AP Psychology (Psychoanalytic School)

Dream Interpretation

a method developed by Freud in which the symbols of the manifest content of dreams that are recalled by the patient are interpreted to reveal their latent content

Thematic Apperception Test

(TAT) A projective test consisting of drawings of ambiguous human situations, which the test taker describes; thought to reveal inner feelings, conflicts, and motives, which are projected onto the test materials.

superiority complex

A complex when one Overcompensates for feelings of normal inferiority..... a means of inflating one's self-importance in order to overcome inferiority feelings, according to Adler

Intellectualization

A defense mechanism that involves thinking abstractly about stressful problems as a way of detaching oneself from them;

anal retentive

A fixation that develops during the anal stage if a child's freedom to have bowel movements is restricted that can result in obsessively organized and meticulous personality traits

Preconscious level

A level of mental activity that is not currently conscious but of which we can easily become conscious.

Carl Jung

A neo-Freudian psychologist that argue that the unconscious is actually divided up into two parts, the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious and identified archetypes by studying dreams, visions, paintings, poetry, folk stories, myths, religions

Erich Fromm

A neo-Freudian psychologist that centerd his theory around the need to belong and the loneliness freedom brings , believed personality is to a considerable extent a reflection of factors such as social class, minority status, education, vocation, religious and philosophical background.

Karen Horney

A neo-Freudian psychologist that criticized Freud, stated that personality is molded by current fears and impulses, rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences and instincts, neurotic trends; concept of "basic anxiety", also said that men exhibit womb envy.

Erik Erickson

A neo-Freudian psychologist that hypothesized that people face pass through 8 social development stages from infancy to old age. Each challenge has an outcome that affects a persons social and personality development.

Alfred Adler

A neo-Freudian psychologist that introduced concept of "inferiority complex" and stressed the importance of birth order and agreed with Freud that childhood is important but believed that childhood social, not sexual, tentions are crucial for personality formation. inferiority complex, our behavior is driven by efforts to conquer childhood feelings of inferiority.

Projective tests

A personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli to trigger projection of one's inner thoughts and feelings

Ernest Hilgard

A psychologist who believed that hypnosis worked only on the immediate conscious mind of a person. he also believes that there is a hidden part of the mind(hidden observer) that is very much aware of the hypnotic subjects activities and sensations.

womb envy

A term coined by Karen Horney, is the neo-Freudian feminist equivalent of penis envy. Horney suggests that it is the unexpressed anxiety felt by some men over women's ability to give birth, leading them to dominate women or driving them to succeed in order for their names to live on

reality principle

According the Freud, the attempt by the ego to satisfy both the id and the superego while still considering the reality of the situation.

Electra Complex

According to Freud a conflict during phallic stage in which girls supposedly love their fathers romantically and want to eliminate their mothers as rivals

Oedipus Complex

According to Freud, a conflict that develops in the phallic stage, where a boy has sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

Unconscious

According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories mainly formed during childhood. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.

archetypes

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.

dissociation theory

According to this theory, hypnotized subjects dissociate, or split, various aspects of their behavior and perceptions from the "self" that normally controls these functions

role theory

According to this theory, subjects under hypnosis merely act in accordance with the hypnotized role. They are not in a special state

inferiority complex

Adler's theory of the feelings of inadequacy or inferiority in young children that influence their developing personalities and create desires to overcome

Sigmund Freud

Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939); Said that human behavior is irrational; behavior is the outcome of conflict between the id (irrational unconscious driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-seeking desires) and ego (rationalizing conscious, what one can do) and superego (ingrained moral values, what one should do).

collective unconscious

Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history.

anal expulsive character

Character type that results from a fixation at the early anal stage. Person may be overly generous or has trouble with bowel control

Integrity versus despair

Erickson's final, eighth stage, where the person asks himself or herself: "After seventy, eighty, or ninety years of life, do I have anything of interest and value to say to the next generation? Or not?", A conflict in old age between feelings of integrity and the despair of viewing previous life events with regret.

psychosocial development

Erikson described eight stages of development in which the individual moves between two opposing themes, this is called:

Trust versus mistrust

Erikson's first psychosocial stage. Infants learn "basic trust" if the world is a secure place where their basic needs (for food, comfort, attention) are met.

Generativity versus stagnation

Erikson's seventh stage of psychosocial development, in which the middle-aged adult develops a concern with establishing, guiding, and influencing the next generation or else experiences stagnation (a sense of inactivity or lifelessness)

Intimacy versus isolation

Erikson's sixth stage of development. Adults see someone with whom to share their lives in an eduring and self-sacrificing commitment. Without such commitment, they risk profound aloneness and isolation.

mid life crisis

Feelings of boredom and stagnation in middle adulthood; time when adults discover they no longer feel fulfilled in their jobs or personal lives and attempt to make a decisive shift in career or lifestyle(formed in Erikson's 7th Stage)

wish-fulfillment

Freud's belief that dreams were an expression of the id's impulses, superego commands ego to convert wishes into symbols

Interpretation of Dreams

Freud's crowning achievement, a book written in 1900 about the treatment of people with mental disorders that tried to garner support for his psychoanalytical theories. In this book, Freud first described his theories about the psychic apparatus (id, ego, superego), wish-fulfillment as a main goal of dreams, dream analysis, and concepts that would later become his theory of the Oedipus complex.

oral stage

Freud's first stage of personality development, from birth to about age 2, during which the instincts of infants are focused on the mouth as the primary pleasure center.

latency stage

Freud's fourth stage of psychosexual development where sexuality is repressed in the unconscious and children focus on identifying with their same sex parent and interact with same sex peers.

genital stage

Freud's last stage of personality development, from the onset of puberty through adulthood, during which the sexual conflicts of childhood resurface (at puberty) and are often resolved during adolescence).

anal stage

Freud's second stage of psychosexual development where the primary sexual focus is on the elimination or holding onto feces. The stage is often thought of as representing a child's ability to control his or her own world.

pleasure principle

Freud's theory regarding the id's desire to maximize pleasure and minimize pain in order to achieve immediate gratification.

Iceberg theory

Freud's theory that the conscious was only a very small part of the mind and did not account for most of the psychological factors that affect behavior. Instead most of the psychological factors that effect behavior are found in the unconscious. There is also a a preconscious level.

phallic stage

Freud's third stage of personality development, from about age 4 through age 7, during which children obtain gratification primarily from the genitals.

Neo-Freudians

Group of psychologists who agree with Freud's emphasis on the impact of childhood on one's life, but move away from a sole focus on sex and aggression, Include Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Erich Fromm, Karen Horney, Erik Erikson

hidden observer

Hilgard's term describing a hypnotized subject's awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis

Identity versus role confusion

In Erik Erikson's theory, the fifth stage of development in which adolescents explore who they are and how they fit into society.

Initiative versus guilt

In Erikson's theory, the psychological conflict of early childhood, which is resolved positively through play experiences that foster a health sense of initiative and through the development of a superego, or conscience that is not overly strict and/or guilt-ridden

libido

In Freud's theory, the instinctual (and sexual) life force that, working on the pleasure principle and seeking immediate gratification, energizes the id.

penis envy

In Psychoanalytic Thought, the desire of girls to posses a penis and therefore have the power that being male represents.

defense mechanisms

In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

personal unconscious

Jung's term for an unconscious region of mind comprising a reservoir of the individual's repressed memories and impulses

posthypnotic amnesia

Supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis; induced by the hypnotist's suggestion.

erogenous zone

The area of the body where the id's pleasure seeking energies are focused during a particular stage of psychosexual development.

psychosexual stages

The childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.

Psyche

The conscious(Ego) unconscious(Id), and preconscious(Superego) drives in an individual that influence thought, behavior and personality

Id

The drive of the psyche that contains animalistic and most basic instincts, and also develops first( A baby psyche is all of this drive), it is also located in your unconscious so you are largely unaware of it. It also works on the pleasure principle.

Superego

The drive of your psyche that develops last(around the age of 8) and is located in the preconscious. It is the our morals and our sense of right and wrong, and also future aspirations. Like a Conscience

Ego

The drive of your psyche that is is located in our conscious so it is the part of our personality that we are aware of and everyone sees. It works on the reality principle and is generally the boss of your personality(Also develops after the Id, but before the Superego.

Industry versus inferiority

The fourth of erison's eight psychosocial crises, during which children attempt to master many skills, developing a sense of themselves as either industrious or inferior, competent or incompetent. Happens around the time you first enter school.

Conscious level

The level at which mental activities that people are normally aware of occur

Unconscious level

The mental level containing events and feelings that we find unacceptable for our conscious minds. We do not have access to it and these thoughts stay hidden (repressed) but make up most of who we are. As we will find out, the key to psychoanalytic therapy is to find ways to delve into the _______________

Autonomy versus doubt

The second stage in Erickson's theory of development, as the child begins to control bowels and other bodily functions, learns language, and begins to receive orders from adult authorities. An inevitable conflict arises: Who's in charge here?

Sublimation

a defense mechanism in which unacceptable energies are directed into socially admirable outlets, such as art, exercise

Hypnosis

a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur. Freud used this to enter the unconscious of his patients

basic trust

according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.

Manifest Content

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content).

Latent Content

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content). Freud believed that this functions as a safety valve.

Resistance

an unwillingness to bring repressed feelings into conscious awareness

Denial

defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities.

Rationalization

defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions

Free Association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing, allowing some of the unconscious to come through.

Transference

in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent).

Projection

psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.

Reaction Formation

psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings.

Regression

psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

Displacement

psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet

Repression

the classical defense mechanism that protects you from impulses or ideas that would cause anxiety by preventing them from becoming conscious

Hypnotic suggestibility

the degree to which a subject is responsive to suggestions, suggestions can involve making or not making appropriate motor movements in response to imagined situations, cognitive suggestions involveing changes in perception, thought and memory can also be made, higher among people who have rich fantasy lives( Do you play World of Warcraft, Star Wars etc.etc.)

Rorschach Inkblot Test

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.

state theory

According to this theory, hypnotized people experience an altered state of consciousness