AP World: Chapter 23

Hindutva

A Hindu nationalist movement that became politically important in India in the 1980s; advocated a distinct Hindu identity and decried government efforts to accommodate other faith communities, particularly Islamic.

second-wave environmentalism

A movement that began in the 1960s and triggered environmental movements in Europe and North America. It was characterized by widespread grassroots involvement focused on issues such as pollution, resource depletion, protection of wildlife habitats, and nuclear power.

HIV/AIDS

A pathogen that spreads primarily through sexual contact, contaminated blood products, or the sharing of needles; after sparking a global pandemic in the 1980s, it spread rapidly across the globe and caused tens of millions of deaths.

Anthropocene era

A recently coined term denoting the "age of man," in general since the Industrial Revolution and more specifically since the mid-twentieth century. It refers to the unprecedented and enduring impact of human activity on the atmosphere, the geosphere, and the biosphere.

Holocene era

A warmer and often a wetter period that began approximately 12,000 years ago following the end of the last ice age. These environmental conditions were uniquely favorable for human thriving and enabled the development of agriculture, significant population growth, and the creation of complex civilizations.

postwar economic boom

After 1945, the _____ led to the revival and growth of cities in Western Europe, parts of Asia, and North America vs. communist countries (centralized common economies) migration to cities = restricted (Soviet Union & China)

population explosion

An extraordinarily rapid growth in human population during the twentieth century that quadrupled human numbers in little more than a century. Experienced primarily in the Global South.

Paris Climate Agreement

An international agreement negotiated in 2015 among some 195 countries, 700 cities, and many companies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions sufficiently to avoid a 2° C increase in global temperatures. The United States withdrew from the agreement in 2017.

North America and Europe; Latin America, Africa, and Asia

Continents that led the way with movement to cities (by 1950); continents that followed

world wars (World War II damaged cities in Western Europe, the Soviet Union, and East Asia vs. Latin America = rapid urban growth) and the Depression (in the first half of the centuries)

Factors that slowed the growth of cities

Green Revolution

Innovations in agriculture during the twentieth century, such as mechanical harvesters, chemical fertilizers, and the development of high-yielding crops, that enabled global food production to keep up with, and even exceed, growing human numbers.

from developing countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America to the industrialized world of Europe and North America

Most significant pattern of global migration since 1960s

Islamic radicalism

Movements that promote strict adherence to the Quran and the sharia, often in opposition to key elements of Western culture. Particularly prominent since the 1970s, such movements often present themselves as returning to an earlier expression of Islam. Examples include the Iranian revolution, Taliban, al-Qaeda, and Islamic State.

war, revolution, end of empire, emergence of new nation-states

New patterns of migration was driven by _____, which proved less tolerant of ethnic minorities than the empires that they replaced - collapse of Ottoman Empire = over million Greek Orthodox Christians from Turkey relocated to Greece, while large pop. Turkish-speaking Muslims living in Greece moved in other direction - Holocaust = Jews immigrated to now Israel => generating a flow of Palestinian refugees to settlements in neighboring countries - Indian independence from Britain (1947) = partition of the region along sectarian lines, forcing millions to migrate - Rwanda massacres by Hutus (1994) = minion Tutsis to flee, while their ultimate victor = larger flee of Hutus - Also in Vietnam, Cambodia, Sudan, Uganda, Cuba, Haiti, Iraq, Afghanistan, Syria

religious fundamentalism

Occurring within all the major world religions, fundamentalism is a self-proclaimed return to the alleged "fundamentals" of a religion and is marked by a militant piety, exclusivism, and a sense of threat from the modern secular world.

the developing countries of Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America

The distribution of the massive growth in population (population explosion) (around 90%) occurred in:

persecution

The emergence or strengthening of national identities during the 20th century has led some minorities face ____ (ex. Indonesia, huge numbers of ethnic Chinese killed/driven from country in 1965 for communist suspicions)

global urbanization

The explosive growth of cities after 1900, caused by the reduced need for rural labor and more opportunities for employment in manufacturing, commerce, government, and the service industry.

cultural globalization

The global spread of elements of popular culture such as film, language, and music from various places of origin, especially the spread of Western cultural forms to the rest of the world; has come to symbolize modernity, inclusion in global culture, and liberation or rebellion. It has prompted pushback from those who feel that established cultural traditions have been threatened.

labor migration

The movement of people, often illegally, into another country to escape poverty or violence and to seek opportunities for work that are less available in their own countries.

climate change

The warming of the planet largely caused by higher concentrations of "greenhouse gases," generated by the burning of fossil fuels. It has become the most pressing environmental issue of the early twenty-first century.

influenza pandemic

The worst pandemic in human history, caused by three waves of influenza that swept across the globe in 1918 and 1919, carried by demobilized soldiers, refugees, and other dislocated people returning home from World War I; between 50 million and 100 million people died in the pandemic.

megacities

Very large urban centers with populations of over 10 million; by 2017, there were thirty-seven such cities on five continents.

require to possess passports, categories to describe migrants (asylum seekers, guest workers, refugees, tourists, students, climate refugees, illegals, undocumented persons)

Ways states sought to control flow of migrants in 20th century, which helped create increases in refugees

globally dropping birth rates: - occurred first in more industrialized countries: more available birth control measures, more women educated and pursuing careers, large families = economically burdensome - seen in developing countries: urbanization, growing educational opportunities for girls, family-planning programs - China's one-child family policy (1980)

What factors led to the slowing rate of global population growth toward the end of the 20th century?

Negative: -large consumption of food, energy, and water = large emissions of sewage, garbage, carbon dioxide, and toxic substances -poorly serviced slums & loosely regulated manufacturing enterprises = ecological disasters & damaging health of residents Positive: -per person basis = sometimes reduced electricity consumption & carbon emissions (public transportation, energy-efficient residence, smaller families)

What impact did urbanization in the past century have on the environment?

mechanized farming and the Green Revolution

What reduced the need for rural labor even as population was growing rapidly, pushing many to migrate to cities?

lower death rates - infant mortality has dropped even more quickly since the 1960s - new medical technologies (antibiotics, disinfectants, vaccines, x-rays) - govts, colonial regimes, and international agencies (UN) established public health programs (mosquito control measures to reduce death from malaria & yellow fever, vaccination campaigns eradicated smallpox in 1977) -innovations in agriculture = food production able to keep up with growing global population

What specific factors allowed the human population to grow rapidly over the last century?

life expectancies were rising

What was happening as a result of people migrating to urban centers due to improving infrastructure and health care?

greatly increased agriculture output through the use of: - tractors & mechanical harvesters - use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides -development of high-yielding crops Impact = able to sustain population growth

What were the effects of the Green Revolution? The overall effect?

- number of migrants from Africa & Latin America grew significantly, while Europe (before a leading source of long-distance emigrants) became an important destination for immigrants -number of % of female migrants grew from 1920s

changes in migration patterns in the 20th century