are born with preprogrammed tendencies to respond to certain events in certain ways Behavior originates from instincts, adaptive survival behaviors. Motives developed because of their adaptive value; affiliation, sex, aggression, and competitiveness are adaptive motives. Natural selection favors behaviors that increase reproductive success. Criticism: underestimates culture and environmental influences; doesn't allow for prediction of behavior

Alfred Adler

Unlike Freud, Adler believed the social and community aspects of a person's life were just as important as internal thoughts and emotions. Adler's desire to understand how social factors influence personality extended to child development. His birth order theory described how the family environment shaped a child's thoughts and behaviors. Contributions: basic mistakes, style of life, inferiority/superiority complexes, childhood influences personality formation; Primary human motive🡪 to overcome inferiority and achieve suterm-86periority (to adapt, to improve, to master life's challenges)🡪 great upward drive🡪 striving for perfection

Avoidance-avoidance conflict

a choice must be made between two unattractive goals Conflict that results from having to choose between two distasteful alternatives The avoidance-avoidance conflict refers to making a decision between two equally undesirable choices. A simple example of this could be making a decision between doing a homework assignment or doing housework. This type of conflict would normally be settled by an assessment of the relative importance of the two tasks. avoidance-avoidance: the individual is faced with two goals, both of which are negative, or repellent.

achievement motivation

a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard a desire to do things well and overcome obstacles defined as an individual's need to meet realistic goals, receive feedback, and experience a sense of accomplishment. For example, employees who are Achievement-Motivated thrive very well in corporations where they receive regular performance evaluations. when individuals are driven, inspired or stimulated by successes or accomplishments. Individuals with high achievement motivation prefer tasks and problems that involve moderate levels of difficulty. ... Personal Rewards. ... Relevant Feedback. ... Problem-Solving. ... Interpersonal Skills.

extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment behavior is driven by external rewards such as money, fame, grades, and praise Deciding to do something because you are told you have to do it by someone else. Doing something because of external factors, such as needing to achieve a goal, wanting to get a reward, or seeking to avoid a disadvantage While extrinsic motivation is helpful in certain situations, it may eventually lead to burnout or lose effectiveness over time. External motivation often creates pressure and, contrary to what you may think, our brain just doesn't work well under pressure. We become less happy. Extrinsic motivators are excellent for increasing productivity in the short-term

compensation/overcompensation

a mechanism by which one covers up a defect or weakness by exaggerating or overdeveloping some other property or faculty Compensation: striving to overcome deficiencies; developing one's abilities🡪 normal -The term compensation refers to a type of defense mechanism in which people overachieve in one area to compensate for failures in another. For example, individuals with poor family lives may direct their energy into excelling above and beyond what is required at work. Overcompensation: concealing, even from oneself, feelings of inferiority; working to achieve status, gain power over others, acquire symbols of success, flaunting success -excessive compensation specifically : excessive reaction to a feeling of inferiority, guilt, or inadequacy leading to an exaggerated attempt to overcome the feeling.

Personality trait

a pattern of thought, emotion, and behavior that is relatively consistent over time and across situations Personality traits reflect people's characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours. Personality traits imply consistency and stability—someone who scores high on a specific trait like Extraversion is expected to be sociable in different situations and over time. a relatively stable, consistent, and enduring internal characteristic that is inferred from a pattern of behaviors, attitudes, feelings, and habits in the individual

sexual orientation

a person's sexual identity in relation to the gender to which they are attracted; the fact of being heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual. a person's romantic and emotional attraction to another person This is an enduring pattern of attraction, behavior, emotion, social contacts, and identity related to one's sexual partners.

Id (pleasure principle)

a primitive and unconscious part of personality that contains basic drives and operates according to the Pleasure Principle, "I want it and I want it now" Basic impulses seeking immediate gratification; irrational and impulsive. Operates at an unconscious level. The instinctual part of the mind that responds immediately to wants and desires. The id is chaotic and animal-like, seeking pleasure to avoid pain. "I want to do that now" We start life with a personality made up of the id, striving impulsively to meet basic needs, living by "the pleasure principle."

Rorschach test

a projective test composed of ambiguous inkblots; the way people interpret the blots is thought to reveal aspects of their personality a projective test that uses inkblots as the ambiguous stimulus This test was designed to look for patterns of thought disorder in schizophrenia and has evolved to include other areas, like personality, emotional disorders, and intelligence.

TAT (Thematic Apperception Test)

a projective test in which subjects look at and tell a story about ambiguous pictures is useful in revealing a patient's dominant motivations, emotions, and core personality conflicts. The TAT consists of a series of 20 cards depicting people in various interpersonal interactions that were intentionally created to be ambiguous.

drive-reduction theory

a theory of motivation stating that motivation arises from imbalances in homeostasis the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need Lack of homeostasis produces a need (a biological state in which the organism lacks something essential for survival) which produces a drive. This drive creates motivation to act to reduce the drive, which then reestablishes homeostasis. (e.g. lack of food in system creates a need for food which creates the drive of hunger. This drive produces a motivation to act, to eat, which reestablishes homeostasis.) Behaviors are reinforced and strengthened through the reduction of needs. describes an internal state pushing you in a specific direction

McCrae and Costa's Five-factor model of personality

a trait theory of personality that identifies extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience as the fundamental building blocks of personality a model of an individual's personality that divides it into five traits The Five Factor Model is a theory that personality is composed of 5 factors/traits, and every individual lies somewhere on the spectrum for each factor.

Unconscious

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. the unconscious mind is the primary source of human behavior. Like an iceberg, the most important part of the mind is the part you cannot see. Our feelings, motives and decisions are actually powerfully influenced by our past experiences, and stored in the unconscious. The unconscious mind is a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that are outside of our conscious awareness. The unconscious contains contents that are unacceptable or unpleasant, such as feelings of pain, anxiety, or conflict.

Self-Concept (Rogers)

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?" self- concept: collection of beliefs and feelings about one's own nature, unique qualities, and typical behaviors Rogers further divided the self into two categories: the ideal self and the real self. -The ideal self is the person that you would like to be -The real self is the person you actually are. -Rogers focused on the idea that we need to achieve consistency between these two selves. Who am I?: -If your response is primarily positive, then you tend to feel good about who you are, and you see the world as a safe and positive place. -If your response is mainly negative, then you may feel unhappy with who you are.

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise Bulimia is a psychological eating disorder in which you have episodes of binge eating (consuming a large quantity of food in one sitting). During these binges, you have no sense of control over your eating. Afterward, you try inappropriate ways to lose weight such as: Vomiting.

incentive theory

explains motivation as the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments suggests people are motivated by a drive for incentives and reinforcement. The incentive theory also proposes that people behave in a way they believe will result in a reward and avoid actions that may entail punishment. Our behavior is directed by a desire for external rewards Incentive: an external goal that has the potential to motivate behavior describes how an external stimulus pulls you in a certain direction (pull us towards a goal) these external rewards can motivate you to do things that you might otherwise avoid such as chores, work, and other tasks you might find unpleasentc

Inferiority Complex

feelings of low self-esteem that can lead to overcompensation for such feelings feelings of inferiority develop from childhood experiences of helplessness our behavior is driven by efforts to conquer a lack of self-worth Inferiority Complex is the prevailing and intense personal feeling of inadequacy, weakness, and insecurity. You feel your accomplishments, attractiveness, or happiness are no match when compared to others. Constantly thinking that you are not good enough is an erroneous belief that can harm your mental and social life. A complex can be caused by organic inferiority, pampering, or neglect

Individualism

giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications Individualism is a social psychological term that refers to the ways in which people identify themselves and focus their goals. -gives priority to personal goals (as opposed to the goals of a group or society).

obesity

having an excess amount of body fat A disorder characterized by being excessively overweight. Obesity increases the risk for health issues like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hypertension, arthritis, and back problems. - children with obesity are more likely to have obesity as adults.

Collective Unconscious (Jung)

the combined experiences that humans have had in their evolutionary past The collective unconscious is Jung's name for the impersonal, deepest layer of the unconscious mind, shared by all human beings because of their common ancestral past. In Jung's theory, the experiences of a common past have made a deep, permanent impression on the human mind. Residing within the collective unconscious are archetypes (overarching human tendencies) which are important for every person to become aware of so that they can become whole and individuated. These archetypes can be understood through studying philosophy, art, religion, mythology, and dreams He believed that the concept of the collective unconscious helps to explain why similar themes occur in world mythologies around the world.

Defense mechanisms

the ego's means of protecting itself from unacceptable thoughts and impulses Defense mechanisms are behaviors people use to separate themselves from unpleasant events, actions, or thoughts. These psychological strategies may help people put distance between themselves and threats or unwanted feelings, such as guilt or shame. We use defense mechanisms to protect ourselves from feelings of anxiety or guilt, which arise because we feel threatened, or because our id or superego becomes too demanding. They help the mind cope with uncomfortable or traumatic situations or emotions.

stress

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging a stressor is an event or condition that we view as threatening, challenging, or overwhelming. appraisal refers to deciding whether to view something as a stressor. Stress can be defined as any type of change that causes physical, emotional, or psychological strain. Stress is your body's response to anything that requires attention or action. Stress isn't something that happens to you; it's a process in which you participate. The process includes the stressor (event or condition), cognitive appraisal, body response, and coping strategies.

Self-actualization (Maslow)

the process of fully developing personal potentials one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential According to the hierarchy of needs, self-actualization represents the highest-order motivations, which drive us to realize our true potential and achieve our 'ideal self'. Self-actualization is the complete realization of one's potential, and the full development of one's abilities and appreciation for life. ... Self-actualized people have an acceptance of who they are despite their faults and limitations, and experience to drive to be creative in all aspects of their lives.

Yerkes-Dodson law

the psychological principle stating that performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal rather than either low or high arousal When arousal is very low, people's performance suffers- they may be inattentive or uninterested. When arousal is very high, people's performance also suffers- they may be anxious or overwhelmed- think about when overly excited/anxious and people "choke" The Yerkes-Dodson law is a model of the relationship between stress and task performance. It proposes that you reach your peak level of performance with an intermediate level of stress, or arousal. Too little or too much arousal results in poorer performance. This is also known as the inverted-U model of arousal. The Yerkes-Dodson law suggests that elevated arousal levels can actually improve performance — at least to a certain capacity. When arousal becomes too excessive, performance decreases.

Collectivism

the tendency to view oneself as a member of a larger (family or social) group, rather than as an isolated, independent being. giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly Having strong families and friendship groups is important in these societies and people may sacrifice their happiness or time for the benefit of someone else or for the greater good of a group.

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

theory in which the physiological reaction and the emotion are assumed to occur at the same time the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion suggests that physical and emotional reactions to stimuli are experienced independently and at the same time.

James-Lange theory of emotion

theory proposing that emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli Arousal comes before emotion - Body Before Thoughts an important impact on psychology and the understanding of emotions. While influential, however, not everyone agreed that physical responses were what led to emotions. Our body arousal happens first, and then the cognitive awareness and label for the feeling: "I'm angry."