AP psychology unit 1
conservation
Concrete operational - Things retain mass even if not in original shape
liability
Consistency Can be replicated
What is one of the treatments for anxiety related problems? Who discovered it and how?
Frances Shapiro - Cognitive behavioral therapy - Rational Motive therapy
63. What crises does middle adulthood provide
Genrativity vs stagnation
How was the functionalism approach of Williams James different from the structural approach of Wundt and Titchner?
He felt with the conscience mind
48. How is Piaget's stages of development different from the new born stages?
Piaget - Cognitive development , discontinuous development Stages begin after baby is born Schema - Mental blueprint - Integrated using assimilation modified by accommodation
61. What are the three stages of moral development by Kohlberg
Preconventional 1 Child obey because do not want to get punished 2 Doing based on rewards Conventional, 3 what is acceptable 4 law and society Postconventional 5 development own moral judgement of what is right and wrong 6 universal ethics
52. AT what stage are children egocentric? Are they able to perform logical operations yet?
Preoperational , no.
object permanance
occurs in the Sensory motor stage-Piaget
44. What external substances can affect the child and when can this occur?
teratogens
65. Why is terminal drop not a good indicator?
terminal drop = Decline in mental and motor functions usually near death
37. If something is "statistically significant, what does that determine?
that it the probability of it occurring by chance is small( less than 5%)
Psychology deffinition
the study of mental processes and behavior
36. What does inferential statistics determine?
they test ht significance and determine the meaning of correlation
Can research be biased
yes that is why we have double blind tests
Why are Socrates Plato and Aristotle the first phycologists
There were philosophers and they are the roots to modern Psychology
64. What crises does late adulthood provide?
Interspection, integrity vs despair
62. What crises does early adulthood provide
Intimacy vs isolation
39. What controversy has always surrounded the issue of Human development?
...
41. What term does a psychologist use to determine human development?
...
42. What made Piaget's theories so different from the other psychologists
...
46. How are the senses developed when a child is born?
...
49. Why is schema development so critical to a child?
...
53. Why is it difficult to teach abstract ideas at this stage?
...
54. Why do Asians have a tendency to do better academically
...
What are the five key parts to critical thinking and scientific research?
...
Why does Psychology appear to have far more theories on file than laws, as compared to the other sciences?
...
Why is empirical study's more relevant that intuition
...
Why were the works of the psychoanalysts more suspect than the work of Wundt and Fechnoer?
...
43. At what stage can a fetus survive in the natural world?
7 month prenatal
inferential statistics
Interprets correlation study to see if statistically significant less than 5%
Why william is wundt the father of psychology
Because he had the first lab and he looked for the structure and how it functioned Structuralism-Basic structure and components how it's.made Functionalism-how it works basic of function
Why do research
Because it is a science and based on facts and testable reason
How was the Behavioral approach different from the psychoanalytical approach?
Behavioral study's conscience mind and behavioral how minds work
Describe the five types of research method
Case study - Intense study of a group or person extensive. · Experiment - Cause and effect no relationship. · Naturalistic - Observation (without letting subject knowing they are being observed). · Survey(questionnaire) - No money do it ~ Wide population · Correlation - Describes relationship between two things.
59. What are the three factors that affect gender roles
Culture/social factors, biological factors, cognitive factors, gender schemas
51. Do babies remember????? Why? What would be there stage of development?
Don't remember because of infantal amnesia
55. Why do babies possess different temperaments?
Due to genetics and racial background
Cite two factors in why psychologists study animals instead of humans?
Ethical reason, they are interesting
15. How is the evolutionary approach different from the cognitive approach?
Evolutionary says that because our ancestors did it we do it
16. Why is the Humanistic approach difficult to test or qualify as a legitimate scientific domain?
Extremely idealistic, claims that humans are naturally good.
All scientists, including psychologist are attempting to collect what to develop one's theories?
Facts based on obersevations
define : independent dependent confounded variable
Independent variable - The one that can be controlled and manipulated Cause of things Dependent Variable - The response of the independent variable Confounded Variable - unwanted variables that will corrupt study
How do individualist cultures differ from collectivist cultures
Individualist value personal rather than group goals
40. How did John Locke and Jacques Rousseau differ on their theories about human development
Locke believed in the tabula rasa blank slate, Rosseau used nature
60. Why is adolescence such a vibrant time for teenagers
Many changes
What is mEan median and mode
Mean - mathematical average · Median - middle · Mode - most occurring
Diff of nature vs nurture
Nature is based on genetics, nurture is based on exposure/environment
38. What impacts a person's human development
Nature(Jacques Rousseau) and nurture(John Locke)
35. If I determine a correlation between two variables, how does one determine the causal relationship between the two?
Negative = inverse relation. Positive = direct relation. Closer to 1 or -1 = strong relation. Closer to 0 = little to no correlation.
Why is it important to know range and standard deviation of a study
Not on test
Operational Definition -
Operational Definition - Picking abstract concepts and making it concrete so its measurable
58. What are the three types of social skills?
Recognize emotions, ability to engage in interactions with others, ability to be reflective
33. What does correlation determine?
Reveals/describes relations between variables . correlation is not causation
foundation of pychology
Science and reseach
What did wundt and titchener have In common
Structuralism
Importance of sampling
The Sample should reflect the entire group
7 subfields
Thumb - Psychodynamic - Freud Sex and Death Oral states unconscious Index Finger - Cognitive - Thought - Interpretation Middle Finger - Behavioral - Saw and learned it Ring finger - Humanistic - Love free will natural in humans Pinky - Biological - Chemistry brain composition Fist - Sociocultural - With everyone else 2nd Thumb - Evolutionary - Inheriting possess evolve
F a psychologists takes advantage of a wide variety of psychological approaches to practice his trade, he/she would be referred to as what type of psychologists?
To be ecclectic
Why do researchers have placebo
To sErve as control
What is best nature vs nurture studY
Twin and adoptions studies
What are the five key questions to critical thinking
What am i being asked to accept what evidence is available to support the assertion? Are the alternative ways of interpreting the evidence? What additional evidence would help to evaluate the alternatives? What conclusions are most reliable?
What did the gestaltists have in common
Whole is greater than the sum of parts the brain is one loo at the whole-acclucktick
Does "culture" impact psychological research? Explain
Yes culture influenced almost every part of peoples lives
50. What is the difference between assimilation and accommodation?
assimilation-trying out existing schemas on objects that fit those schemas Accommodation- modifying existing schemas
57. What are the three parenting styles of Baumrind
authoritarian authoritative passive
empirical
based on research
45. Why are women advised not to smoke or drink alcohol while being pregnant
because those substances are teratogens and can make it past the placenta and can cause birth defects and mental disability's
56. Does day care impact a child's emotional development
depends on the daycare some have been found to influence it positively others have been found to influence negatively
3 subfields of psychology
developmental Industrial -productivity in work Biolgical
genotype and phenotype
genotype - genetic traits Phenotype - physical traits
47. What are three reflexes the child possesses at birth?
grasping rooting sucking
validity
how much you can trust the research
3 most important descriptive stats
mean, median and mode