AP psychology unit 1

conservation

Concrete operational - Things retain mass even if not in original shape

liability

Consistency Can be replicated

What is one of the treatments for anxiety related problems? Who discovered it and how?

Frances Shapiro - Cognitive behavioral therapy - Rational Motive therapy

63. What crises does middle adulthood provide

Genrativity vs stagnation

How was the functionalism approach of Williams James different from the structural approach of Wundt and Titchner?

He felt with the conscience mind

48. How is Piaget's stages of development different from the new born stages?

Piaget - Cognitive development , discontinuous development Stages begin after baby is born Schema - Mental blueprint - Integrated using assimilation modified by accommodation

61. What are the three stages of moral development by Kohlberg

Preconventional 1 Child obey because do not want to get punished 2 Doing based on rewards Conventional, 3 what is acceptable 4 law and society Postconventional 5 development own moral judgement of what is right and wrong 6 universal ethics

52. AT what stage are children egocentric? Are they able to perform logical operations yet?

Preoperational , no.

object permanance

occurs in the Sensory motor stage-Piaget

44. What external substances can affect the child and when can this occur?

teratogens

65. Why is terminal drop not a good indicator?

terminal drop = Decline in mental and motor functions usually near death

37. If something is "statistically significant, what does that determine?

that it the probability of it occurring by chance is small( less than 5%)

Psychology deffinition

the study of mental processes and behavior

36. What does inferential statistics determine?

they test ht significance and determine the meaning of correlation

Can research be biased

yes that is why we have double blind tests

Why are Socrates Plato and Aristotle the first phycologists

There were philosophers and they are the roots to modern Psychology

64. What crises does late adulthood provide?

Interspection, integrity vs despair

62. What crises does early adulthood provide

Intimacy vs isolation

39. What controversy has always surrounded the issue of Human development?

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41. What term does a psychologist use to determine human development?

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42. What made Piaget's theories so different from the other psychologists

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46. How are the senses developed when a child is born?

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49. Why is schema development so critical to a child?

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53. Why is it difficult to teach abstract ideas at this stage?

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54. Why do Asians have a tendency to do better academically

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What are the five key parts to critical thinking and scientific research?

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Why does Psychology appear to have far more theories on file than laws, as compared to the other sciences?

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Why is empirical study's more relevant that intuition

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Why were the works of the psychoanalysts more suspect than the work of Wundt and Fechnoer?

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43. At what stage can a fetus survive in the natural world?

7 month prenatal

inferential statistics

Interprets correlation study to see if statistically significant less than 5%

Why william is wundt the father of psychology

Because he had the first lab and he looked for the structure and how it functioned Structuralism-Basic structure and components how it's.made Functionalism-how it works basic of function

Why do research

Because it is a science and based on facts and testable reason

How was the Behavioral approach different from the psychoanalytical approach?

Behavioral study's conscience mind and behavioral how minds work

Describe the five types of research method

Case study - Intense study of a group or person extensive. · Experiment - Cause and effect no relationship. · Naturalistic - Observation (without letting subject knowing they are being observed). · Survey(questionnaire) - No money do it ~ Wide population · Correlation - Describes relationship between two things.

59. What are the three factors that affect gender roles

Culture/social factors, biological factors, cognitive factors, gender schemas

51. Do babies remember????? Why? What would be there stage of development?

Don't remember because of infantal amnesia

55. Why do babies possess different temperaments?

Due to genetics and racial background

Cite two factors in why psychologists study animals instead of humans?

Ethical reason, they are interesting

15. How is the evolutionary approach different from the cognitive approach?

Evolutionary says that because our ancestors did it we do it

16. Why is the Humanistic approach difficult to test or qualify as a legitimate scientific domain?

Extremely idealistic, claims that humans are naturally good.

All scientists, including psychologist are attempting to collect what to develop one's theories?

Facts based on obersevations

define : independent dependent confounded variable

Independent variable - The one that can be controlled and manipulated Cause of things Dependent Variable - The response of the independent variable Confounded Variable - unwanted variables that will corrupt study

How do individualist cultures differ from collectivist cultures

Individualist value personal rather than group goals

40. How did John Locke and Jacques Rousseau differ on their theories about human development

Locke believed in the tabula rasa blank slate, Rosseau used nature

60. Why is adolescence such a vibrant time for teenagers

Many changes

What is mEan median and mode

Mean - mathematical average · Median - middle · Mode - most occurring

Diff of nature vs nurture

Nature is based on genetics, nurture is based on exposure/environment

38. What impacts a person's human development

Nature(Jacques Rousseau) and nurture(John Locke)

35. If I determine a correlation between two variables, how does one determine the causal relationship between the two?

Negative = inverse relation. Positive = direct relation. Closer to 1 or -1 = strong relation. Closer to 0 = little to no correlation.

Why is it important to know range and standard deviation of a study

Not on test

Operational Definition -

Operational Definition - Picking abstract concepts and making it concrete so its measurable

58. What are the three types of social skills?

Recognize emotions, ability to engage in interactions with others, ability to be reflective

33. What does correlation determine?

Reveals/describes relations between variables . correlation is not causation

foundation of pychology

Science and reseach

What did wundt and titchener have In common

Structuralism

Importance of sampling

The Sample should reflect the entire group

7 subfields

Thumb - Psychodynamic - Freud Sex and Death Oral states unconscious Index Finger - Cognitive - Thought - Interpretation Middle Finger - Behavioral - Saw and learned it Ring finger - Humanistic - Love free will natural in humans Pinky - Biological - Chemistry brain composition Fist - Sociocultural - With everyone else 2nd Thumb - Evolutionary - Inheriting possess evolve

F a psychologists takes advantage of a wide variety of psychological approaches to practice his trade, he/she would be referred to as what type of psychologists?

To be ecclectic

Why do researchers have placebo

To sErve as control

What is best nature vs nurture studY

Twin and adoptions studies

What are the five key questions to critical thinking

What am i being asked to accept what evidence is available to support the assertion? Are the alternative ways of interpreting the evidence? What additional evidence would help to evaluate the alternatives? What conclusions are most reliable?

What did the gestaltists have in common

Whole is greater than the sum of parts the brain is one loo at the whole-acclucktick

Does "culture" impact psychological research? Explain

Yes culture influenced almost every part of peoples lives

50. What is the difference between assimilation and accommodation?

assimilation-trying out existing schemas on objects that fit those schemas Accommodation- modifying existing schemas

57. What are the three parenting styles of Baumrind

authoritarian authoritative passive

empirical

based on research

45. Why are women advised not to smoke or drink alcohol while being pregnant

because those substances are teratogens and can make it past the placenta and can cause birth defects and mental disability's

56. Does day care impact a child's emotional development

depends on the daycare some have been found to influence it positively others have been found to influence negatively

3 subfields of psychology

developmental Industrial -productivity in work Biolgical

genotype and phenotype

genotype - genetic traits Phenotype - physical traits

47. What are three reflexes the child possesses at birth?

grasping rooting sucking

validity

how much you can trust the research

3 most important descriptive stats

mean, median and mode