AP Psychology Kohlberg/Erikson (Stages of Morality)

permissive parenting

A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behavior.

authoritarian parenting

A parenting style in which the parents are demanding, expect unquestioned obedience, are not responsive to their children's desires, and communicate poorly with their children. (style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child)

Trust vs. Mistrust (Erikson)

0-1 years. Erikson's first stage during the first year of life, infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner

Initiative vs. Guilt (Erikson)

3-6 yrs, good: sense of purpose, ability to initiate activities, ability to enjoy accomplishment, bad: fear of punishment, restrict himself, show off

Integrity vs. Despair (Erikson)

60- death. involves reevaluating what we have done in our lives. If we feel we have done well we have a sense of integrity, otherwise we experience gloom and doubt.

conventional morality

By early adolescence, social rules and laws are upheld for their own sake. (Stage3: GAIN SOCIAL APPROVAL And Stage 4: MAINTAIN SOCIAL LAW & ORDER)

secure attachment

a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver(Engages with strangers, be visibly upset when the mother leaves and WILL BE HAPPY WHEN THE MOTHER RETURNS)

Mary Ainsworth's strange situation

an experimental method designed to measure the nature of attachment between mothers and babies

anxious-ambivalent (insecure) attachment

an insecure attachment style characterized by a child's intense distress when reunited with a primary caregiver after separation (nervous about independent exploration and strangers when the parent is present)

Competence vs. Inferiority

elementary school (6 years to puberty) children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior

preconventional morality

first level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development (in which the child's behavior is governed by the consequences of the behavior) (Stage 1: AVOIDING PUNISHMENT or to GAIN AWARDS and stage 2: Morality of Self interest)

Egocentrism

in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

preoperational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic(the child is also EGOCENTRIC)

sensorimotor stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

concrete operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

formal operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

Carol Gilligan

moral development studies to follow up Kohlberg. She studied girls and women and found that they did not score as high on his six stage scale because they focused more on relationships rather than laws and principles. Their reasoning was merely different, not better or worse (Men: actions that lead to a fair or just end Women: actions that are nonviolent & hurt the fewest people Biased against collectivist societies such as China and India)

authoritative parenting

parenting style characterized by emotional warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, and inclusion of children in decision making

negligent parenting

parents are uninvolved. They are neither demanding nor responsive. They are careless, inattentive, and do not seek a close relationship with their children.

theory of mind

people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.

Object Permanence (Piaget)

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

conservation

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

identity vs. role confusion

Erikson's stage during which teenagers and young adults search for and become their true selves

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Erikson's stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Erikson's stage in which individuals form deeply personal relationships, marry, begin families

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Erikson's stage of social development in which middle-aged people begin to devote themselves more to fulfilling one's potential and doing public service

Anxious-Avoidant Insecure Attachment

Avoids or ignores the mother, showing little emotion when the mother departs or returns. Will not explore much regardless of who is there. Strangers not treated much differently from mother. Not much emotional range displayed. Shows that the child knows it can't rely on the mother.

Erik Erikson

Known for his 8-stage theory of Psychosocial Development

post conventional morality

Kohlberg's highest stage of morality- occurs late in life and is a personal morality (, developed by the adult and which supersedes society's rules, laws and restrictions.)(Stage 5: PROTECT INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS & Stage 6: MORALITY BASED ON YOUR OWN ETHICS)