AP Psychology midterm
psychologists would calculate the relationship between intelligence test scores and school grades in order to asses the
predictive validity of the intelligence test
which treatment approach did Sigmund Freud develop for treating his patients
psychoanalysis
the function of dendrites is to
receive information from other neurons
which of the following is the correct sequence of the neural chain of events set in motion by an environmental stimulus?
receptors, afferent neurons, interneurons, efferent neurons, effectors
if a test is standardized, this means that
a person's test performance can be compared with that of a representative pretested group
In neurons, neurotransmitters are released at the
axons
Aversion therapy to eliminate undesirable behaviors is most likely to be used by which of the following types of therapists?
behavioral
the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas is called
creativity
repeated use of an opiate
decreases the brain's production of endorphins
of the following, which is the best example of divergent thinking in problem solving
devising as many solutions as possible
A person with damage to Broca's area would most likely demonstrate which of the following
difficulty with speech production
a person who is fearful of rattlesnakes but not garden snakes is exhibitying
discrimination learning
the claim that hypnotic phenomena occur outside our normal awareness is associated with the theory that hypnosis involves
dissociation
research suggests that hypnosis is effective in reducing pain because it
diverts attention from the pain
an evolutionary psychologist would suggest that people are genetically predisposed to
do all of these things
which of the following neurotransmitters has been linked to Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia?
dopamine
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is highly correlated with
dreams
Howard Gardner identified a total of
eight intelligences
A participant in a study of music perception listens to music with electrodes attached to her scalp while date are collected on the activity of her brain. This technique is called
electroencephalogram (EEG)
when Professor McGuire asks her students to answer questions in class, she can quickly tell from their facial expressions that they are happy to participate. this demonstrates
emotional intelligence
which of the following systems produces, circulates, and regulates levels of hormones in the body?
endocrine system
what type of psychologist would say that kids dont like to sleep by themselves because in the stone ages, they would have been at risk of being eaten
evolutionary
a child has learned that her grandparents ignore rather than reward her tantrums. Which of the following operant principles are the grandparents using to control their child's behavior?
extinction
Leon's psychology instructor has scheduled an exam every third week of the term. Leon will probably study the most just before an exam and the least just after an exam. This is because the schedule of exams is reinforcing studying according to which schedule?
fixed-interval
the ability to learn a new computer software program is to ____ as knowledge of state capitals is to ____
fluid intelligence; crystallized intelligence
associations between intelligence and brain size are most notable in specific areas within the
frontal and temporal lobes
Compared with non abused children, those who have experienced a history of abuse show a stronger brain-wave response to an unfamiliar but angry looking face. this best illustrates
generalization
the distribution of intelligence test scores in the general population forms a bell shaped pattern. this pattern is called a
normal curve
which of the following sets of concepts is central to social learning theory
observation, imitation, and modeling
after one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the first animal open a similar box with great speed. this best illustrates
observational learning
a learned association between behaviors and resulting events is central to
operant conditioning
consciousness is
our awareness of ourselves and our environment
REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because
our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move
the way slot machines reward gamblers with money best illustrates the effectiveness of
partial reinforcement
Gestalt psychology is concerned primarily with understanding which of the following
perception
by demonstrating grit, highly successful people demonstrate the importance of
perseverance
which glands of the endocrine system controls the activity of other glands
pituitary gland
giving a speeding ticket to a reckless driver is intended to serve as a
positive punishment
Computer-generated color images of the brain that provide information about glucose metabolism are produced by which of the following techniques?
positron-emission tomography (PET)
Mr. Schneider frequently tells his children that it is important to wash their hands before meals, but he rarely does so himself. Experiments suggest that his children will learn to
preach the virtues of cleanliness but not practice cleanliness
In an emergency situation, the adrenal glands excrete hormones that cause all of the following EXCEPT
reduced mood swings
when retested on the WAIS, people's second scores generally match their first scores quite closely. this indicates that the test has a high degree of
reliability
the sequence of shifts in the electrical charge or a neuron is called
the action potential
which of the following characteristics is generally associated with the use of hallogens
the experience of vivid, distorted images that are not based on sensory input
comparing the average performance of the initial WAIS standardization sample within the average performance of the most recent WAIS standardization sample provides convinging evidence of
the flynn effect
what is the current accepted definition of psychology
the science of behavior and mental prcesses
what did Sigmund Freud consider as the key to understanding the nervous disorders he observed
the unconscious mind
recognizing that one of your friends is feeling angry and that another friend is feeling sad illustrates an ability known as
theory of mind
which of the following is true of individuals who experience severe withdrawal symptoms when they abruptly stop using a drug that they have been taking for a long time
they are physically dependent on the drug
which of the following is generally true of participants in Lewis Terman's longitudinal study of intellectually gifted children
they led happy and fulfilling lives
which of the following best reflects contemporary interpretations of classical conditioning
they take into account cognitive interpretations of behaviorist BF Skinner
Thomas Bouchard is best known for his study of
twins separated at birth
on the first day of class, Professor Wallace tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Studying for Professor Wallace's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a
variable-interval schedule
Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Blake prefers working on a
variable-interval schedule of reinforcement
Damage to the occipital lobe would most likely affect a peron's
vision
reserach studies indicate that people who are intrinsically motivated as compared to people who are extrinsically motivated tend to
work harder and enjoy their work more
ben normally sleeps from 10pm to 7 am. in which of the following time periods would he experience the LEASE amount of REM sleep?
10 pm to 11 pm
5 year old Jason has an IQ of 120 on the Stanford-binet. his mental age is
6
about what percent of WAIS scores fall between 85 and 115
68
which of the following psychologists is a humanist
Abraham Maslow
Which classic study form the basis for observational learning
Albert Bandura - Bobo Doll
which of the following psychologists would have been the farthest on the "nurture" end of the spectrum?
BF Skinner
the WAIS was initially created by
David Weschler
"the whole is greater than the sum of the parts" is a statement associated with the perspective of
Gestalt
the first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by
Ivan Pavlov
in 1879, in Leipzig, Germany, the first psychological laboratory was developed by
Wilhem Wundt
the biological clock that operates in human beings to adjust their functioning to night and day periodically is referred to as
a circadian rythm
when the same people are tested and retested over a period of years, this is called
a cross-sectional study
Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system results in which of the following?
a decrease in heart rate
Spearman's g factor refers to
a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks
Which of the following would most likely result from an injury to the medulla?
a life-threatening disruption in heartbeat and breathing
which of the following is the best example of shaping
a teacher rewards a student for sitting quietly for ten minutes on Monday, fifteen on Tuesday, twenty on Wednesday and thirty on Thursday
an evolutionary psychologist has suggested that our typical negative reaction to the prospect of directly harming another person is indicative of
a universal moral grammer
Reuptake of a neurotransmitter refers to
absorption of the neurotransmitter into the terminal buttons of the sending neuron
John B. Watson would have expressed the greatest disapproval of attempts to scientifically study whether
academic achievement is influenced by a positive self-concept
researchers looking to create a drug to reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease would most likely focus their efforts on which of the following neurotransmitters?
acetylcholine
psychologists define learning as the process of
acquiring new information or relatively enduring behaviors
compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors despite known adverse consequences is an indication of
addiction
information is relayed to the brain by
afferent neurons
drugs that amplify neurotransmitter activity are called
agnostics
an individual who drinks alcohol daily finds it necessary to drink increasing amounts to achieve the state of well-being attained in the past. this individual is showing
alcohol tolerance
Jordanna has decided to go to bed early. although her eyes are closed and shes very relaxed, she has not yet fallen asleep. an EEG is most likely to indicate the presence of
alpha waves
Damage to which of the following brain structures may cause the inability to detect the emotional significance of a facial expression expressing fear
amygdala
suppose you were a grad student studying for a PHD is psychology in the 1920s. your adviser was strongly influenced by John B. Watson. which of the following might your adviser consider an acceptable choice for your research
an analysis of how specific behaviors are acquired
people with savant syndrome are best describes as those who demonstrate
an exceptional specific skill
people who regularly sleep less than normal experience
an increased risk of obesity and depression
A dog retrieves a newspaper every day because in the past it recieved a food reward for this behavior. The dog's behavior is an example of which of the following?
an operant response
when a person is suffering from severe pain, the type of drug that will best help alleviate the pain is
an opiate
at the close of the 19th centruty, Gerhard is excited to find that he has been accepted for training from Wilhelm Wundt. It is likely that Gerhard will be trained to
analyze how to break down his sensations into their most basic elements
curare blocks action at acetylcholine synapses and causes paralysis. this drug is an example of
antagonist
tests designed to predict ability to learn new skills are called
aptitude tests
the school psychologist observes Johnny in class, noting the number of times he disrupts the class on a particular day. the school psycholgist then instructs the teacher to ignore Johnny when he misbehaves and to praise him when he is good. This method of handling Johnny is an example of which of the following approaches
behavioral
in which brain structure are nerves from the left side of the brain routed to the right side of the body?
brain stem
A skinner box is
chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward
while a man provides directions to a construction worker, two experimenters rudely interrupt by passing between them carrying a board. The man's failure to notice that the construction worker was replaced by a different person during this interruption illustrates
change blindness
a learned association between two stimuli is central to
classical conditioning
caffeine and nicotine are in the same class as which of the following drugs
cocaine
which theoretical perspective in psychology attempts to characterize the way in which humans store and process sensory information?
cognitive
Operant response rates remain the highest when individuals anticipate that their behavior will actually lead to further reinforcement. This best illustrates the importance of
cognitive processes
In Pavlov's experiment, the sound of the tone triggered a dog's salivation. Salivation to the sound of a tone was the
conditioned response
Robert Rescorla's contingency model of classical conditioning state that
conditioning only occurs when one event reliably predicts another
intelligence tests are most likely to be considered culturally biased in terms of
content validity
consistent with the concept of neural plasticity, neurons in mammals have been found to change the way they function as a result of repeated stimulation by doing which of the following?
growing new dendritic spines
Psychologist Carol Dweck is best known for her research in which of the following areas
growth mindset
the use of physical punishment may
have all of these results
twin and adoption studies are helpful for assessing the
heritbility of intelligence
the brain scans of people with amnesia are most likely to show damage to the
hippocampus
which of the following perspectives argues that every person has the potential to become self-actualized
humanistic
the section of the brain considered most vital to the initiation of feeding behavior is the
hypothalamus
classical conditioning is most efficient when the unconditioned stimulus
immediately follows the conditioned stimulus
failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere is called
inattentional blindness
Kristen is an undergraduate student who is interested in pursuing a career in psychology. She wants to use her knowledge of psychology to help employees become more productive in the workplace. which field of psychology should Kristen select in grad school
industrial-organization
Wolfgang Kohler's experiment involving chimpanzees who were able to get bananas from the ceiling by stacking boxes on top of each other illustrated the concept of
insight learning
participants in research early in psychology's history might have been asked to view a chair and describe its color, shape, and texture and other aspects of their conscious experience. these individuals would have been using a method called
introspection
which of the following most accurately characterizes the role of the hypothalamus in the regulation of hunger?
it acts with the endocrine system to control hunger and satiety
which of the following statements best describes the effect of a barbiturate on human functioning
it depresses the central nervous system
Jean accidentally touched a hot iron. She immediately drew back her hand. Which of the following is true about the withdrawal of her hand?
it was initiated in the spinal cord
james remembered a recent dream in which his girlfriend suddenly grabbed the wheel of his speeding car. Jame's therapist suggested that the dream might be a representation of the girlfriend's efforts to avoid sexual intimacy. According to Freud, the therapist was attempting to reveal the
latent content of Jame's dreams
When Mary was young, her father was trying to learn how to speak German and would listen to German tapes for hours in her presence. Mary paid very little attention to the tapes. Many years later, when Mary was in Germany, she was able to say a few German words in order to make herself understood. This is an example of
latent learning
in Edward Tolman's expirement, if rats were allowed to wander through a complicated maze without a reward, they would later run the maze with few errors when a food reward is placed at the end. Their good performance demonstrates
latent learning
conditioning is the process of
learning associations
with increasing age, adopted children's verbal ability scores become ____ positively correlated with their adoptive parents' scores and _____ positively correlated with their biological parents scores
less; more
the study of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fears
may be produced through classical conditioning
The are of the brain stem that is important in controlling breathing is the
medulla
the impact of early environmental influences on intelligence is most apparent among young children who experience
minimal interaction with caregivers
it has been suggest that these neurons are activated when a monkey moves a peanut into its own mouth and when a monkey simple observes other monkeys move a peanut into their mouths
mirror neurons
Skinner is to shaping as Bandura is to
modeling
rafael has a sleep disorder for which he takes medically prescribed amphetamines. for which of the following sleep disorders is rafael most likely being treated
narcolepsy
taking away the driver's license of a reckless driver is intended to serve as a
negative punishment
significant damage to which of the following parts of the brain will most likely cause a person to fall asleep into a deep coma from which the person will be unable to awaken?
reticular formation
if an individual has lost the ability to feel pain in the left arm, there is most likely damage to what area of the brain
right parietal lobe
the cocktail party effect provides an example of
selective attention
the eugenics movement would have been most likely to encurage
selective breeding of highly intelligent peopl
A geometric figure is most likely to trigger sexual arrousal if presented
shortly before an appropraite US
During the night, Alicia stops breathing repeatedly, frequently gasps for air, and snores loudly at regular intervals. Alicia is mot likely suffering from which of the following conditions
sleep apnea
which of the following abilities is predominantly a function of the right hemisphere of the brain?
spatial reasoning
Roger Sperry ad Michael Gazzinga are best known for their study of
split-brain patients
the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response is called
spontaneous recovery
on an IQ test, the number of questions an individual answers correctly is meaningless without which of the folloiwng
standardization
A monkey choosing a circle from an array of geometric shapes in order to be rewarded with a banana is an example of
stimulus discrimination
research has shown that a major reason for poor performance while multitasking is that while multitasking, people
switch their attention rapidly from task to task, so they miss critical information associated with a task that is not receiving their attention
which part of the nervous system is most immediately activated by sudden fear?
sympathetic
Ben was enjoying a walk in the woods on a beautiful Sunday afternoon. As he went around a curve, he noticed a bear walking toward him. Immediately, his pupils dilated, he began to perspire, and his heart accelerated. These changes are most closely related to the function of the
sympathetic nervous system
Which of the following is a hormone that is directly related to human sex drive?
testosterone
