AP Psychology midterm

psychologists would calculate the relationship between intelligence test scores and school grades in order to asses the

predictive validity of the intelligence test

which treatment approach did Sigmund Freud develop for treating his patients

psychoanalysis

the function of dendrites is to

receive information from other neurons

which of the following is the correct sequence of the neural chain of events set in motion by an environmental stimulus?

receptors, afferent neurons, interneurons, efferent neurons, effectors

if a test is standardized, this means that

a person's test performance can be compared with that of a representative pretested group

In neurons, neurotransmitters are released at the

axons

Aversion therapy to eliminate undesirable behaviors is most likely to be used by which of the following types of therapists?

behavioral

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas is called

creativity

repeated use of an opiate

decreases the brain's production of endorphins

of the following, which is the best example of divergent thinking in problem solving

devising as many solutions as possible

A person with damage to Broca's area would most likely demonstrate which of the following

difficulty with speech production

a person who is fearful of rattlesnakes but not garden snakes is exhibitying

discrimination learning

the claim that hypnotic phenomena occur outside our normal awareness is associated with the theory that hypnosis involves

dissociation

research suggests that hypnosis is effective in reducing pain because it

diverts attention from the pain

an evolutionary psychologist would suggest that people are genetically predisposed to

do all of these things

which of the following neurotransmitters has been linked to Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia?

dopamine

rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is highly correlated with

dreams

Howard Gardner identified a total of

eight intelligences

A participant in a study of music perception listens to music with electrodes attached to her scalp while date are collected on the activity of her brain. This technique is called

electroencephalogram (EEG)

when Professor McGuire asks her students to answer questions in class, she can quickly tell from their facial expressions that they are happy to participate. this demonstrates

emotional intelligence

which of the following systems produces, circulates, and regulates levels of hormones in the body?

endocrine system

what type of psychologist would say that kids dont like to sleep by themselves because in the stone ages, they would have been at risk of being eaten

evolutionary

a child has learned that her grandparents ignore rather than reward her tantrums. Which of the following operant principles are the grandparents using to control their child's behavior?

extinction

Leon's psychology instructor has scheduled an exam every third week of the term. Leon will probably study the most just before an exam and the least just after an exam. This is because the schedule of exams is reinforcing studying according to which schedule?

fixed-interval

the ability to learn a new computer software program is to ____ as knowledge of state capitals is to ____

fluid intelligence; crystallized intelligence

associations between intelligence and brain size are most notable in specific areas within the

frontal and temporal lobes

Compared with non abused children, those who have experienced a history of abuse show a stronger brain-wave response to an unfamiliar but angry looking face. this best illustrates

generalization

the distribution of intelligence test scores in the general population forms a bell shaped pattern. this pattern is called a

normal curve

which of the following sets of concepts is central to social learning theory

observation, imitation, and modeling

after one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the first animal open a similar box with great speed. this best illustrates

observational learning

a learned association between behaviors and resulting events is central to

operant conditioning

consciousness is

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because

our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move

the way slot machines reward gamblers with money best illustrates the effectiveness of

partial reinforcement

Gestalt psychology is concerned primarily with understanding which of the following

perception

by demonstrating grit, highly successful people demonstrate the importance of

perseverance

which glands of the endocrine system controls the activity of other glands

pituitary gland

giving a speeding ticket to a reckless driver is intended to serve as a

positive punishment

Computer-generated color images of the brain that provide information about glucose metabolism are produced by which of the following techniques?

positron-emission tomography (PET)

Mr. Schneider frequently tells his children that it is important to wash their hands before meals, but he rarely does so himself. Experiments suggest that his children will learn to

preach the virtues of cleanliness but not practice cleanliness

In an emergency situation, the adrenal glands excrete hormones that cause all of the following EXCEPT

reduced mood swings

when retested on the WAIS, people's second scores generally match their first scores quite closely. this indicates that the test has a high degree of

reliability

the sequence of shifts in the electrical charge or a neuron is called

the action potential

which of the following characteristics is generally associated with the use of hallogens

the experience of vivid, distorted images that are not based on sensory input

comparing the average performance of the initial WAIS standardization sample within the average performance of the most recent WAIS standardization sample provides convinging evidence of

the flynn effect

what is the current accepted definition of psychology

the science of behavior and mental prcesses

what did Sigmund Freud consider as the key to understanding the nervous disorders he observed

the unconscious mind

recognizing that one of your friends is feeling angry and that another friend is feeling sad illustrates an ability known as

theory of mind

which of the following is true of individuals who experience severe withdrawal symptoms when they abruptly stop using a drug that they have been taking for a long time

they are physically dependent on the drug

which of the following is generally true of participants in Lewis Terman's longitudinal study of intellectually gifted children

they led happy and fulfilling lives

which of the following best reflects contemporary interpretations of classical conditioning

they take into account cognitive interpretations of behaviorist BF Skinner

Thomas Bouchard is best known for his study of

twins separated at birth

on the first day of class, Professor Wallace tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Studying for Professor Wallace's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a

variable-interval schedule

Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Blake prefers working on a

variable-interval schedule of reinforcement

Damage to the occipital lobe would most likely affect a peron's

vision

reserach studies indicate that people who are intrinsically motivated as compared to people who are extrinsically motivated tend to

work harder and enjoy their work more

ben normally sleeps from 10pm to 7 am. in which of the following time periods would he experience the LEASE amount of REM sleep?

10 pm to 11 pm

5 year old Jason has an IQ of 120 on the Stanford-binet. his mental age is

6

about what percent of WAIS scores fall between 85 and 115

68

which of the following psychologists is a humanist

Abraham Maslow

Which classic study form the basis for observational learning

Albert Bandura - Bobo Doll

which of the following psychologists would have been the farthest on the "nurture" end of the spectrum?

BF Skinner

the WAIS was initially created by

David Weschler

"the whole is greater than the sum of the parts" is a statement associated with the perspective of

Gestalt

the first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by

Ivan Pavlov

in 1879, in Leipzig, Germany, the first psychological laboratory was developed by

Wilhem Wundt

the biological clock that operates in human beings to adjust their functioning to night and day periodically is referred to as

a circadian rythm

when the same people are tested and retested over a period of years, this is called

a cross-sectional study

Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system results in which of the following?

a decrease in heart rate

Spearman's g factor refers to

a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks

Which of the following would most likely result from an injury to the medulla?

a life-threatening disruption in heartbeat and breathing

which of the following is the best example of shaping

a teacher rewards a student for sitting quietly for ten minutes on Monday, fifteen on Tuesday, twenty on Wednesday and thirty on Thursday

an evolutionary psychologist has suggested that our typical negative reaction to the prospect of directly harming another person is indicative of

a universal moral grammer

Reuptake of a neurotransmitter refers to

absorption of the neurotransmitter into the terminal buttons of the sending neuron

John B. Watson would have expressed the greatest disapproval of attempts to scientifically study whether

academic achievement is influenced by a positive self-concept

researchers looking to create a drug to reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease would most likely focus their efforts on which of the following neurotransmitters?

acetylcholine

psychologists define learning as the process of

acquiring new information or relatively enduring behaviors

compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors despite known adverse consequences is an indication of

addiction

information is relayed to the brain by

afferent neurons

drugs that amplify neurotransmitter activity are called

agnostics

an individual who drinks alcohol daily finds it necessary to drink increasing amounts to achieve the state of well-being attained in the past. this individual is showing

alcohol tolerance

Jordanna has decided to go to bed early. although her eyes are closed and shes very relaxed, she has not yet fallen asleep. an EEG is most likely to indicate the presence of

alpha waves

Damage to which of the following brain structures may cause the inability to detect the emotional significance of a facial expression expressing fear

amygdala

suppose you were a grad student studying for a PHD is psychology in the 1920s. your adviser was strongly influenced by John B. Watson. which of the following might your adviser consider an acceptable choice for your research

an analysis of how specific behaviors are acquired

people with savant syndrome are best describes as those who demonstrate

an exceptional specific skill

people who regularly sleep less than normal experience

an increased risk of obesity and depression

A dog retrieves a newspaper every day because in the past it recieved a food reward for this behavior. The dog's behavior is an example of which of the following?

an operant response

when a person is suffering from severe pain, the type of drug that will best help alleviate the pain is

an opiate

at the close of the 19th centruty, Gerhard is excited to find that he has been accepted for training from Wilhelm Wundt. It is likely that Gerhard will be trained to

analyze how to break down his sensations into their most basic elements

curare blocks action at acetylcholine synapses and causes paralysis. this drug is an example of

antagonist

tests designed to predict ability to learn new skills are called

aptitude tests

the school psychologist observes Johnny in class, noting the number of times he disrupts the class on a particular day. the school psycholgist then instructs the teacher to ignore Johnny when he misbehaves and to praise him when he is good. This method of handling Johnny is an example of which of the following approaches

behavioral

in which brain structure are nerves from the left side of the brain routed to the right side of the body?

brain stem

A skinner box is

chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward

while a man provides directions to a construction worker, two experimenters rudely interrupt by passing between them carrying a board. The man's failure to notice that the construction worker was replaced by a different person during this interruption illustrates

change blindness

a learned association between two stimuli is central to

classical conditioning

caffeine and nicotine are in the same class as which of the following drugs

cocaine

which theoretical perspective in psychology attempts to characterize the way in which humans store and process sensory information?

cognitive

Operant response rates remain the highest when individuals anticipate that their behavior will actually lead to further reinforcement. This best illustrates the importance of

cognitive processes

In Pavlov's experiment, the sound of the tone triggered a dog's salivation. Salivation to the sound of a tone was the

conditioned response

Robert Rescorla's contingency model of classical conditioning state that

conditioning only occurs when one event reliably predicts another

intelligence tests are most likely to be considered culturally biased in terms of

content validity

consistent with the concept of neural plasticity, neurons in mammals have been found to change the way they function as a result of repeated stimulation by doing which of the following?

growing new dendritic spines

Psychologist Carol Dweck is best known for her research in which of the following areas

growth mindset

the use of physical punishment may

have all of these results

twin and adoption studies are helpful for assessing the

heritbility of intelligence

the brain scans of people with amnesia are most likely to show damage to the

hippocampus

which of the following perspectives argues that every person has the potential to become self-actualized

humanistic

the section of the brain considered most vital to the initiation of feeding behavior is the

hypothalamus

classical conditioning is most efficient when the unconditioned stimulus

immediately follows the conditioned stimulus

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere is called

inattentional blindness

Kristen is an undergraduate student who is interested in pursuing a career in psychology. She wants to use her knowledge of psychology to help employees become more productive in the workplace. which field of psychology should Kristen select in grad school

industrial-organization

Wolfgang Kohler's experiment involving chimpanzees who were able to get bananas from the ceiling by stacking boxes on top of each other illustrated the concept of

insight learning

participants in research early in psychology's history might have been asked to view a chair and describe its color, shape, and texture and other aspects of their conscious experience. these individuals would have been using a method called

introspection

which of the following most accurately characterizes the role of the hypothalamus in the regulation of hunger?

it acts with the endocrine system to control hunger and satiety

which of the following statements best describes the effect of a barbiturate on human functioning

it depresses the central nervous system

Jean accidentally touched a hot iron. She immediately drew back her hand. Which of the following is true about the withdrawal of her hand?

it was initiated in the spinal cord

james remembered a recent dream in which his girlfriend suddenly grabbed the wheel of his speeding car. Jame's therapist suggested that the dream might be a representation of the girlfriend's efforts to avoid sexual intimacy. According to Freud, the therapist was attempting to reveal the

latent content of Jame's dreams

When Mary was young, her father was trying to learn how to speak German and would listen to German tapes for hours in her presence. Mary paid very little attention to the tapes. Many years later, when Mary was in Germany, she was able to say a few German words in order to make herself understood. This is an example of

latent learning

in Edward Tolman's expirement, if rats were allowed to wander through a complicated maze without a reward, they would later run the maze with few errors when a food reward is placed at the end. Their good performance demonstrates

latent learning

conditioning is the process of

learning associations

with increasing age, adopted children's verbal ability scores become ____ positively correlated with their adoptive parents' scores and _____ positively correlated with their biological parents scores

less; more

the study of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fears

may be produced through classical conditioning

The are of the brain stem that is important in controlling breathing is the

medulla

the impact of early environmental influences on intelligence is most apparent among young children who experience

minimal interaction with caregivers

it has been suggest that these neurons are activated when a monkey moves a peanut into its own mouth and when a monkey simple observes other monkeys move a peanut into their mouths

mirror neurons

Skinner is to shaping as Bandura is to

modeling

rafael has a sleep disorder for which he takes medically prescribed amphetamines. for which of the following sleep disorders is rafael most likely being treated

narcolepsy

taking away the driver's license of a reckless driver is intended to serve as a

negative punishment

significant damage to which of the following parts of the brain will most likely cause a person to fall asleep into a deep coma from which the person will be unable to awaken?

reticular formation

if an individual has lost the ability to feel pain in the left arm, there is most likely damage to what area of the brain

right parietal lobe

the cocktail party effect provides an example of

selective attention

the eugenics movement would have been most likely to encurage

selective breeding of highly intelligent peopl

A geometric figure is most likely to trigger sexual arrousal if presented

shortly before an appropraite US

During the night, Alicia stops breathing repeatedly, frequently gasps for air, and snores loudly at regular intervals. Alicia is mot likely suffering from which of the following conditions

sleep apnea

which of the following abilities is predominantly a function of the right hemisphere of the brain?

spatial reasoning

Roger Sperry ad Michael Gazzinga are best known for their study of

split-brain patients

the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response is called

spontaneous recovery

on an IQ test, the number of questions an individual answers correctly is meaningless without which of the folloiwng

standardization

A monkey choosing a circle from an array of geometric shapes in order to be rewarded with a banana is an example of

stimulus discrimination

research has shown that a major reason for poor performance while multitasking is that while multitasking, people

switch their attention rapidly from task to task, so they miss critical information associated with a task that is not receiving their attention

which part of the nervous system is most immediately activated by sudden fear?

sympathetic

Ben was enjoying a walk in the woods on a beautiful Sunday afternoon. As he went around a curve, he noticed a bear walking toward him. Immediately, his pupils dilated, he began to perspire, and his heart accelerated. These changes are most closely related to the function of the

sympathetic nervous system

Which of the following is a hormone that is directly related to human sex drive?

testosterone