AP U.S History Chapter 10

Bill of Rights

Supported by the anti- Federalists , The first ten amendments to the Constitution

Washington's Cabinet

Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson Sec. of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton Sec. of War; Lindsay Knox

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

Jay Treaty

A treaty which offered little concessions from Britain to the U.S Jay was able to get Britain to say they would evacuate the chain of posts on U.S. soil and pay damages for recent seizures of American ships. This resulted in a vitalization of the Democratic-Republicans and Pinckney's Treaty with the Spanish.

Chesapeake Incident

An Incident that took place in 1807 off the coast of Virginia. A royal frigate overhauled a U.S frigate and demanded the surrender of four alleged deserters. The American commander refused the request. The British warship thereupon fired three devastating broadsides at close range killing three Americans and wounding eighteen. Significance: This incident aggravated the Americans and raised tension between the two countries. It also was a major event leading to the war of 1812.

treaty of Ghent

December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

Jeffersonians

Doesnt want strong federal government. Doesnt support B.U.S., Strong interpretation of the Constitution.

Judiciary Act of 1789

In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.

whiskey rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Battle of New Orleans

Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans on January 8, 1815; the War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S.

Revolution of 1800

Jefferson's view of his election to presidency. Jefferson claimed that the election of 1800 represented a return to what he considered the original spirit of the Revolution. Jefferson's goals for his revolution were to restore the republican experiment, check the growth of government power, and to halt the decay of virtue that had set in under Federalist rule.

Democratic Republicans

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank.

Virginia Resolution

Madison said a state could interpose, or place itself between the federal government and its citizens

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalists much influence.

Monroe Doctrine

N. America & S. America will no more be colonized, hegemony, ex. Guatemalans rule Guatemala.

Bank of the United states

Proposed by Alexander Hamilton as the basis of his economic plan. He proposed a powerful private institution, in which the government was the major stockholder. This would be a way to collect and amass the various taxes collected. It would also provide a strong and stable national currency. Jefferson vehemently opposed the bank; he thought it was un-constitutional. nevertheless, it was created. This issue brought about the issue of implied powers. It also helped start political parties, this being one of the major issues of the day.

Midnight Judges

The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.

Election of 1796

The person with the most electoral votes, John Adams, became President and the person with the second most electoral votes, Thomas Jefferson, became Vice President. A problem from this situation was that Adams and Jefferson belonged to different political parties, so political tensions were strong in the Executive Branch. In modern elections, presidential candidates choose their vice presidential candidates to run with them, so the situation in 1796 could not occur.

Executive Privilege

The power to keep executive communications confidential, especially if they relate to national security.

Alien and Sedition acts

These consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: the Naturalization Act, which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years; the Alien Act, which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens; the Alien Enemy Act, which allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at was with the US; and the Sedition Act, which made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. The first 3 were enacted in response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were considered subversives. The Sedition Act was an attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition, although only 25 people were ever arrested, and only 10 convicted, under the law. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to the Acts.

Embargo Act of 1807

This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.

Marbury v Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review.

Tariff of 1816

This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S. 1st protective tariff.

Virginia dynasty

Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809), James Madison (1809-1817), James Monroe (1817-1825). All presidents from virginia.

Henry Clay

United States politician responsible for the Missouri Compromise between free and slave states (1777-1852) Supported strong national bank, pro-business, protective tariffs, the American system, effective transportation.

Aaron Burr

United States politician who served as Vice President under Jefferson.

War Hawks

Western settlers who advocated war with Britain because they hoped to aquire Britain's northwest posts (and also Florida or even Canada) and because they felt the British were aiding the Indians and encouraging them to attack the Americans on the frontier. In Congress, the War Hawks were Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun.

The American System

a home-market system developed by Henry Clay that had a strong banking system, a protective tariff, and a network of roads and canals; the last component was very popular and very successful.

Judiciary Act of 1801

a law that increased the number of federal judges, allowing President John Adams to fill most of the new posts with Federalists

Era of good Feelings

a newspaper term used to describe the two terms of President James Monroe. during this period, ther was only one major political party, the democratic-republicans; it was therefore assumed that political discord had evaporated.

War of 1812

a war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France, Impressment of American sailors and resulted in AMERICAN NATIONALISM.

Missouri compromise

an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories.

Second Bank of the United states

chartered in 1816, much like its predecessor of 1791 but with more capital; it could not forbid state banks from issuing notes, but its size and power enabled it to compel the state banks to issue only sound notes or risk being forced out of business.

John Marshall

created the precedent of judicial review; ruled on many early decisions that gave the federal government more power, especially the supreme court.

XYZ Affair

incident of the late 1790s in which French secret agents demanded a bribe and a loan to France in lieu of negotiating a dispute over the Jay Treaty and other issues. Bribe to see French Prime Minister.

Land Act of 1820

inspired Democratic-Republicans, Make sure land is available (land = voting rights) drastically reduces cost of land, = self-reliance out in the west because your neighbors are so far away, less community, individualism & self-help books.

Non-Intercourse Act

it allowed Americans to carry or trade with all nations except for Britian and France, replaced Embargo Act of 1807.

two party system

political party system with two major political parties

Implied powers

powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution

Expressed Powers

powers that congress has that are specifically listed in the constitution

Duverger's Law

said that there is relationship between party system and representation (winner takes all, doesn't always represent the will of the people).

Samuel Chase

supreme court justice of whom the Democratic-Republican Congress tried to remove in retaliation of the John Marshall's decision regarding Marbury; was not removed due to a lack of votes in the Senate.

Assumption

the act of taking possession of or power over something

Neutrality Proclamation of 1793

the document that proclaimed American government's official neutrality in the wars and conflicts in Europe (particularly concerning the French, English, and Austrian) and encouraged American citizens to be impartial toward both armed camps; it proved largely controversial, both sides feeling a sense of betrayal, but it actually aided the French, ensuring that American exports to the West Indies would continue without obstruction from the British George Washington?

Elastic Clause "necessary and proper"

the part of the Constitution that permits Congress to make any laws "necessary and proper" to carrying out its powers Article 1, Section 8

Kentucky Resolution

written by jefferson; introduced nullification; states have right to judge laws made and if be, declare laws null and void