AP Study Set for 2/19

Which of the following statements is an accurate comparison of the Ottoman, Russian, and Qing Empires in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? A. Prior to their collapse, each of the empires attempted a series of Western- style reforms, but the ruling elites eventually failed to support the needed changes. B. Overexpansion of empires caused each to face economic turmoil as taxes were increased to pay for military expenditures. C. The Ottoman and Russian Empires survived because of the adoption of some Western- style reforms while the Qing failed because it refused to alter centuries of Chinese tradition. D. The Ottoman Empire and Qing dynasty both lost territory to aggressive European powers while Russia, acting as an aggressor, expanded its empire during this time.

A. Each empire failed to achieve reform because the basic economic, political, and social structures needed for successful change were not in place (no significant middle class, lack of legal protections for property, government accountability to a large segment of the population).

What statement best assesses how the Great Depression contributed to the beginning of World War II. A. New democratic governments failed to deal with the economic crisis caused by the Depression, allowing more radical political ideologies like fascism to take hold in their countries. B. The economic turmoil created the need to expand colonial possessions in order to secure scarce resources. C. The economic decline actually encouraged all nations to reduce military spending and attempt to maintain the peace much longer than in previous decades. D. Governments attempted to use military action to promote nationalism and to distract people from the failure of economic policies to alleviate the crisis.

A. People in Germany and Italy did not have faith in their new democratic governments and blamed them for many of their economic problems. This allowed more radical parties to take shape and become dominant forces within the nations. In both Italy and Germany, fascism rose to power initially through democratic elections, but in each case the fascist winners immediately moved to end true democratic institutions.

Which of the following best describes the Indian National Congress? A. A group of Indian nationalists who, disappointed in the failure of the 1857 rebellion/mutiny, banded together to organize opposition to British rule B. A group of educated Indians who joined together to press for greater autonomy within British India C. A radicalized group of Indians who banded together to promote attacks upon British authorities in India D. A pacifist movement organized by Indian Hindus to oppose outside influences in India

B. Many Indians who received a Western- style education wanted greater economic freedoms in their society and sought to adopt Western methods and ideologies to achieve them. The Indian National Congress established itself along the lines of a traditional political party like those in England.

During the 1960s and 1970s, which of the following contributed to the establishment and continuation of authoritarian governments in the developing world? A. The nonaligned movement B. Cold War tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States C. An abundance of cheap commodities and manufactured goods in the global market D. A decision by the United Nations to respect the sovereignty of each nation regardless of its political organization

B. The Soviets sought to establish Communist dictatorships wherever possible during this period, and the United States and its NATO allies were more often concerned with halting the expansion of Communism than with the establishment of democratic governments. The end of the Soviet Union saw a new emphasis on the West in spreading good governance and democratic institutions.

In what colony did slavery result in a successful slave rebellion that established an independent state? A. Brazil B. Haiti C. Colombia D. Jamaica

B. The unrest of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte allowed Haitian slaves to rebel against the French and win their independence. British opposition to Napoleon prevented an effective French response to the rebellion, thus allowing it to succeed.

The Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China each used Five- Year plans to A. map out a strategy for the expansion of Communist parties in other nations. B. develop stronger military cooperation between the two countries. C. manage economic policies for agricultural and manufacturing production. D. act as term limits to allow for changeover in political leadership.

C. Communism, a form of socialism, established government control over the economy. It was a command economic system. The five- year plans allowed for government planning of production by establishing quotas over agricultural and manufacturing production and distributing the resources of the state. The Soviet Union began the system under Vladimir Lenin, and China adopted it under Mao Zedong's leadership once his Communists had achieved victory over the Nationalists in 1949. The Chinese still adopt five- year economic policies, but their economy now operates more under the influence of market forces rather than government dictates.

Which of the following was NOT an aspect of the colonial struggle for independence between Algeria and France? A. The presence of large numbers of French citizens in the Algerian colony B. Divided public opinion in France over military action in Algeria C. Direct intervention by the Soviet Union in assistance to the Algerian rebels D. The use of terror attacks against French citizens in Algeria

C. During the Cold War, the superpowers of the United States and the Soviet Union often found themselves on different sides in local conflicts. However, very rarely did either directly get involved, preferring to support local groups instead of sending in their own armed forces. In Algeria, the Soviets lent political support at the United Nations for the rebels but did not become directly involved in the conflict.

During World War I, what new military technique led to unprecedented numbers of combat deaths? A. Submarine warfare B. Atomic weapons C. Trench warfare D. Aerial combat

C. The failure of the German invasion plans against France resulted in a stalemate along the western front. As both sides dug in, they found that the new weapons of the twentieth century allowed for killing on a scale never before imagined.

After seizing control of Egypt, what larger policy was promoted by Gamal Nasser in order to strengthen his position internationally? A. Pan- Africanism B. Communism C. Nonalignment D. Pan- Arabism

D. Nasser had ambitions to control a large secular Arab state, but while many Arabs agreed in principal in the idea of strength in numbers, the political elites of the various nations did not agree to turn power over to Nasser. The movement eventually collapsed.

Which of the following was a common result after independence was achieved in an African nation? A. Movement toward a representative government to integrate the various ethnic groups into a common society B. The deliberate isolation of the nation from international politics so as to avoid a new form of imperialism based on economic domination C. The establishment of strong regional alliances to promote economic growth without dependence on developed nations D. The breakdown of society into ethnic rivalries, leading to internal conflict

D. The Berlin Conference that established the colonial boundaries of Africa failed to consider the ethnic diversity of the African peoples. Independence movements generally united various tribal groups, but once independence was achieved, that unity almost always evaporated as each ethnicity looked to support its own position and turned against the other groups, often their traditional enemies. This produced devastating civil wars in Nigeria and many other nations beginning in the 1960s and continuing to the Rwandan genocide of the 1990s.