Classics 171 MT 1
Late Bronze Age
(also called Late Helladic or Mycenaean Age) 1600-1100 BC
Middle Bronze Age
(also called Middle Helladic Age) 2000-1600 BC
Dark Age
...1100 - c.750 BC
Archaic Age or Age of Renaissance
...c. 750-500 BC
Greece's heroic age
1400-1100 BC.
Early Bronze Age date
3000-2000 BC also called Early Helladic Age) Greeks in area of southern Russia/Ukraine; tribal (semi-migratory like the plains Indians)
The events of book 1 takes place over a period of _ days. The inlaid covers _ days at the end of the _ years after the start of the trojan war.
47; 10th
What was built in 1200
A Cyclopean Wall is built across the Isthmus of Corinth
Phemius:
A singer/bard in the house of Odysseus
1200
According to Greek legend, the Greeks attack Troy around 1200 B.C.. This war, which lasts 10 years, is called the Trojan War,immortalized in the Greek epics, the Iliad and Odyssey.
Ahhijawa Ahhijawans Wilusa
Achaea Achaeans Ilion
Achaeans
Another word for the Greeks
c. 1600
By 1600 B.C. kingdoms have been established at Mycenae, Pylos, Tiryns, Sparta, Athens, Thebes, etc.; Mycenaean Greeks come under the cultural influence of the Minoans on Crete, whose capital is Knossos. 1600-1450 is called the Shaft Grave Era.
Briseis
Captured by the Greeks, she is the daughter of Briseus and the war prize of Achilles.
Chryseis
Captured by the Greeks, she is the daughter of Chryses and the war prize of Agamemnon.
When did the destruction of the palace begins? what do we see after this?
Destructions of the palaces begin around 1200 BC and we see Greek migrations to Cyprus, western shores of Turkey, and southern Turkey around 1200 and again around 1120 BC.
What showed evidence of migration?
Dialects
What are the explain for the destruction of the palaces and depopulations?
Dorian Invasion (largely discounted) from the mountains of central Greece, Sea Peoples , Internal Strife, Natural Disasters, and Systems Collapse.
Key themes of book 2
Dream interpretation, council of war and gathering in assembly of the Achaean forces before Troy, test of the Greek troops by Agamemnon, Odysseus' actions in restoring order at the assembly. A catalogue of the Achaean contingents, the age of the catalogue, bardic tradition, and catalogue of Trojan armies and their allies.
kudos
Glorious deed
1100-750
Greek Dark Age: massive depopulation (70%), loss of writing, building primarily in clay and wood, simple village life, no trade with Near East except Greeks living on west coast of Greeks living on west coast of Modern-day Turkey. Greek Cyprus, and out- migration western turkey By 900 there is renewed contact with the Near East and increased population. The alphabet is also adopted by the Greeks from the Phoenicians sometime between 900 and 800 B.C.; Greek bards sing of Mycenaean gods and heroes during Dark Age
Aulis
Greek port-town, located in Boeotia in central Greece, at the Euripus Strait, opposite of the island of Euboea. It is identified with the modern Avlida. Aulis never developed into fully independent polis, but belonged to Thebes (378 BC) and Tanagra respectively.
2300-2000 B.C.
Greek-speaking tribes enter Greece. They develop Mycenaean civilization named after their chief kingdom, Mycenae. The valleys of Greece see numerous small clan villages surrounding a hill or high rock outcropping where their tribal chief lives in a log palace probably surrounded by timber walls. There is very little trade with the outside world. The Greek tribesmen raise goats and sheep, grain, vegetables, olives, grapes, and hunt and fish.
Oral Tradition-
Greeks never written any of their stories down for a long period of time, but instead told it by word of mouth.
Chryses
He is a priest of Apollo and comes from a city (Chyse) allied with Troy. He is also the father of Chryseis.
Nestor
He is the king of Pylos
Priam
He is the king of Troy
Calchas
He is the prophet of the Achaeans.
Agamemnon
He is the son of Atreus and the king of Mycenae. He is overall commander of Achaean forces and his brother is Menelaus. Clytemnestra is Agamemnon's wife.
Menelaus
He is the son of Atreus, the brother of Agamemnon, husband of Helen, and king of Sparta.
Paris
He is the son of Hecuba & Priam, and abducted Helen from Sparta. He is also called Alexander.
Odysseus
He is the son of Laertes and king of Ithaca.
Achilles
He is the son of Peleus and Thetis and commander of the Myrmidons. Patroclus is his closest friend. Achilles is the son of king Peleus (and Thetis) of Phthia and Hellas in N.E. Greece (Thessaly).
Hector
He is the son of Priam and Hecuba, a prince of Troy, and the commander of the Trojan armies.
Helenus
He is the son of Priam and chief prophet of Trojans.
Mycenae
Home of Agamemnon in S. Greece.
800-700 B.C.
Homer composes orally the Iliad and Odyssey. Historical out-migrations to Black Sea, Southern Italy, and Sicily beginning c. 800
Achaea
Homeric name for Greece.
1200-1100
In the late 13th and 12th centuries, there is turmoil throughout the entire eastern Mediterranean and Troy and Pylos are destroyed around 1200 B.C. Other Mycenaean palace-centers are destroyed between 1200 and 1100 B.C. According to Greek legend, Greek-speaking Dorians from the mountains of central Greece invade the Peloponnesus c. 1200 but retreat after a short time and invade again around 1120 B.C., supplanting the Mycenaeans. The Dorians establish 3 kingdoms, Messenia, Sparta, and Argos. Mycenaeans flee the Peloponnesus to Cyprus in two waves: 1200 and 1120 B.C. After 100 Dorians invade Crete and take it over some of the islands and parts of southwester Turkey.
Trojans
Inhabitants of Ilium.
Key themes of book 1
Invocation to the Muse, first word of poem: menis (wrath of Achilles), assembly of all Greek warriors, supplication of Chryses to Agamemnon for the return of Chryseis, lack of hospitality and proper respect to Chryses, violations of basic customs. (see pt. 1)Apollo sends a plague against the Achaeans. Assembly of the Achaeans, Heroic Code, the dishonoring of Achilles and his withdrawal from the fighting. Thetis persuades Zeus to turn against the Achaeans for a time to avenge her son's dishonor. Life on Mt. Olympus, nature of the gods who live on Mt. Olympus: immortality, ichor, ambrosia, nectar, bronze palaces, intervention in human affairs. Humans were created in the image of the gods: we look like the gods, we act like the gods. The gods are the source of both good and evil and can be capricious, fickle, vindictive, and at the same time beneficent.
Ionic// doric/ Aeolic/ Greek
Ionic (western Turkey), Doric (southern Greece, Aeolic (northwestern Turkey near Troy, Arcado-Cypriot (Greek spoken in Cyprus and central Peloponnesus in southern Greece).
Halitherses:
Ithacan seer/prophet/soothsayer
Book 5
Key Theme: The aristeia of Diomedes.
Book 9: The Embassy to Achilles
Key Themes: Agamemnon is ready to give up and return to Greece. Diomedes and others tell him they are going to fight on. Nestor and other kings tell Agamemnon that it is time to bring back Achilles into the fight. Attempted reconciliation with Achilles through offer of rich gifts and acknowledgment of Agamemnon's bad treatment of Achilles. Achilles refuses the gifts and apology.
Book 14: Hera Outflanks Zeus
Key Themes: Agamemnon is ready to give up and return to Greece. This is rejected by council of kings. Continued fighting, the seduction of Zeus by Hera wearing Aphrodite's belt of love, tide turns while Zeus sleeps, Diomedes, Odysseus, and Agamemnon though wounded return to the battle, Hector wounded, Trojans pushed out of Greek camp and flee towards Troy.
Book 10: Marauding Through the Night
Key Themes: Call to action by Agamemnon, the spy mission of Diomedes and Odysseus, the murder of Dolon, and the killing of Rhesus by Diomedes. His horses are captured
Book 15: The Achaean Armies at Bay
Key Themes: Continued fighting, plots of the gods, Zeus awakens, commands Hera and Poseidon to stop interfering, heals Hector's head wound, Zeus again turns the battle in favor of the Trojans, who led by Apollo are again on the attack, and they begin to set fire to the Greek ships
Book 21: Achilles Fights the River
Key Themes: Continued fighting, the rage of Achilles and the river Xanthus.
Book 8: The Battle Turns Against the Achaean Greeks
Key Themes: Council of the gods, Zeus and the scale of destiny, Zeus and fate, Zeus keeps his word: Trojans begin to win. Zeus commands the other gods to stay off the battlefield. Zeus goes to Mt. Ida to watch the battle. After the day ends the Trojans encamp on the battlefield.
Book 20: Olympian Gods take enter the battle
Key Themes: Council of the gods; Zeus gives gods permission to take sides on the battlefield, Apollo saves Hector; Poseidon saves Aeneas.
Book 17: Menelaus' Finest Hour
Key Themes: Defense of the body of Patroclus, the aristeia of Menelaus.
Book 16: Patroclus Fights and Dies
Key Themes: Duels, the death of Sarpedon and Patroclus.
Book 7: Telemonian Ajax Duels with Hector
Key Themes: Hector and Paris return to the fight, Hector duels with Telemonian Ajax, Trojan assembly, Greek assembly. Trojans want to return Helen to Greeks; Paris refuses, but offers to give back her treasure. Greeks refuse, but offer a truce to bury the dead. Greeks also build a wall and dig a ditch in front of it. Trojans accept offer of a truce.
Book 4
Key Themes: In a council Zeus wants to end the war with a settlement, but Athena and Hera insist on the destruction of Troy. Athena contrives a way to break the truce and the fighting resumes.
Book 13: Battling for the Ships
Key Themes: More duels and fighting in the Greek camp. Poseidon takes on the guise of Calchas, the Greek prophet and chief priest, to help the Greeks fight off the Trojans and their allies. Gods on Greek side disobey Zeus, reinforcing fact that Zeus is not omnipotent - he is primus inter pares, (first among equals).
Book 12: The Trojans Storm the Rampart
Key Themes: More duels and fighting; Trojans attack the wall; Polydamas asks Hector to withdraw; omen of the eagle and the snake; Trojans break through; fight in the Greek camp
Book 18: The Shield of Achilles
Key Themes: Mourning, Council of war, the fashioning of new armor for Achilles by Hephaestus: shield of Achilles; Polydamas wants Hector to withdraw to Troy, but Hector refuses.
Book 19: Achilles Arms for Battle
Key Themes: Mourning, arming and preparing for battle, reconciliation between Achilles and Agamemnon, Ate
Book 23: Funeral Games for Patroclus
Key Themes: Mourning, funeral games.
Book 24: Achilles and Priam
Key Themes: Supplication and reconciliation, ring composition, and how Achilles treats Priam is how Agamemnon should have treated Chryses. Had Agamemnon done so none of the events that came to pass would have happened.
Book 11: Agamemnon's Day of Glory
Key Themes: The aristeia of Agamemnon, wounding of Machaon, the army physician, Nestor's suggestion that Patroclus don the armor of Achilles.
Book 3
Key Themes: The armies face one another and taunt one another; review of the Achaean heroes by Helen on the Scaean Gate to the Trojan council of elders and King Priam; exchange of oaths: winner takes all, Menelaus and Paris duel, but Aphrodite carries Paris off when he is at the point of defeat. Agamemnon claims victory of Menelaus over Paris. Paris taken back to his palace by Aphrodite. She brings Helen to him.
Book 6: Hector Returns to Troy
Key Themes: The duels continue. Diomedes and Glaucus meet on the battlefield and discover they are guest-friends (xenoi). Hector returns to Troy to get Paris back into the fighting. The farewell scene of Hector and Andromache on the Scaean Gate. Hector and Paris return to the fight.
Idomenus:
King of Knossos and Crete
Sparta
Kingdom of Menelaus in S. Greece.
Pylos
Kingdom of Nestor in S. Greece.
Ithaca
Kingdom of Odysseus in N.W. Greece.
Laconia
Laconia (or Lacedaemon ) was the name of the wider city state which was centred on the city of Sparta, although the name of Sparta has since superseded that of Laconia to encompass both city and state.(?)
Michael Ventris
Linear B decipherer
What will happen after 1050
More migrations will occur filling northern and central west coast of Turkey
Mt. Ida
Mountain near Troy; Judgment of Paris took place here
. 1450
Mycenaeans conquer Knossos and Minoan Crete c. 1450. Mycenaeans will control trade in eastern Mediterranean.
1400-1200
Mycenaeans conquer Minoan Crete c. 1450. Mycenaean after conquering Crete adapt the Minoan writing system called Linear A. The new Mycenaean Greek script is called Linear B. By 1400 the Greek Mycenaeans are the major mercantile power in the eastern Mediterranean and the highpoint of Mycenaean civilization begins and will last until the late 1200's. Greek heroic legends go back to this time period. Most Geek gods mentioned in Homer's Iliad are attested in the Linear B tablets; likely that Greek stories of gods go back to this time.
Proteus:
Old Man of the Sea
TROY (ILIUM)
Royal fortress, c. 3 miles from mouth of Hellespont, controlling traffic between Europe and Asia, and between the Aegean and Black Seas. On a hill (modern Hissarlik, meaning Castle Hill), discovered by Schliemann, one of nine cities excavated by him in this mound. Hittite diplomatic documents mention both names.
Hecuba
She is married to Priam and is the mother of Hector.
Helen
She is the daughter of Zeus, and before the Trojan war she was married to Menelaus. In the Iliad she is the wife of Paris.
Judgment of Paris-
THE JUDGEMENT OF PARIS was a contest between the three most beautiful goddesses of Olympos--Aphrodite, Hera and Athena--for the prize of a golden apple addressed "To the Fairest."
Archaic Age 750-500 B.C.
The Greek Archaic Age begins, also called the Greek Lyric Age or Greek Renaissance.
Spartans-
The Greeks serving Menelaus
Where is the scene in book 2?
The camp of the Achaean armies and in front of the walls of Troy
Where is the scene in book 1
The camp of the Achaeans and on Mt. Olympus
Phoenicia and Greek Alphabet
The early Greek alphabet was based on the Semitic alphabet of the Phoenicians. It is different from the linear and hieroglyphic scripts preceding it in that each symbol represents a single consonant as opposed to a syllable. The Phoenician alphabet consists of 22 characters with vowel sounds built into the symbols. The Greeks modified the Phoenician alphabet by changing some of the symbols as well as creating separate vowels. They also made their alphabet more phonetically correct.
Marriage of Peleus and Thetis
The wedding of Peleus and Thetis (6:11) All the gods attend the wedding of Peleus and Thetis, bringing splendid presents. Eris, goddess of arguing, is the only immortal not invited, so she drops amongst the wedding guests a golden apple with an inscription "To The Fairest".
Book 22: The Death of Hector
Themes: Continued fighting, death of Hector, mourning.
In book 2, Greek outnumber the trojan _ to _. The greeks outnumber the trojan and their allies _ to _. There are over _ greek troops and the total of greek ships numbers over 1100. From Book 2 we see that Greek society is _ and is _, but all warriors regardless of status attend the _. Agamemnon is _ and _ king.
We learn from Book 2 that the Greeks outnumber the Trojans 10 to one; the Greeks outnumber the Trojans and their allies 2 to 1; there are over 100,000 Greek troops and the total of Greek ships numbers over 1100. From Book 2 we see that Greek society is stratified and is aristocratic, but all warriors regardless of status attend the assembly. Agamemnon is incompetent and arrogant king.
Eleusis and Demeter-
While Demeter was searching for her daughter, she took the form of an old woman (crone), Demeter sits down to rest near a well called Parthenion (`Maiden'), where she is approached by the daughters of King Celeus, who have come to fetch water. They treat the disguised goddess sympathetically, and invite her to come to the Palace, since their mother needs a nanny for their young brother; the most amusing of the girls is IAMBE ('Iambic verse'). Offered hospitality, Demeter refuses wine, but accepts a drink called kykeion (barley water with pennyroyal). Queen METANEIRA is impressed with the `woman' and gives her employment. Demeter anoints the baby Demopho(o)n every evening with ambrosia, and puts the baby in the fire of the hearth to burn away its mortality. But one evening Metaneira spies on Demeter and interrupts the rite. Demeter drops the child in surprise, resumes her divine form, and rebukes Metaneira for interfering with divine secrets which would have made the baby immortal. But Demeter does promise to teach her sacred rituals to the Eleusinians.
Eurymachus:
a leading suitor
Eumaeus:
a swineherd who is loyal to Odysseus' family
What are aspects of epic poetry
action in heroic past long poem / in 3rd person sung to a lyre lines in dactylic hexameter similes / epithets / repetition
Helen and Paris-
after choosing Aphrodite, he came to Menelaus' court as a guest, and defied the ancient laws of hospitality and seduces Helen and flees with her to his ship. Oenone, Paris' first wife and a nymph, curses Helen and Paris.
Messenia-
an ancient district of the southwestern Peloponnese. eastern Messenia was under the rule of Menelaus of Sparta, while the western coast is under Neleus of Pylos; after Menelaus's death Neleus pushed the frontier as far as Taygetus.
Mentor:
companion of Odysseus. Athena appears disguised as him in Books 2, 3, 4, 22, 24
Eidothea:
daughter of the Old Man of the Sea
Palace is an
economic redistribution center
aristeia
excellence
kleos
fame
Laertes:
father of Odysseus
Why did palace of Mycenae, ploys and tiyrns build and secure
fortification walls in 1350's as well as cisterns and secure sources of water to withstand a siege around 1200.
Mentes:
friend of Odysseus, whose form Athena assumes
Delphi and Apollo
he story of Apollo at Delphi begins with the god's conquest of the Python. According to some ancient accounts, the Python protected the oracle of Gaia, the mother of the gods and first inhabitant of the site. As described in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo, Apollo slew the serpent and then spent eight years on leave, in order to cleanse himself. Zeus also played a role in Delphi's mythological construction. Wanting to find the center of the Earth, Zeus sent out two eagles at opposite ends of the Earth. They collided at Delphi, and Zeus concluded Delphi was the "omphalos," or navel of the world. Though Zeus' surveying methods may not be sound, Delphi occupied a special place for the Greeks and their gods. In fact, Delphi's fame later spread well beyond Greece; during the 8th and 7th Centuries BC, the site received Mediterranean-wide recognition as the premier divine oracle. Note: the term "oracle" can be used in three ways. It indicates either: 1) the physical temple site, 2) the person who recites the divine message, also known as a "mantis," or 3) the words the mantis speaks.
Medon:
herald in palace of Odysseus; SPARED
time
honor
What are important greek customs
hospitality gift-exchange guest-friendship (xenia)
Frescos
hunting, fighting, and military equipment (figure eight shields/tower shields, swords, line and bronze greaves, chariots, boar's tusk helmet), warrior vase, religious scenes, bull-jumping, pit grave, cist grave, tumulus grave, shaft grave, chamber tomb, tholos tomb.
Knossos
important fortified site of the Mycenaean civilization
megaron
large reception hall of the king in the palace of Tiryns, the main room of which had a raised throne placed against the right wall and a central hearth bordered by four Minoan-style wooden columns that served as supports for the roof.
Aegisthus:
lover of Clytemnestra; killed by Orestes
Philitius:
loyal cattle herder; helps defeat the suitors
What will the dorains do in 1100?
migrate to Crete and the southern islands off southwestern Turkey
Anticleia:
mother of Odysseus
Clytemnestra:
mother of Orestes; lover of Aegisthus
Antinous:
one of the leaders of the suitors, also one of the worst
Theoclymenes:
seer who comes to Ithaca with Telemachus
Orestes,
son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra
Peisistratus:
son of Nestor and companion of Telemachus
Telemachus:
son of Odysseus
What happened in Mycenae in 1250?
the citadel is expanded and the Lion Gate is built.
Eurycleia:
the nurse who raised Odysseus
How many times and when did the dorains attack the Peloponnese?
twice in 1200 and 1120 BC.
arete
virtue
Hesiod and Ascra-
was a Greek poet generally thought by scholars to have been active between 750 and 650 BC, around the same time as Homer. major source on Greek mythology, farming techniques, early economic thought (he is sometimes considered history's first economist), archaic Greek astronomy and ancient time-keeping. The former poem says that his father came from Cyme in Aeolis (on the coast of Asia Minor, a little south of the island Lesbos) and crossed the sea to settle at a hamlet, near Thespiae in Boeotia, named Ascra, "a cursed place, cruel in winter, hard in summer, never pleasant"
Iphigeneia-
was a daughter of King Agamemnon and Queen Clytemnestra, and thus a princess of Mycenae. Agamemnon offends the goddess Artemis, who retaliates by commanding him to kill Iphigenia as a sacrifice so his ships can sail to Troy. In some versions, Iphigenia is sacrificed at Aulis, but in others, Artemis rescues her.[1] In the version where she is saved, she goes to the Taurians and meets her brother Orestes.
Penelope:
wife of Odysseus