AP Psychology - First semester Final

Individuals who are normally law-abiding may vandalize and loot when they become part of a mob. This change in behavior is best understood in terms of

deindividuation.

Drugs such as alcohol and opiates that calm neural activity and slow body functions are called

depressants

Sleep deprivation has been shown to

diminish immunity to disease

A correlation coefficient is a measure of the

direction and strength of the relationship between two variables

A store owner charges African-American customers more than Hispanic customers for the very same merchandise. The owner is most clearly engaging in

discrimination.

Mr. Christian has designed a camera with buttons that are easy to reach and see. Mr. Christian is most likely

engaged in applied research.

Professor Crisman believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partners because this preference enhanced the survival of our ancestors' genes. This viewpoint best illustrates the ________ perspective.

evolutionary

Margaret has difficulty speaking in front of her classmates and explains to a friend, "Everybody in my family is shy, so it must be genetic." Using the biopsychosocial approach to understanding her behavior, Margaret should

examine additional psychological and social-cultural influences on shyness.

A researcher interested in proving a causal relationship between two variables should choose which research method?

experiment

The greatest danger of viewing drug addiction as a disease is that this may lead drug addicts to

feel powerless to overcome the addiction.

After Manny's father refused to let him use the family car on Friday night, Manny let all the air out of the tires. His action is best explained in terms of the

frustration-aggression principle.

William James was a prominent American

functionalist

Comparisons of identical and fraternal twins highlight the impact of ________ on aggression.

genetic influences

If the political conservatism of students who join fraternities and sororities is greater than that of students who do not, the gap in the political attitudes of the two groups will probably widen as they progress through college. This would be best explained in terms of

group polarization

By providing prospective terrorists with electronic "chat rooms" for interfacing online with others who share their attitudes, the Internet most likely serves as a medium for

group polarization.

An overwhelming desire for harmony in a decision-making group increases the probability of

groupthink.

Sensory experiences that occur without a sensory stimulus are called

hallucinations.

After sleeping for about an hour and a half, José enters a phase of paradoxical sleep. He is likely to

have very relaxed muscles.

Humanistic psychologists focused on the importance of

healthy growth potential.

Attribution theory was designed to account for

how people explain others' behavior

Priming people with a flashed Black face rather than a flashed White face makes them more likely to misperceive a flashed tool as a gun. This best illustrates the subtle character of

implicit racial associations

Most children believe their school is better than the other schools in town. This best illustrates

in-group bias.

Research on the use of addictive drugs indicates that

individuals who are given morphine for pain relief seldom develop the irresistible cravings of an addict.

Dr. Lipka is involved in an applied research study of customer satisfaction with a newly developed line of facial cosmetics and other beauty aids. Dr. Lipka is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.

industrial-organizational

Research indicates that the percentage of total sleep spent in REM sleep is higher in ________ than in ________.

infants; adults

Accepting others' opinions about reality is to ________ as the desire to gain approval is to ________.

informational social influence; normative social influence

Which of the following defines ethical principles that should guide human experimentation?

informed consent, protection from harm, confidentiality, debriefing

Groupthink can be prevented by a leader who

invites outside experts to critique a group's developing plans.

Researchers have demonstrated that people trained to perform tasks recall them better after a night's sleep than after several hours awake. This finding suggests that sleep

is involved in the memory process

According to Freud, the latent content of a dream refers to

its underlying but censored meaning.

Which of the following innovations differentiated Wilhelm Wundt's research the most from any psychologist before him?

laboratory research

Bullying younger children earns Diego the attention and respect of many classmates. As a result, his bullying behavior increases. This most clearly suggests that his aggression is a(n)

learned response

Research on the use of addictive drugs indicates that

many people are able to stop using addictive drugs without professional help.

The biggest danger of relying on case-study evidence is that it

may be unrepresentative of what is generally true.

When Mr. Adams calculated his students' algebra test scores, he noticed that two students had extremely low scores. Which measure of central tendency is affected most by the scores of these two students?

mean

When light strikes the retina, it signals the suprachiasmatic nucleus to alter ________ production by the pineal gland

melatonin

In its early years, psychology focused on the study of ________, but from the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study of ________.

mental life; observable behavior

In the early 1960s, the cognitive revolution in psychology involved a renewal of interest in the scientific study of

mental processes.

When cocaine is injected or smoked, it produces a rush of euphoria that lasts 15 to 30 minutes. But the stimulant drug ________ can trigger 8 hours or so of heightened energy and euphoria.

methamphetamine

Parents who discipline their children with beatings are often teaching aggression through the process of

modeling

We tend to feel cheerful around happy people and sad around depressed people. This illustrates

mood linkage.

Which of the following sleep disorders would have the most negative impact for a commercial bus driver?

narcolepsy

To study the development of relationships, Dr. Rajiv carefully observed and recorded patterns of verbal and nonverbal behaviors among boys and girls in the school yard. Which research method did Dr. Rajiv employ?

naturalistic observation

Arguments as to whether psychological differences between men and women result from biological or social influences most clearly involve a debate over the issue of

nature versus nurture.

If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are, this would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction are

negatively correlated.

By triggering the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, ________ boosts alertness and diminishes appetite.

nicotine

Tanaka hates to wear ties but wears one to his sister's wedding to avoid his family's disapproval. Tanaka's behavior exemplifies the importance of

normative social influence.

The rules of a culture for accepted and expected behavior are

norms.

In the hypothesis "Students who study a list of terms in the morning, just after waking up, will recall more terms than students who study the list just before falling asleep," what is the dependent variable?

number of terms remembered

Chronic sleep debt is most likely to promote

obesity

A specification of how a researcher measures a research variable is known as a(n)

operational definition.

The process of replication is most likely to be facilitated by

operational definitions.

Morphine and heroin are

opiates

Consciousness is

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because

our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move.

Thinking that she had outperformed most of her classmates, Glenda was surprised to receive just an average grade on her psychology test. Glenda's experience best illustrates

overconfidence.

Facing the threat of death at the hands of terrorists is likely to heighten

patriotism.

When White university women withheld criticism of a flawed essay written by a Black fellow student, they demonstrated

patronization.

Research studies of the content of dreams indicate that

people are more likely to dream of failure than of success

The King James Version of the Bible was completed when William Shakespeare was 46 years old. In Psalm 46 of this translation, the forty-sixth word is "shake," and the forty-sixth word from the end is "spear." Before concluding that the biblical translators were trying to be humorous with these specific word placements, you would be best advised to recognize the danger of

perceiving order in coincidental events.

Social facilitation refers to the tendency to

perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others

Instead of providing arguments in favor of a political candidate, ads may build political support by associating pictures of the candidate with emotion-evoking music and images. This strategy best illustrates

peripheral route persuasion

A dispositional attribution is to ________ as a situational attribution is to ________.

personality traits; assigned roles

If Marty doesn't drink caffeinated sodas daily, he experiences severe headaches. Marty is most clearly showing signs of

physical dependence.

The personality theorist, Sigmund Freud, was an Austrian

physician.

In a study of the effects of alcohol consumption, some participants drank a nonalcoholic beverage that actually smelled and tasted like alcohol. This nonalcoholic drink was a

placebo.

A smaller survey attempts to make generalizations to a larger group. That group is called

population.

If college graduates typically earn more money than high school graduates, this would indicate that level of education and income are

positively correlated.

Correlational research is most useful for purposes of

prediction.

Alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and a wide variety of other chemical agents that alter perceptions and moods are called

psychoactive drugs.

Stanley Milgram designed his influential studies on obedience in response to thinking about the Holocaust. In their defense, Nazi war criminals said they had committed such atrocities against the Jews and others because they were "just following orders." Milgram's motivation to study obedience to authority illustrates that

psychology is not value free; it affects what psychologists study.

What technique do researchers use to reduce the impact of confounding variables?

random assignment

To assess the effect of televised violence on aggression, researchers plan to expose one group of children to violent movie scenes and another group to nonviolent scenes. To reduce the chance that the children in one group have more aggressive personalities than those in the other group, the researchers should make use of

random assignment.

Which procedure helps to ensure that the participants in a survey are representative of a larger population?

random sampling

Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory work involved experimental studies of

reactions to sensory stimulation

Drug tolerance refers to the

reduced effect of a drug resulting from its regular usage.

When a fluctuating behavior returns to normal, fancy explanations are probably not at work. Rather, what is probably at work?

regression toward the mean.

Philip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to serve as prisoners or guards. This study best illustrated the impact of

role-playing on attitudes

Following 9/11, some outraged people lashed out at innocent Arab-Americans. This venting of hostility can best be explained in terms of

scapegoat theory.

To graphically represent the correlation between two variables, researchers often construct a

scatterplot.

Obesity is a risk factor for developing which of the following sleep disorders?

sleep apnea

Mr. Dayton occasionally stops breathing while sleeping. He wakes up to snort air for a few seconds before falling back to sleep. Mrs. Dayton complains that her husband snores. Clearly, Mr. Dayton suffers from

sleep apnea.

The rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during NREM-2 sleep are called

sleep spindles.

The tendency for people to exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal is known as

social loafing.

Dr. Wilson attributes the delinquent behaviors of many teens to the pressures associated with being members of street gangs. Her account best illustrates a(n) ________ perspective.

social-cultural

Evelyn wants to know how consistent her bowling scores have been during the past season. Which of the following measures would be most relevant to this specific concern?

standard deviation

Overgeneralized beliefs about a group of people that often underlie prejudicial emotions are called

stereotypes.

The unreliability of introspection contributed to the waning popularity of

structuralism.

Professor Teruya noticed that the distribution of students' scores on her last biology test had an extremely small standard deviation. This indicates that the

students' scores tended to be very similar to one another.

A researcher interested in investigating the attitudes or opinions of a large sample of people is most likely to use which research method?

survey

Random sampling is to ________ as random assignment is to ________.

surveys; experiments

A hypothesis is a(n)

testable prediction that gives direction to research

Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment because

the "teachers" were more obedient than most people would have predicted.

To understand the unusual behavior of an adult client, a clinical psychologist carefully investigates the client's current life situation and his physical, social-cultural, and educational history. Which research method has the psychologist used?

the case study

Unconsciously mimicking those around us is known as

the chameleon effect.

Both the researchers and the participants in a memory study are ignorant about which participants have actually received a potentially memory-enhancing drug and which have received a placebo. This investigation involves the use of

the double-blind procedure.

In Milgram's obedience experiments, "teachers" exhibited a somewhat lower level of compliance with an experimenter's orders when

the experiment was not associated with a prestigious institution like Yale University.

The gradually escalating levels of destructive obedience in the Milgram experiments best illustrate one of the potential dangers of

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

To "brainwash" captured American soldiers during the Korean War, Chinese communists made effective use of

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Giving half the members of a group some purported psychological finding and the other half an opposite result is an easy way to demonstrate the impact of

the hindsight bias.

According to the text, aggression always involves

the intent to hurt

An increased liking for an unfamiliar stimulus following repeated experience with it is known as

the mere exposure effect.

After a stressful day at the office, Arthur has five or six drinks at a local bar before going home for dinner. Research suggests that Arthur's heavy drinking will have the most adverse effect on his ability to remember

the next day the names of the people he talked to and what he said while drinking.

The healing power of positive expectations is best illustrated by

the placebo effect.

Portrayals of women as initially fleeing but subsequently enjoying coercive sexual encounters illustrate what is known as

the rape myth

Which research method would be most appropriate for investigating the relationship between the religious beliefs of Americans and their attitudes toward

the survey

What do scientists call an explanation that organizes observations and predicts future behaviors or events?

theory

In 1942, German reserve police officers obeyed orders to kill some 1500 Jews in the village of Jozefow, Poland. This incident illustrated that people are most likely to be destructively obedient when

they perceive their orders to come from legitimate authority figures.

In the hypothesis "Students who study a list of terms in the morning, just after waking up, will recall more terms than students who study the list just before falling asleep," what is the independent variable?

time of day

The need to take larger and larger doses of a drug in order to experience its effects is an indication of

tolerance

As drug users experience neuroadaptation, they demonstrate signs of

tolerance.

Studies of implicit attitudes indicate that prejudice is often

unconscious

The distinctive feature of the psychodynamic perspective is its emphasis on

unconscious conflicts.

The discomfort and distress that follow the discontinued use of certain drugs is called

withdrawal

A majority of respondents in a national survey agreed that "classroom prayer should not be allowed in public schools." Only 33 percent of respondents in a similar survey agreed that "classroom prayer in public schools should be banned." These divergent findings best illustrate the importance of

wording effects.

In 1963, Stanley Milgram reported that 65% of research participants, at the request of the experimenter, would administer phony shocks that they considered real, to a stranger. He demonstrated how obedient humans can be to authority figures. Some critics contend that Milgram's findings cannot be used to predict behavior in real life. How might Milgram respond to this criticism?

"Laboratory research allows you to identify general principles that do generalize to other 'real world' contexts."

Rhonda has just learned that her neighbor Patricia was involved in an automobile accident at a nearby intersection. The tendency to make the fundamental attribution error may lead Rhonda to conclude

"Patricia's recklessness has finally gotten her into trouble."

Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the weakest degree of relationship between two variables?

-0.12

Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the strongest degree of relationship between two variables?

-0.67

Why is it dangerous to combine alcohol with a sleeping pill?

Alcohol and sleeping pills are depressants; their combined action reduces nervous system activity and can lead to death.

Which philosopher was the first to conclude that knowledge results from our memories of our experiences?

Aristotle

Which of the following is most accurate about a typical night's sleep?

As sleep progresses, NREM-3 sleep diminishes while REM sleep increases

The discomfort we feel when two thoughts are inconsistent is called

Cognitive Dissonance

Hindsight bias, overconfidence, and our tendency to perceive patterns in random events push us to overvalue

Common sense

Who would have been most likely to ignore mental processes and to define psychology as "the scientific study of observable behavior"?

John B. Watson

Which philosopher is most well known for theorizing that the mind at birth is tabula rasa or a "blank slate"?

John Locke

The ideas that most directly helped form modern empiricism were proposed by

John Locke and Francis Bacon.

Which psychologist was the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology after Harvard University declined to give Mary Calkins the Ph.D.?

Margaret Washburn

Who was a student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association?

Mary Calkins

The hypnagogic sensations of falling or floating are most likely to occur during which sleep stage?

NREM-1 sleep

Which of the following is evidence for cultural influences on sleep patterns?

People in countries without electric lights generally sleep longer

At 3 o'clock in the morning, John has already slept for 4 hours. As long as his sleep continues, we can expect an increasing occurrence of

REM sleep

Evidence suggests that we consolidate our memories of recent life events through

REM sleep.

Nightmares are to ________ as night terrors are to ________.

REM sleep; NREM-3 sleep

Which of the following is the best advice for a person concerned about occasional insomnia?

Relax and drink a glass of milk before bedtime.

Who would be most likely to emphasize the role of the unconscious in affecting behavior?

Sigmund Freud

What is most likely to occur when the brain is repeatedly flooded with artificial opiates?

The brain stops producing endorphins.

Why would the median, rather than the mean, be the appropriate measure of central tendency in determining housing values in a particular community?

The median is minimally affected by extreme scores.

What do methamphetamine, caffeine, and cocaine have in common?

They excite neural activity and arouse body functions

Why are researchers so careful about drawing conclusions regarding statistical significance?

They want to make sure an observed difference isn't due to chance.

Which two questions exemplify the scientific attitude?

What do you mean? How do you know?

The first psychological laboratory was established by

Wilhelm Wundt.

Charles Darwin believed that behaviors, such as the emotional expressions associated with human rage, could be explained by natural selection. Which early psychologist would be most likely to agree with Darwin's assessment?

William James

Janna has low self-esteem because she is often teased for being overweight. Appreciating the complexity of Janna's difficulties requires

a biopsychosocial approach

Daniel Kahneman and his colleagues found that the daily moods of working women were most heavily influenced by

a good night's sleep.

Circadian rhythm refers to

a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle

Which of the following is the best definition of illusory correlation?

a perceived but nonexistent correlation

Alpha waves are associated with

a relaxed but awake state

In the years immediately following the introduction of school desegregation in the United States and the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, White Americans expressed diminishing racial prejudice. According to the text author, this best illustrated the impact of

actions on attitudes.

Which theory suggests that dreams are mental responses to random bursts of neural stimulation?

activation-synthesis theory

Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the

adaptive value of conscious thoughts and emotions.

Although repeated use of amphetamines has caused Aaron legal problems, which threaten his job, he continues to use the drugs. Aaron most clearly shows signs of

addiction

François was dismayed to discover that some of his football teammates were using drugs to enhance their footwork and endurance on the playing field. Which of the following drugs were the players most likely using?

amphetamines

The belief that weather conditions signal the onset of arthritis pain best illustrates

an illusory correlation

Prejudice is best defined as

an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members

Sleeptalking may occur during

any stage of sleep

Hostilities between the Iraqi Sunni and Shia and between Northern Ireland Protestants and Catholics illustrate the irony that sometimes the greatest dislike is expressed between groups that

are much more alike than different.

Prejudice is a(n) ________; discrimination is a(n) ________.

attitude; behavior

The school of thought in psychology that systematically avoided the study of consciousness during the first half of the last century was

behaviorism

The just-world phenomenon often leads people to

believe that victims of misfortune deserve to suffer

Mr. Lopez believes that severe depression results primarily from an imbalanced diet and abnormal brain chemistry. Mr. Lopez favors a ________ perspective on depression.

biological

Depression is an illness that may be related to chemical imbalances in the brain, illogical thinking, and impaired social skills. Such an integrated explanation best illustrates the

biopsychosocial approach.

When cocaine is snorted, free-based, or injected, it produces a rush of euphoria by

blocking the reuptake of dopamine

Descartes theory of how our brain controlled our reflexes involved which of the following?

brain fluid and "animal spirits"

Diffusion of responsibility often plays an important role in the

bystander effect.

In 1953, H.M. underwent surgery to control his seizures. Doctors removed tissue from the hippocampus. As a result H.M.'s memory was severely impaired. Psychologists studied H.M.'s memory function until his death in 2008. Which research method did the psychologists utilize in this situation?

case study

Researchers use experiments rather than other research methods in order to distinguish between

causes and effects.

Opinion change resulting from a thoughtful focus on the content of arguments illustrates

central route persuasion.

In explaining human behavior, psychoanalysts are likely to focus on ________, whereas humanistic psychologists concentrate on ________.

childhood experiences and unconscious thought processes; current environmental influences on potential

After flying from California to New York, Arthur experienced a restless, sleepless night. His problem was most likely caused by a disruption of his normal

circadian rhythm

Which professional specialty focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of people with psychological disorders?

clinical psychology

Dr. Caleigh conducts basic research on the relationship between adults' language skills and their capacity to solve mathematical problems. Dr. Caleigh is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.

cognitive

Dr. Karima conducts basic research on the relative effectiveness of massed practice and spaced practice on a person's ability to remember information. Dr. Karima is most likely a ________ psychologist.

cognitive

We have a tendency to overestimate the similarities among people we have sorted into a single category. This best illustrates the ________ roots of prejudice.

cognitive

Which perspective is most concerned with how individuals interpret their experiences?

cognitive

During a test, Abe impulsively copied several answers from a nearby student's paper. He felt very uncomfortable about having done this until he convinced himself that copying answers is not wrong if classmates are careless enough to expose their test sheets. Which theory best explains why Abe adopted this new attitude?

cognitive dissonance theory

Which area of psychology might be best suited to investigate the following research question: what happens in our brain when we forget details about stressful life events, and how does this process affect behavior?

cognitive neuroscience

Equity and self-disclosure are important to the development of

companionate love.

Solomon Asch asked people to identify which of three comparison lines was identical to a standard line. His research was designed to study

conformity

Following the scientific discovery that a specific brain structure is significantly larger in violent individuals than in those who are nonviolent, a news headline announced: "Enlarged Brain Structure Triggers Violent Acts." The headline writer should most clearly be warned about the dangers of

confusing correlation with causation.

In an experiment designed to study the effectiveness of a new drug, research participants who receive a placebo are participating in the ________ condition.

control

Researchers are interested in studying the relationship between poor prenatal nutrition and early cognitive development. Because of ethical concerns, which research method would be most appropriate for researchers to use?

correlational

By inventing customs and passing them on to their peers and offspring, chimpanzees exhibit the rudiments of

culture.

A researcher who deceives participants about the goals of the research needs to fully inform them of the true nature of the study later, according to which ethical principle of human experimentation?

debriefing

Alcohol consumption disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long-term memory by

decreasing REM sleep.