AP Psych_Ch 19_Testing & Intelligence

When Paula takes her AP Psychology exam, the proctor reads from a set of instructions, which all students are told to follow precisely. Her friend taking the same exam at the same time in a different location was given the same instructions. Which of the following is best described in the scenario?

standardization

concurrent validity

the degree to which the measures gathered from one assessment agree with the measures gathered from another assessment measuring the same trait/characteristic.

norms

the distribution of scores of a clearly defined group; must be carefully determined and identified by age, gender and other relevant factors

Which statement best describes the research consensus on intelligence scores of males and females?

Difference in overall intelligence are explained by the stereotype threat

performance scale

IQ test items that try to bypass verbal material and focus on cognitive skills (problem solving without words)

extremes of intelligence

high IQ = above 135; mentally retarded = below 70

psychometric psychologists

skilled mathematicians who statically analyze the results from intelligence and other types of tests

fluid intelligence

spatial abilities, rote memory, things that come natural to you - can't learn in school (decrease over time) the ability to see abstract relationships and draw logical inferences without a connection to past knowledge

intellectual disability

(formerly referred to as mental disability) a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by two or more deviations below the standard norm and difficulties with adaptive skills (adapting to the demands of life); varies from mild to profound.

Influence on IQ

* Genetics: MZ twins have similar IQ, adopted kids more similar to biological parents * Environment: early neglect leads to lower IQ, good schooling to higher IQ

Causes of mild retardation

* PKU - liver fails to produce an enzyme needed to breakdown chemicals - leads to brain damage *Down syndrome - extra copy of 21st chromosome *Fragile X - higher chance in boys due to ONE X chromosome

split-half reliability

A measure of reliability in which a test is split into two parts and an individual's scores on both halves are compared. Ex: answer all even questions in one sitting, then answer all odd questions in another setting; if scores from even are consistent with scores from odd, the test has split-half reliability

Which of the following represents the percentile rank on the results of a score of 85 on an IQ test? A. 130 B. 50 C. 84 D. 16 E. 68

16

Alfred Binet

1857-1911; Field: testing; Contributions: general IQ tests, designed test to identify slow learners in need of remediation-not applicable in the U.S. because too culture-bound (French)

norm-referenced test

A test takers performance reported in comparison to other test takers in the same age or grade sample. Results are reported in standard scores, percentile ranks, t scores, or z scores.

chronological age

Age as measured in years from date of birth

Which of the following is credited with creating the formula below to determining IQ? mental age/chronological age=100

Alfred Binet

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)

An IQ test designed for school-age children. The test assesses potential in many areas, including vocabulary, general knowledge, memory, and spatial comprehension.

culture-fair

Describing an intelligence test that is independent in knowledge from any specific culture in an attempt to avoid cultural bias.

Sir Francis Galton

British researcher, considered the father of mental tests; interested in the origin of intelligence and began the nature-nurture debate; thought that one's heredity is response for one's intelligence

David Wechsler

Developed WAIS and WISC (IQ tests)

Marie has just celebrated her ninety-second birthday. She lives on her own and still drives short distances, but she is starting to forget where she leaves her glasses and cannot figure out how to work her new security system. Based on this info only, which of the following may be declining?

Fluid Intelligence

Flynn Effect

IQ has steadily risen over the pat 80 years - probably due to education standards and better IQ tests the worldwide phenomenon that shows intelligence test performance has been increasing over the years. Theories include better nutrition, or people just getting better at taking tests. Each year, tests are renormed to keep the mean (numerical value) of intelligence at 100 (%)

verbal scale

IQ test items that rely heavily on verbal comprehension and working memory

Intelligence Quotient

IQ=(mental age/chronological age) * 100 defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ = ma/ca × 100). On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100.

Howard Gardner

Intelligence is made up of more than a single factor; devised theory of multiple intelligences - 8 different types 1. logical-mathematic, 2. spatial, 3. bodily-kinesthetic, 4. intrapersonal, 5. linguistic, 6. musical, 7. interpersonal, 8. naturalistic

Which of the following researchers conducted a longitudinal study on gifted individuals to determine if their lives were more satisfying than others?

Lewis Terman

primary mental abilities

Louis Leon Thurstone theory; individuals have seven primary mental abilities that make up intelligence, included: word fluency, verbal comprehension, numerical ability, spatial ability, general reasoning, processing speed, and associative memory

percentile rank

Percentage of scores falling at or below a specific score.

Which of the following did Sternberg propose contributed to intelligence?

Practical intelligence (street smarts) Creative intelligence Verbal skills

The work of Alfred Binet challenged which approach to intelligence?

Sir. Francis Galton's heritability theory

Rachel is taking the ACT for the third time in the hopes of improving her score by five points so that she can attend the school of her choice. When she receives her test result, she finds she has received exactly the same score as the first two times she took the ACT. Which of the following best explains Rachel's score?

Test-retest reliability

heritability

The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.

savant syndrome

a condition characterized by generally low scores on traditional intelligence tests but one or more extraordinary abilities

Down Syndrome

a condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21

mental age

a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance

intelligence tests

a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores

test-retest reliability

a method for determining the reliability of a test by comparing a test taker's scores on the same test taken on separate occasions

sterotype threat

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative sterotype Ex: Hispanics, African American, and other minority groups are likely to be targeted for this

factor analysis

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total intelligence score. Ex: Different factors of intelligence, (math, vocab, etc.) are subscores that are analyzed for a total intelligence score

factor

a variable in an intelligence test, that affects other scores(subscore) in different areas of the intelligence test Ex: your vocab variable might affect a math test score because you might better understand the math questions depending on your verbal score

heritability

ability of a trait to be passed from one generation to the next

reliability

consistency and stability of test results; there are several different types of reliability

Binet-Simon intelligence scale

contained items arranged in order of increasing difficulty. The items measured vocabulary, memory, common knowledge, and other cognitive abilities. The test provided children with a mental age and could predict academic success.

assessments

evaluations or tests of ability or other traits

Edward has gathered research on 200 sets of identical twins raised apart. Those studies have led him to believe that intelligence is 75% genetics. While he cannot say for a single individual that percentage of intelligence which is attributed to genetics, Edward is trying to identify the _______________ of intelligence.

heritability

standard deviation

how much the scores vary from the mean a measure of variability that describes an average distance of every score from the mean

multiple intelligences

idea that people vary in their ability levels across different domains of intellectual skill

grit

in psychology, grit is passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals - the ability to pick oneself up and try again in the fact of setbacks

Robert Sternberg

intelligence; devised the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (analytical, practical, and creative)

constructs

internal attributes or hypothetical concepts (characteristics) that cannot be directly observed but are useful for describing and explaining behavior Ex: self-esteem

z-scores

measure the distance of a score from the mean in units of standard deviation

aptitude tests

predicts your abilities to learn a new skill (ASVAB) tests that measure ability in a certain area, such as numerical, verbal, or mechanical reasoning, or problem solving

Lewis Terman

professor at Stanford who revised the Binet test for Americans. The test then became the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test. He is also known for his longitudinal research on gifted kids.

Charles Spearman

said a general intelligence (g) underlies all mental abilities (typical IQ of today) intelligence; found that specific mental talents were highly correlated, concluded that all cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled 'g' (general ability or g factor)

abstract tasks

tasks that are abstract in nature, such as block design, picture completion, matrix reasoning, digit-symbol coding, and symbol searching

predictive validity

test is able to accurately predict a trait The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict or forecast on a future measure Ex: EXPLORE/PLAN predict score on ACT; ACT predicts success in college

content validity

tests measures what you want it to (IQ test actually measures IQ) the extent to which a test samples the content or behavior of what it was designed to measure

achievement tests

tests that identify what individuals know and test the skill levels in different areas

gifted

the 2-3 percent of the population falling on the upper end of the normal curve and typically possessing an IQ of 130 or above

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

the WAIS and its companion versions for children are the most commonly used intelligence tests; contain verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests thought other test were too dependent on verbal so he added performance(nonverbal) section to his tests

intelligence

the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

emotional intelligence

the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

face validity

the degree to which a test appears valid to the test taker

construct validity

the degree to which a test is capable of measuring a concept, trait, or other theoretical entity that underlie the subject

validity

the degree to which assessments succeed in measuring what they are designed to measure (there are several kinds of validity)

interrater reliability

the degree to which different observers of an exam agree on their observations Ex: if two different instructors graded your free response questions and gave you the same grade, the test would have interrater reliability

standardization

the procedures by which an exam is created, administered, and scored - administer a test to a representative sample of future test takes to establish a basis for meaningful comparison

eugenics

the science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics

Stanford-Binet intelligence test

the widely used American revision of the original French Binet-Simon scale that could be applied to various ages and broader range of subjects (instead of just children)

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

theory proposed by Robert Sternberg that states that intelligence consists of three parts including: 1. Practical intelligence: solve everyday problems navigate daily routines; street smarts 2. Analytical intelligence: analytical or problem solving abilities (school performance/academic testing) 3. Creative intelligence: ability to come up with novel (new) solutions to problems (test with multiple correct (divergent) solutions fall into this category

alternate-forms reliability

using different varieties of the test to measure consistency between them

crystallized intelligence

what you learned in school - the cold, hard (like crystals) facts our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age