ap world college board questions unit 1-4 & midterm review

In some but not all areas, the population was beginning to recover by 1400.

A comparison between the data for the three manors shown in the table best illustrates which of the following about the bubonic plague? A It was equally devastating across all areas of western Europe. B It had virtually no effect on the populations of some regions of England. C In some but not all areas, the population was beginning to recover by 1400. D In most areas, the population reverted to pre-1320 levels by 1400.

use religious ideas to highlight their political legitimacy and attack the legitimacy of their enemies

A historian would most likely interpret the rhetoric in the passage as evidence that rulers of imperial states in the period circa 1450-1750 continued to A use religious ideas to highlight their political legitimacy and attack the legitimacy of their enemies B prefer to resolve interstate conflicts through warfare rather than through diplomatic means C patronize religious establishments and preside over religious ceremonies D seek to unite forces to prevent the spread of secular ideas

Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire faced considerable restrictions on their religious practices, legal rights, and social freedoms.

All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which might best be used to undermine or modify the author's argument in the second paragraph? A Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire faced considerable restrictions on their religious practices, legal rights, and social freedoms. B Christian and Jewish communities in many other Muslim states in the period circa 1450-1750 enjoyed some of the same rights as Ottoman Christians and Jews did. C The Ottoman Empire was a preferred destination for Jews fleeing religious persecution in Europe, as well as for Protestant Christian groups fleeing Catholic persecution in Central and Eastern Europe. D Many Ottoman Christians and Jews achieved great financial success through commercial activities, including long-distance trade.

The development of religious syncretism as cultural traditions spread

Female figure on a crucifix, Kongo, western Africa, circa 1800 The object in Image 2 best illustrates which of the following cultural processes in the period circa 1450-1750? A The spread of Ethiopian cultural traditions in West Africa B The influence of the Columbian Exchange on artistic traditions C The development of religious syncretism as cultural traditions spread D The intensification of pre-existing religious conflicts and rivalries

Political, religious, and economic rivalries shaped European colonial policies in Africa.

The contents of the letter are best understood in the context of which of the following aspects of the historical situation in sub-Saharan Africa in the early 1600s? A Political, religious, and economic rivalries shaped European colonial policies in Africa. B State centralization in Europe led to a change from joint-stock company control to direct imperial control in many colonial territories. C The arrival of Europeans led to the conquest and destruction of many native African states. D Religious conflicts stemming from the spread of Islam from North Africa made sub-Saharan African states vulnerable to European conquest.

was highly fortified against outside attacks

The thirteenth-century map of Constantinople shown above indicates that the city A was located on an island B was highly fortified against outside attacks C tolerated many religions D looked down on trade and commerce E valued and rewarded people of all classes

The Ottoman and Safavid empires fought numerous wars for control over Iraq, Syria, and other regions of the Middle East.

Which of the following aspects of the international situation in early sixteenth-century southwest Asia is most relevant to understanding Sultan Selim's letter? A The Ottoman and Safavid empires fought numerous wars for control over Iraq, Syria, and other regions of the Middle East. B Both the Ottoman and Safavid empires developed extensive trade connections with European states and states in the Indian Ocean region. C Both the Ottoman and Safavid empires made use of gunpowder weapons in the course of their territorial expansion. D The Ottoman and Safavid empires brought a high degree of centralization to parts of southwest Asia that had been politically fragmented before.

The intensification of regional trade networks in East and South Asia

"Emperor Zhengzong, being deeply concerned with agriculture, came to know that the Champa rice was drought resistant and that the green lentils of India were famous for their heavy yield and large seeds. Special envoys, bringing precious things, were dispatched with a view to securing these varieties.... When the first harvests were reaped in the autumn, the emperor called his closest ministers to taste them and compose poems for Champa rice and Indian green lentils." Shu Wenying, Buddhist monk, China, eleventh century C.E. Which of the following made possible the Chinese cultivation of the staple crops described in the passage? A The creation of new forms of governance in China during the Song dynasty B The intensification of regional trade networks in East and South Asia C The diffusion of Buddhism into China D The creation of diasporic trade communities along the Silk Road

To establish the griot's authority by connecting him to the past

"I am a griot ... we are vessels of speech; we are the repositories which harbor secrets many centuries old. Without us the names of kings would vanish into oblivion. We are the memory of mankind; by the spoken word we bring to life the deeds and exploits of kings for younger generations. ... I teach kings the history of their ancestors so that the lives of the ancients might serve them as an example, for the world is old, but the future springs from the past." An African griot (storyteller), circa 1950, introducing the oral epic of King Sundiata of Mali, composed circa 1400 C.E. The introduction by the griot is intended to serve which of the following purposes? A To establish the griot's authority by connecting him to the past B To exalt the Malian kings above previous dynasties C To highlight the griot's unique abilities as compared to other griots D To portray Mali as a progressive society that is improving on the past

The fragmented, decentralized nature of European feudal monarchies

"I, Edward, by the grace of God king of England, sent this decree to the reverend father in Christ William, by the grace of God archbishop of Canterbury, supreme Church leader of all England: Know that, because of the great number of people who died in the recent pestilence, those who survive see that masters need servants, which have become scarce, and so they now refuse to serve as workmen unless they receive excessive wages. That is why, I, considering the grave inconveniences that might come from the lack of such workmen, especially plowmen, and after consultations with the nobles and clergy of the realm, have decided that every man and woman of our realm of England shall be required to serve his or her lord at the wages that were provided five years ago, in the year 1346. The lords are entitled to keep their serfs. If any such serf, man or woman, who is required to serve their lord will not do so, they shall be immediately committed to jail." King Edward III of England, the Statute of Laborers, royal decree, 1351 The process of "consultations with the nobles and clergy of the realm" in the making of Edward III's decree best reflects which of the following? A The emergence of the concept that parliaments, rather than kings, had ultimate political authority in European states B The fragmented, decentralized nature of European feudal monarchies C The legacy of Roman imperial political traditions on medieval European states D European rulers' practice of making harsh legislation more palatable by claiming it was part of God's will

The deep influence of Christianity on medieval society and culture

"I, Edward, by the grace of God king of England, sent this decree to the reverend father in Christ William, by the grace of God archbishop of Canterbury, supreme Church leader of all England: Know that, because of the great number of people who died in the recent pestilence, those who survive see that masters need servants, which have become scarce, and so they now refuse to serve as workmen unless they receive excessive wages. That is why, I, considering the grave inconveniences that might come from the lack of such workmen, especially plowmen, and after consultations with the nobles and clergy of the realm, have decided that every man and woman of our realm of England shall be required to serve his or her lord at the wages that were provided five years ago, in the year 1346. The lords are entitled to keep their serfs. If any such serf, man or woman, who is required to serve their lord will not do so, they shall be immediately committed to jail." King Edward III of England, the Statute of Laborers, royal decree, 1351 The terminology used in the opening sentence of the decree was most directly influenced by which of the following? A The notion that the Pope is the supreme leader of the Church B The medieval rules of chivalry and courtly etiquette C The deep influence of Christianity on medieval society and culture D The slow and uncertain nature of communications in medieval Europe

the agrarian nature of medieval European economies and their reliance on coerced labor

"I, Edward, by the grace of God king of England, sent this decree to the reverend father in Christ William, by the grace of God archbishop of Canterbury, supreme Church leader of all England: Know that, because of the great number of people who died in the recent pestilence, those who survive see that masters need servants, which have become scarce, and so they now refuse to serve as workmen unless they receive excessive wages. That is why, I, considering the grave inconveniences that might come from the lack of such workmen, especially plowmen, and after consultations with the nobles and clergy of the realm, have decided that every man and woman of our realm of England shall be required to serve his or her lord at the wages that were provided five years ago, in the year 1346. The lords are entitled to keep their serfs. If any such serf, man or woman, who is required to serve their lord will not do so, they shall be immediately committed to jail." King Edward III of England, the Statute of Laborers, royal decree, 1351 The need for legal action to address the "grave inconveniences" that might result from the labor shortages described in the passage most likely resulted from A the agrarian nature of medieval European economies and their reliance on coerced labor B the inability of members of the nobility and other feudal lords to take direct legal action against their workers and serfs C the high social rank and economic standing of plowmen in medieval English society D the presence of guild regulations prohibiting agricultural laborers from working more than a certain number of hours each week

in Vedic religions, rejecting worldly concerns in order to attain spiritual perfection was considered a virtue.

"I, the reverend Buddhist teacher Dharmasekhara, dedicated this statue of the bodhisattva Amoghapasa* on the orders of His Majesty King Adityawarman, for the benefit and salvation and happiness of all creatures. Hail to the King—experienced in the arts of war, well versed in the sciences, he is an ocean of all virtues practiced by the followers of the Buddha! He is free from all physical desire. Hail to the King—he who supports the entire world. He has collected jewels by the millions, taken them from the hands of his enemies among the other rulers of this world. He who is like God among kings, crowned, protected by heavenly beings, King of kings! He orders what should be known to all!" Sanskrit inscription on a statue of a bodhisattva produced in the Malayapura kingdom, Sumatra, Indonesia, circa 1350 c.e. *a major figure worshipped in Mahayana Buddhism The claim in the second paragraph that the king has become "free from all physical desire" can best be understood to mean that A Southeast Asian states' ruling elites were very wealthy. B in Vedic religions, rejecting worldly concerns in order to attain spiritual perfection was considered a virtue. C Buddhist monks and nuns in Southeast Asian societies were required to maintain an ascetic lifestyle. D Hindus believed that members of each caste had different rights and responsibilities.

Statues of Buddhist divine figures could spiritually benefit everyone.

"I, the reverend Buddhist teacher Dharmasekhara, dedicated this statue of the bodhisattva Amoghapasa* on the orders of His Majesty King Adityawarman, for the benefit and salvation and happiness of all creatures. Hail to the King—experienced in the arts of war, well versed in the sciences, he is an ocean of all virtues practiced by the followers of the Buddha! He is free from all physical desire. Hail to the King—he who supports the entire world. He has collected jewels by the millions, taken them from the hands of his enemies among the other rulers of this world. He who is like God among kings, crowned, protected by heavenly beings, King of kings! He orders what should be known to all!" Sanskrit inscription on a statue of a bodhisattva produced in the Malayapura kingdom, Sumatra, Indonesia, circa 1350 c.e. *a major figure worshipped in Mahayana Buddhism Which of the following best describes a claim made in the first paragraph of the inscription? A King Adityawarman was a bodhisattva. B King Adityawarman was a Buddhist teacher. C Statues of Buddhist divine figures could spiritually benefit everyone. D Statues of Buddhist teachers were revered by rulers and common people.

His spiritual attributes and worldly achievements made him a powerful and legitimate ruler.

"I, the reverend Buddhist teacher Dharmasekhara, dedicated this statue of the bodhisattva Amoghapasa* on the orders of His Majesty King Adityawarman, for the benefit and salvation and happiness of all creatures. Hail to the King—experienced in the arts of war, well versed in the sciences, he is an ocean of all virtues practiced by the followers of the Buddha! He is free from all physical desire. Hail to the King—he who supports the entire world. He has collected jewels by the millions, taken them from the hands of his enemies among the other rulers of this world. He who is like God among kings, crowned, protected by heavenly beings, King of kings! He orders what should be known to all!" Sanskrit inscription on a statue of a bodhisattva produced in the Malayapura kingdom, Sumatra, Indonesia, circa 1350 c.e. *a major figure worshipped in Mahayana Buddhism Which of the following is an argument in the second paragraph of the inscription regarding King Adityawarman? A His spiritual attributes and worldly achievements made him a powerful and legitimate ruler. B His attention to the welfare of all of his subjects made him a caring and legitimate ruler. C His conquest of all of the surrounding kingdoms in Indonesia made him a legitimate ruler. D His knowledge of science and ships in an island kingdom made him an effective and legitimate ruler.

The influx of silver from the Americas into the Spanish economy

"In countries where there is a great scarcity of money, all other saleable goods, and even the labor of men, are given for less money than [in countries] where money is abundant. Thus we see by experience that in France (where money is scarcer than in Spain) bread, wine, cloth, and labor, are worth much less. And even in Spain, in [recent] times when money was scarcer than it is now, saleable goods and labor were given for much less." Martín de Azpilcueta Navarro, Spanish scholar, treatise, 1556. Navarro's economic observations expressed in the passage above are best understood in the context of which of the following? A The Spanish-Portuguese colonial rivalry in the Atlantic B The influx of silver from the Americas into the Spanish economy C The practice of governments devaluing their currencies by reducing the proportion of precious metals in their coins D The beginning of large-scale importation of silver by China from Spanish mines in the Americas

Some African states' religious traditions continued to be influenced by cultural transfers dating back to earlier centuries.

"In that year [1450 c.e.] there came to Naples a three-man embassy from the King of Ethiopia to His Highness, our King Alfonso. Among the ambassadors was a certain Pietro Rombulo, an Italian, native of the city of Messina. This Pietro claimed that he had lived among the Ethiopians for over 40 years. And he described to me how in Ethiopia there are innumerable Christians—since both the people and the king there worship Christ—among whom he had been able to live a good Christian life safely and honorably. The ruler of Ethiopia, King David, whom they call Zara Yacob, was said by the ambassadors to be the most civilized, the most just, and the most pious of princes." Pietro Ranzano, Catholic Church official in Naples and Sicily, universal history written circa 1480 Which of the following continuities in the development of African states in the period circa 1200-1450 most likely explains the prevalence of Christianity in Ethiopia? A Some African states' religious traditions continued to be influenced by cultural transfers dating back to earlier centuries. B Some African states were famous for their religious toleration and for allowing multiple religious traditions to coexist in their territories. C African states' official religions were typically syncretic mixtures of several different religious traditions. D While African populations mostly continued to adhere to indigenous polytheistic religions, African political elites often adopted monotheistic religions such as Christianity and Islam.

Despite geographical barriers, some African states were able to maintain diplomatic and cultural contacts with the broader Afro-Eurasian world.

"In that year [1450 c.e.] there came to Naples a three-man embassy from the King of Ethiopia to His Highness, our King Alfonso. Among the ambassadors was a certain Pietro Rombulo, an Italian, native of the city of Messina. This Pietro claimed that he had lived among the Ethiopians for over 40 years. And he described to me how in Ethiopia there are innumerable Christians—since both the people and the king there worship Christ—among whom he had been able to live a good Christian life safely and honorably. The ruler of Ethiopia, King David, whom they call Zara Yacob, was said by the ambassadors to be the most civilized, the most just, and the most pious of princes." Pietro Ranzano, Catholic Church official in Naples and Sicily, universal history written circa 1480 Which of the following was a continuity in the development of African states in the period circa 1200-1450 ? A African states such as Ethiopia maintained close contacts with South and East Asian states across the Indian Ocean but rarely had contacts with Europe. B Despite geographical barriers, some African states were able to maintain diplomatic and cultural contacts with the broader Afro-Eurasian world. C Most African states rejected traditional forms of international diplomacy, such as dynastic marriages and tribute payments. D African states needed to maintain friendly diplomatic relations with Europe in order to expand their empires.

They used religion and laws to bolster their legitimacy.

"In that year [1450 c.e.] there came to Naples a three-man embassy from the King of Ethiopia to His Highness, our King Alfonso. Among the ambassadors was a certain Pietro Rombulo, an Italian, native of the city of Messina. This Pietro claimed that he had lived among the Ethiopians for over 40 years. And he described to me how in Ethiopia there are innumerable Christians—since both the people and the king there worship Christ—among whom he had been able to live a good Christian life safely and honorably. The ruler of Ethiopia, King David, whom they call Zara Yacob, was said by the ambassadors to be the most civilized, the most just, and the most pious of princes." Pietro Ranzano, Catholic Church official in Naples and Sicily, universal history written circa 1480 Which of the following was a key similarity in the policies of the rulers of African states such as Ethiopia in the period circa 1200-1450 ? A They granted their subjects unrestricted freedom of speech. B They used religion and laws to bolster their legitimacy. C They faced challenges to their power from powerful merchant elites. D They sought to achieve economic self-sufficiency by restricting trade contacts with other societies.

prohibited nobles and priests from wearing certain types of exotic goods reserved for rulers

"One of the most important aspects of the Maya economy was the exchange of exotic goods. Maya rulers and elites needed such goods to maintain and reinforce their social status and power. Many of these goods were used in the formal dress of kings, nobles, and priests. Without them, the elites could not carry out the rituals that were their principal duties in the eyes of the people. Jaguar pelts, fine textiles, feathers, and other such products were exchanged over long distances within the Maya lowlands. . . . Such items were probably exchanged as dowry, gifts at royal marriages, coronations, funerals, or at religious pilgrimages. Exotic goods were also probably given as tribute to rulers by their vassals. These high-status goods held together the Maya world and unified patterns of behavior in religion, science, and warfare. Their exchange surely went hand in hand with exchanges of information, including scientific knowledge, early writing, and, most importantly, models of political organization." Arthur Demarest, United States anthropologist, Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization, 2004 The author directly uses all of the following pieces of evidence to support his argument about the relationship between exotic goods and the power of Maya rulers EXCEPT that Maya rulers A used exotic goods to carry out rituals that their subjects expected them to perform B prohibited nobles and priests from wearing certain types of exotic goods reserved for rulers C used exotic goods in royal coronations D received exotic goods as tribute payments from vassals

The existence of unified patterns of behavior in warfare, science, and religion

"One of the most important aspects of the Maya economy was the exchange of exotic goods. Maya rulers and elites needed such goods to maintain and reinforce their social status and power. Many of these goods were used in the formal dress of kings, nobles, and priests. Without them, the elites could not carry out the rituals that were their principal duties in the eyes of the people. Jaguar pelts, fine textiles, feathers, and other such products were exchanged over long distances within the Maya lowlands. . . . Such items were probably exchanged as dowry, gifts at royal marriages, coronations, funerals, or at religious pilgrimages. Exotic goods were also probably given as tribute to rulers by their vassals. These high-status goods held together the Maya world and unified patterns of behavior in religion, science, and warfare. Their exchange surely went hand in hand with exchanges of information, including scientific knowledge, early writing, and, most importantly, models of political organization." Arthur Demarest, United States anthropologist, Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization, 2004 Which of the following does the author cite most directly to support his argument in the third paragraph about the importance of exotic goods in the Maya region? A The existence of sophisticated astronomical tables B The emergence of a unified Maya kingdom based on new political models C The emergence of new systems of writing based on earlier Mesoamerican systems D The existence of unified patterns of behavior in warfare, science, and religion

The activities of Sufi missionaries

"The adoption of the mamluk* institutions by the Abbasids was followed almost immediately by [the] . . . disintegration of the state. . . . The disintegration of the Abbasid state was an intensely painful process in which it seemed at times as if the very venture of Islam was coming to an end, like that of Alexander the Great before it. . . . Indeed, that Islam was soon to disappear was the very premise upon which the [Shi'ite] revolutionaries held out their promise of a moral and material recovery: nothing less . . . could now save the marriage between religion and power to which the Islamic [state] owed its existence." *an Arabic term designating an enslaved person, in this case, a slave soldier of Turkic origin Patricia Crone, Danish-American historian of Islamic history, Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity, 1980 Despite the disintegration of the Abbasid Caliphate, Islam continued to spread across Afro-Eurasia in the period 1200-1450 primarily because of which of the following? A The conquest of the Christian Crusader States in the Levant B The activities of Sufi missionaries C The voyages of the Muslim eunuch Zheng He D The translation activities of Muslim scholars

Exotic goods were exchanged over long distances within the Maya lowlands.

"One of the most important aspects of the Maya economy was the exchange of exotic goods. Maya rulers and elites needed such goods to maintain and reinforce their social status and power. Many of these goods were used in the formal dress of kings, nobles, and priests. Without them, the elites could not carry out the rituals that were their principal duties in the eyes of the people. Jaguar pelts, fine textiles, feathers, and other such products were exchanged over long distances within the Maya lowlands. . . . Such items were probably exchanged as dowry, gifts at royal marriages, coronations, funerals, or at religious pilgrimages. Exotic goods were also probably given as tribute to rulers by their vassals. These high-status goods held together the Maya world and unified patterns of behavior in religion, science, and warfare. Their exchange surely went hand in hand with exchanges of information, including scientific knowledge, early writing, and, most importantly, models of political organization." Arthur Demarest, United States anthropologist, Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization, 2004 Which of the following pieces of evidence most strongly supports the author's conclusion about the importance of exotic goods to the Maya region's economy? A Exotic goods were exchanged over long distances within the Maya lowlands. B Exotic goods were traded between the Maya city-states and neighboring states. C The exchange of exotic goods went hand in hand with the exchange of information. D The Maya region depended on the trade in exotic goods because of relatively low levels of agricultural production.

the influence of indigenous African political practices

"The East African coast was certainly known to the people of Arabia by the eighth century b.c.e. In fact, the ancient Southern Arabian state of Ausan traded extensively there and may have actually held a portion of the coast. Traders who reached the coast discovered a number of potentially valuable raw materials there. Among these were spices, tortoise shell, coconut oil, ivory, and later, gold and slaves. It was not until almost 1000 c.e., however, that the first important commercial city-states emerged along the coast. These city-states fluctuated in wealth and prestige as they competed for coastal hegemony. Because of their way of life, they tended to have a broad regional perspective. Their destinies and fortunes were at least partly determined in distant lands by foreign merchants and rulers. Information on early political aspects of East African states remains very limited. We know that they had kings or sultans, who wielded a good deal of power. Sultans were advised by councils of princes, elders, and members of the ruling household. It seems probable that the sultan and his close relatives controlled the religious and military offices of the state." Terry H. Elkiss, historian, "Kilwa Kisiwani: The Rise of an East African City-State," article published in African Studies Review, a scholarly journal, 1973. The coexistence of rulers and councils of elders in African states in the period circa 1200-1450 best demonstrates A an attempt to imitate the feudal governments of European states and East Asian empires B the influence of indigenous African political practices C an adaptation to the climatic conditions of the East African coast D a reflection of the hardships and uncertainties faced by Muslim seaborne traders

the long-term continuities in state building in coastal East Africa

"The East African coast was certainly known to the people of Arabia by the eighth century b.c.e. In fact, the ancient Southern Arabian state of Ausan traded extensively there and may have actually held a portion of the coast. Traders who reached the coast discovered a number of potentially valuable raw materials there. Among these were spices, tortoise shell, coconut oil, ivory, and later, gold and slaves. It was not until almost 1000 c.e., however, that the first important commercial city-states emerged along the coast. These city-states fluctuated in wealth and prestige as they competed for coastal hegemony. Because of their way of life, they tended to have a broad regional perspective. Their destinies and fortunes were at least partly determined in distant lands by foreign merchants and rulers. Information on early political aspects of East African states remains very limited. We know that they had kings or sultans, who wielded a good deal of power. Sultans were advised by councils of princes, elders, and members of the ruling household. It seems probable that the sultan and his close relatives controlled the religious and military offices of the state." Terry H. Elkiss, historian, "Kilwa Kisiwani: The Rise of an East African City-State," article published in African Studies Review, a scholarly journal, 1973. The example of an ancient Arabian state that traded extensively and controlled territories on the East African coast can best be used as evidence of A the contributions of East Africa to the development of Eurasian religions B the long-term continuities in state building in coastal East Africa C the importance of the East African coast in the development of African national identities D the technological and logistical challenges faced by Eurasian merchants trying to reach the East African coast

Long-distance trade

"The East African coast was certainly known to the people of Arabia by the eighth century b.c.e. In fact, the ancient Southern Arabian state of Ausan traded extensively there and may have actually held a portion of the coast. Traders who reached the coast discovered a number of potentially valuable raw materials there. Among these were spices, tortoise shell, coconut oil, ivory, and later, gold and slaves. It was not until almost 1000 c.e., however, that the first important commercial city-states emerged along the coast. These city-states fluctuated in wealth and prestige as they competed for coastal hegemony. Because of their way of life, they tended to have a broad regional perspective. Their destinies and fortunes were at least partly determined in distant lands by foreign merchants and rulers. Information on early political aspects of East African states remains very limited. We know that they had kings or sultans, who wielded a good deal of power. Sultans were advised by councils of princes, elders, and members of the ruling household. It seems probable that the sultan and his close relatives controlled the religious and military offices of the state." Terry H. Elkiss, historian, "Kilwa Kisiwani: The Rise of an East African City-State," article published in African Studies Review, a scholarly journal, 1973. The interregional connections of states such as those on the East African coast can best be used as an illustration of the continued importance of which of the following? A International diplomacy B Polytheistic religions C Long-distance trade D Patriarchal gender norms

The Abbasid state was headed by a caliph who was both the state's supreme religious and political leader.

"The adoption of the mamluk* institutions by the Abbasids was followed almost immediately by [the] . . . disintegration of the state. . . . The disintegration of the Abbasid state was an intensely painful process in which it seemed at times as if the very venture of Islam was coming to an end, like that of Alexander the Great before it. . . . Indeed, that Islam was soon to disappear was the very premise upon which the [Shi'ite] revolutionaries held out their promise of a moral and material recovery: nothing less . . . could now save the marriage between religion and power to which the Islamic [state] owed its existence." *an Arabic term designating an enslaved person, in this case, a slave soldier of Turkic origin Patricia Crone, Danish-American historian of Islamic history, Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity, 1980 The combination between religious and political aspects in the Abbasid state's concept of governance is best reflected in which of the following? A The Abbasid state had an influential Sunni religious class that often came into conflict with the state. B The Abbasid state often allowed local rulers considerable autonomy. C The Abbasid state patronized the construction of religious buildings such as mosques. D The Abbasid state was headed by a caliph who was both the state's supreme religious and political leader.

The rise of Turkic states

"The adoption of the mamluk* institutions by the Abbasids was followed almost immediately by [the] . . . disintegration of the state. . . . The disintegration of the Abbasid state was an intensely painful process in which it seemed at times as if the very venture of Islam was coming to an end, like that of Alexander the Great before it. . . . Indeed, that Islam was soon to disappear was the very premise upon which the [Shi'ite] revolutionaries held out their promise of a moral and material recovery: nothing less . . . could now save the marriage between religion and power to which the Islamic [state] owed its existence." *an Arabic term designating an enslaved person, in this case, a slave soldier of Turkic origin Patricia Crone, Danish-American historian of Islamic history, Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity, 1980 The disintegration of the Abbasid Caliphate most directly led to which of the following political developments in the Islamic world in the thirteenth century? A The Russian conquest of Central Asia B The rise of Turkic states C The conversion of most of the Islamic world to Shi'a Islam D The collapse of trade along the Silk Road networks

The Mali Empire

"The eleventh king of the sultanate of Kano* was Yaji Ali [reigned 1349-1385]. In Yaji's time merchants came from the north bringing Islam. They commanded the king Yaji to observe the times of prayer. He complied, and made one man an imam (prayer leader) and another a muezzin (the person reciting the call to prayer from a mosque). The king commanded every town in his kingdom to observe the times of prayer. So they all did so. A mosque was built beneath the sacred tree facing east, and prayers were made at the five appointed times in it. The nineteenth king of the Hausa kingdom was Yakubu [reigned 1452-1463]. He was a good king. In his time traders came to Kano from Mali bringing with them books on Islamic divinity and the study of the Arabic language. Formerly our religious scholars had, in addition to the Qur'an, only a few books of Islamic law. At this time too, salt became common in Kano. In the following year merchants from the region of Gwanja in the south began coming, and from the north Berbers** came in large numbers, and a colony of Arabs arrived." *a West African state established by the Hausa people of present-day northern Nigeria **ethnic group from the western part of North Africa Excerpts from The Kano Chronicle, an oral tradition that records the exploits of the kings of Kano, written down in the late nineteenth century The spread of Islam into sub-Saharan West Africa in the period circa 1200-1450 was mostly a result of the conversion of the rulers of which of the following states? A Mamluk Egypt B The Mongol khanates C The Ming dynasty D The Mali Empire

trans-Saharan trade routes

"The eleventh king of the sultanate of Kano* was Yaji Ali [reigned 1349-1385]. In Yaji's time merchants came from the north bringing Islam. They commanded the king Yaji to observe the times of prayer. He complied, and made one man an imam (prayer leader) and another a muezzin (the person reciting the call to prayer from a mosque). The king commanded every town in his kingdom to observe the times of prayer. So they all did so. A mosque was built beneath the sacred tree facing east, and prayers were made at the five appointed times in it. The nineteenth king of the Hausa kingdom was Yakubu [reigned 1452-1463]. He was a good king. In his time traders came to Kano from Mali bringing with them books on Islamic divinity and the study of the Arabic language. Formerly our religious scholars had, in addition to the Qur'an, only a few books of Islamic law. At this time too, salt became common in Kano. In the following year merchants from the region of Gwanja in the south began coming, and from the north Berbers** came in large numbers, and a colony of Arabs arrived." *a West African state established by the Hausa people of present-day northern Nigeria **ethnic group from the western part of North Africa Excerpts from The Kano Chronicle, an oral tradition that records the exploits of the kings of Kano, written down in the late nineteenth century The integration of West African states into wider regional and transregional economic networks in the period circa 1200-1450 was carried out mostly via the A Swahili coast trade routes B Silk Road trade networks C trans-Saharan trade routes D Indian Ocean trade routes

Ideas about the role of divine providence in human affairs

"This spring, those Indians who lived in their trading house here fell sick with smallpox, and died most miserably. They fear smallpox more than any other disease because it is very common among them. The condition of this people was so lamentable, and they suffered so greatly from this disease that they were, in the end, not able to help each other, or make a fire, or fetch water to drink. Those of us in the English settlement, seeing their woeful and sad condition, took pity on the Indians and daily fetched them wood and water, and food. Nonetheless, very few of the Indians survived. But by the marvelous goodness of God, not one of the English colonists was stricken or infected by the disease at all, though many performed these favors for the Indians for weeks." William Bradford, English settler in the Plymouth Colony in North America, diary entry for the year 1633 The author invokes which of the following to support his claim that smallpox's impact on European settlers was different from its impact on Native Americans? A Pseudoscientific theories of European racial superiority B Evidence from population genetics C Ideas about the role of divine providence in human affairs D Protestant ideas about hard work and economic success as markers of personal virtue

The author's statement that no English settlers fell ill, even though "many performed these favors for the Indians for weeks"

"This spring, those Indians who lived in their trading house here fell sick with smallpox, and died most miserably. They fear smallpox more than any other disease because it is very common among them. The condition of this people was so lamentable, and they suffered so greatly from this disease that they were, in the end, not able to help each other, or make a fire, or fetch water to drink. Those of us in the English settlement, seeing their woeful and sad condition, took pity on the Indians and daily fetched them wood and water, and food. Nonetheless, very few of the Indians survived. But by the marvelous goodness of God, not one of the English colonists was stricken or infected by the disease at all, though many performed these favors for the Indians for weeks." William Bradford, English settler in the Plymouth Colony in North America, diary entry for the year 1633 The passage implies that the author was aware of smallpox being an infectious disease. Which of the following can best be cited as evidence of that claim? A The author's statement that Native Americans lived in a "trading house" near the English settlement B The author's statement that smallpox was so debilitating that those afflicted with it could not "make a fire, or fetch water to drink" C The author's statement that the English settlers "took pity" at the sight of the Native Americans' suffering D The author's statement that no English settlers fell ill, even though "many performed these favors for the Indians for weeks"

the English settlers tried to help the Native Americans who were afflicted with smallpox

"This spring, those Indians who lived in their trading house here fell sick with smallpox, and died most miserably. They fear smallpox more than any other disease because it is very common among them. The condition of this people was so lamentable, and they suffered so greatly from this disease that they were, in the end, not able to help each other, or make a fire, or fetch water to drink. Those of us in the English settlement, seeing their woeful and sad condition, took pity on the Indians and daily fetched them wood and water, and food. Nonetheless, very few of the Indians survived. But by the marvelous goodness of God, not one of the English colonists was stricken or infected by the disease at all, though many performed these favors for the Indians for weeks." William Bradford, English settler in the Plymouth Colony in North America, diary entry for the year 1633 The author uses all of the following as evidence to support his argument about the impact of smallpox on Native American populations EXCEPT A many Native Americans who contracted smallpox died from it B the English settlers tried to help the Native Americans who were afflicted with smallpox C the Native Americans feared smallpox more than any other disease D smallpox was widespread among Native Americans

Invading armies establishing and maintaining a separate community, as illustrated by the European crusader kingdoms in the Middle East

"Throughout its history, Central Asia has provided the ancient civilized empires on its borders with new Shahs, Sultans, or Sons of Heaven. These periodic invasions by the nomads of the steppe, whose khans ascended the thrones of Changan, Luoyang, Kaifeng, or Beijing*, of Isfahan or Tabriz**, Delhi or Constantinople, became one of the geographic laws of history. But there was another, opposing law which brought about the slow absorption of the invaders by the ancient civilized lands. The civilizations of China and Persia, though conquered, would in the long run vanquish their conquerors, intoxicating them with the pleasures of settled life, lulling them to sleep, and assimilating them culturally. Often, only fifty years after a conquest, the culturally Sinicized or Persianized former barbarian would be the first to stand guard over his adopted civilization and protect it against fresh nomadic onslaughts." Which of the following developments in the period circa 1250-1450 represents a situation that did not lead to conquerors assimilating into the cultures of the conquered societies? A Invading armies establishing and maintaining a separate community, as illustrated by the European crusader kingdoms in the Middle East B Merchants establishing diasporic communities and introducing their own traditions into the indigenous cultures, as illustrated by South Asian Muslim merchants spreading Islam to the islands of Southeast Asia C Settled societies successfully resisting nomadic encroachments, as illustrated by the Mamluks of Egypt defeating the Mongols or Muscovy expelling the Golden Horde from Russia D Conquering states fragmenting into several units because of political and social friction, as illustrated by the breakup of the Mongol Empire into individual khanates

the initial diffusion of Buddhism and Christianity to East Asia

"Throughout its history, Central Asia has provided the ancient civilized empires on its borders with new Shahs, Sultans, or Sons of Heaven. These periodic invasions by the nomads of the steppe, whose khans ascended the thrones of Changan, Luoyang, Kaifeng, or Beijing*, of Isfahan or Tabriz**, Delhi or Constantinople, became one of the geographic laws of history. But there was another, opposing law which brought about the slow absorption of the invaders by the ancient civilized lands. The civilizations of China and Persia, though conquered, would in the long run vanquish their conquerors, intoxicating them with the pleasures of settled life, lulling them to sleep, and assimilating them culturally. Often, only fifty years after a conquest, the culturally Sinicized or Persianized former barbarian would be the first to stand guard over his adopted civilization and protect it against fresh nomadic onslaughts." *capital cities of various Chinese dynasties **capital cities of various Persian dynasties René Grousset, French historian of Central Asia, The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia, 1939 The Mongol conquests resulted in all of the following developments EXCEPT A a revival of trade on the overland Silk Roads B transfers of scientific and technological knowledge C the initial diffusion of Buddhism and Christianity to East Asia D the spread of pathogens across Eurasia, including the bubonic plague

The rulers of the Yuan dynasty adopting Chinese court culture and methods of rule

"Throughout its history, Central Asia has provided the ancient civilized empires on its borders with new Shahs, Sultans, or Sons of Heaven. These periodic invasions by the nomads of the steppe, whose khans ascended the thrones of Changan, Luoyang, Kaifeng, or Beijing*, of Isfahan or Tabriz**, Delhi or Constantinople, became one of the geographic laws of history. But there was another, opposing law which brought about the slow absorption of the invaders by the ancient civilized lands. The civilizations of China and Persia, though conquered, would in the long run vanquish their conquerors, intoxicating them with the pleasures of settled life, lulling them to sleep, and assimilating them culturally. Often, only fifty years after a conquest, the culturally Sinicized or Persianized former barbarian would be the first to stand guard over his adopted civilization and protect it against fresh nomadic onslaughts." *capital cities of various Chinese dynasties **capital cities of various Persian dynasties René Grousset, French historian of Central Asia, The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia, 1939 Which of the following demonstrates the assimilation of nomadic conquerors into conquered societies during the period circa 1250-1450 ? A The rulers of the Mali Empire converting to Islam through the influence of North African merchants and missionaries B The rulers of the Yuan dynasty adopting Chinese court culture and methods of rule C Trading states in Southeast Asia such as the Khmer and Srivijaya empires adopting syncretic Hindu-Buddhist practices D Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans expanding their output because of a rising demand for luxury goods in Afro-Eurasia

The intensification of political rivalries between the Ottoman Empire and neighboring states in Europe and the Middle East

"When the initial siege failed to take the city,* [the Ottoman] Sultan Mehmet II summoned the cannon-makers and spoke to them about what cannon could be used to demolish the northern wall of the city, along the bay of the Golden Horn. They assured him it would be easy to demolish that wall if they could construct another massive cannon. The Sultan immediately provided them with everything they needed. So they constructed the cannon, a thing most fearsome to see and altogether unbelievable. With an astounding thunder and a flame that lit up all the surroundings, the canon hurled stones that hit the wall with tremendous force and velocity and immediately knocked it down. After a long and bitter struggle, the Ottomans prevailed and their entire army poured into the city through the breach in the walls. They robbed and plundered, and the whole city was despoiled and blackened as if by fire. The Sultan then entered the city and saw its great size, grandeur, and beauty. When he saw what a large number had been killed and the wholesale ruin and destruction of the city, he was filled with compassion. Tears fell from his eyes as he groaned: 'What a great city we have given over to plunder and destruction!'" *The Byzantine capital Constantinople, which was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1453 and renamed Istanbul The type of warfare described in the passage most directly helps to explain which of the following sixteenth-century developments? A The growing political influence of religious scholars at the Ottoman court B The granting of substantial religious and legal autonomy to Christian subjects in the Ottoman Empire C The intensification of political rivalries between the Ottoman Empire and neighboring states in Europe and the Middle East D The decline of the importance of the Janissaries in the Ottoman army

The use of new weapons by expanding imperial states

"When the initial siege failed to take the city,* [the Ottoman] Sultan Mehmet II summoned the cannon-makers and spoke to them about what cannon could be used to demolish the northern wall of the city, along the bay of the Golden Horn. They assured him it would be easy to demolish that wall if they could construct another massive cannon. The Sultan immediately provided them with everything they needed. So they constructed the cannon, a thing most fearsome to see and altogether unbelievable. With an astounding thunder and a flame that lit up all the surroundings, the canon hurled stones that hit the wall with tremendous force and velocity and immediately knocked it down. After a long and bitter struggle, the Ottomans prevailed and their entire army poured into the city through the breach in the walls. They robbed and plundered, and the whole city was despoiled and blackened as if by fire. The Sultan then entered the city and saw its great size, grandeur, and beauty. When he saw what a large number had been killed and the wholesale ruin and destruction of the city, he was filled with compassion. Tears fell from his eyes as he groaned: 'What a great city we have given over to plunder and destruction!'" *The Byzantine capital Constantinople, which was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1453 and renamed Istanbul Michael Kritovoulos, Byzantine noble, History of Mehmet the Conqueror, written in the 1460s The conduct of the siege as described in the passage could best be used to explain which of the following processes in the period 1450-1750 ? A The transmission of new weapons along trade networks B The use of new weapons by expanding imperial states C The use of new weapons to establish trading-post empires D The development of new processes of manufacturing to create new weapons

Aztec (Mexica) Empire

"When the initial siege failed to take the city,* [the Ottoman] Sultan Mehmet II summoned the cannon-makers and spoke to them about what cannon could be used to demolish the northern wall of the city, along the bay of the Golden Horn. They assured him it would be easy to demolish that wall if they could construct another massive cannon. The Sultan immediately provided them with everything they needed. So they constructed the cannon, a thing most fearsome to see and altogether unbelievable. With an astounding thunder and a flame that lit up all the surroundings, the canon hurled stones that hit the wall with tremendous force and velocity and immediately knocked it down. After a long and bitter struggle, the Ottomans prevailed and their entire army poured into the city through the breach in the walls. They robbed and plundered, and the whole city was despoiled and blackened as if by fire. The Sultan then entered the city and saw its great size, grandeur, and beauty. When he saw what a large number had been killed and the wholesale ruin and destruction of the city, he was filled with compassion. Tears fell from his eyes as he groaned: 'What a great city we have given over to plunder and destruction!'" *The Byzantine capital Constantinople, which was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1453 and renamed Istanbul Michael Kritovoulos, Byzantine noble, History of Mehmet the Conqueror, written in the 1460s The type of weaponry used in the siege, as described in the passage, could also help to explain the expansion of all of the following states in the period 1450-1750 EXCEPT the A Aztec (Mexica) Empire B Safavid Empire C Mughal Empire D Qing dynasty

The intensification of commercial and diplomatic activity across Eurasia was accompanied by increased missionary activity.

"When we were in Canton, a port in southern China, we came across a woman who cried out in Portuguese 'Our Father, who art in Heaven, hallowed be thy name.' And because she could speak no more of our language, she very earnestly asked us in Chinese to tell her whether we were Christians. We replied that we were, and for proof we repeated all the rest of the Lord's Prayer which she had left unsaid. Being assured that we were Christians, she pulled us aside, and weeping said to us, 'Come along, Christians from the other end of the world, with your true sister in the faith of Jesus Christ.' Furthermore, she told us that she was named Inez de Leyria, and her father was a great ambassador from Portugal to the Emperor of China. The ambassador married her mother, a Chinese woman, and made her a Christian. Along with her, many were converted to the faith of Christ. During the five days we remained in her house, we made them a little book in Chinese, containing many good prayers." Account of Fernão Mendes Pinto, Portuguese explorer and merchant, circa The activities of Inez de Leyria's father as described in the passage best support which of the following conclusions about the period 1450-1750 C.E.? A The intensification of commercial and diplomatic activity across Eurasia was accompanied by increased missionary activity. B The arrival of Nestorian Christians along the Silk Roads introduced European missionaries to China. C Russian expansion in Asia encouraged Christian missionary activity in China. D The intensification of regional patterns of trade in the Indian Ocean spurred Chinese merchants to convert to Christianity.

The virtues and duties of family members

"Women leave their families to marry, and the husband is the master of the household they marry into. . . . The husband is to be firm, the wife soft; conjugal affections follow from this. While at home, the two of you should treat each other with the formality and reserve of a guest. Listen carefully to and obey whatever your husband tells you. If he does something wrong, gently correct him. Don't be like those women who not only do not correct their husbands but actually lead them into indecent ways." Wife of a Tang dynasty official The excerpt above best illustrates which of the following attributes of Confucianism? A The equality of all members of the family B The power of wives over their husbands outside the home C The virtues and duties of family members D The legitimacy of selling women to worthy families

had to take into account environmental factors such as the timing and direction of the monsoons

"[Between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries] . . . Muslim maritime traders from Egypt sought goods coming from China and Southeast Asia [and] purchased these items on India's southwestern coast. . . . Sea voyages between Egypt and India were still dangerous and still involved long voyages, as well as long stays in harbors where they waited, sometimes for several months, for the winds to shift direction. . . . To protect themselves, Muslim merchants organized karim, convoyed merchant fleets. The rulers of Egypt began providing an armed escort for the fleets and succeeded in making the trade between the Red Sea and India a government-protected, regularly accomplished endeavor. Xinru Liu and Lynda Norene Shaffer, historians, Connections across Eurasia, published in 2007 The "long stays in harbors" mentioned in the description of the sea journeys in the first paragraph were most likely necessary because Indian Ocean maritime trade in the period circa 1200-1450 A increased significantly in volume, creating bottlenecks in key ports B required the approval of Muslim religious authorities to make sure it was carried out in accordance with Islamic principles C had to take into account environmental factors such as the timing and direction of the monsoons D could only be carried out if ships stayed close to shore through the entire journey from Egypt to India

The establishment of diasporic merchant communities

"[Between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries] . . . Muslim maritime traders from Egypt sought goods coming from China and Southeast Asia [and] purchased these items on India's southwestern coast. . . . Sea voyages between Egypt and India were still dangerous and still involved long voyages, as well as long stays in harbors where they waited, sometimes for several months, for the winds to shift direction. . . . To protect themselves, Muslim merchants organized karim, convoyed merchant fleets. The rulers of Egypt began providing an armed escort for the fleets and succeeded in making the trade between the Red Sea and India a government-protected, regularly accomplished endeavor. The karim merchants were organized in large family firms with substantial assets and clients in markets all over the trading networks. In the Indian Ocean trade, Muslim traders not only dealt with other Muslims, but also Hindus, Zoroastrians, Christians, and Jews. Traders of various religious backgrounds boarded the same ships or stayed in the same caravanserai. In Egypt, many Jewish traders actually operated their businesses within the framework of Muslim business networks." Xinru Liu and Lynda Norene Shaffer, historians, Connections across Eurasia, published in 2007 Based on the pattern of trade described in the third paragraph, the Egyptian karim merchants were most likely directly involved in which of the following broader developments in the Indian Ocean in the period circa 1200-1450 ? A The establishment of diasporic merchant communities B The transfer of European scientific knowledge to South Asia C The creation of new monotheistic religions D The introduction of new financial innovations such as paper money

Luxury goods such as spices or porcelain

"[Between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries] . . . Muslim maritime traders from Egypt sought goods coming from China and Southeast Asia [and] purchased these items on India's southwestern coast. . . . Sea voyages between Egypt and India were still dangerous and still involved long voyages, as well as long stays in harbors where they waited, sometimes for several months, for the winds to shift direction. . . . To protect themselves, Muslim merchants organized karim, convoyed merchant fleets. The rulers of Egypt began providing an armed escort for the fleets and succeeded in making the trade between the Red Sea and India a government-protected, regularly accomplished endeavor. The karim merchants were organized in large family firms with substantial assets and clients in markets all over the trading networks. In the Indian Ocean trade, Muslim traders not only dealt with other Muslims, but also Hindus, Zoroastrians, Christians, and Jews. Traders of various religious backgrounds boarded the same ships or stayed in the same caravanserai. In Egypt, many Jewish traders actually operated their businesses within the framework of Muslim business networks." Xinru Liu and Lynda Norene Shaffer, historians, Connections across Eurasia, published in 2007 The pattern of trade described in the passage was most characteristic of which of the following types of goods in the period 1200-1450 ? A Daily food staples such as bread or milk B Bulk commodities such as grain or coal C Luxury goods such as spices or porcelain D Livestock such as pigs or cattle

The period of Mamluk rule in Egypt saw a high number of conversions to Islam and a considerable reduction in the percentage of Coptic Christians in the overall population of Egypt.

All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which would best support the author's argument in the first paragraph of the passage? A The Mamluk ruling elites of Egypt were made up of slave soldiers of various ethnic origins, including Turco-Mongolic peoples from the Black Sea steppes and peoples from the Caucasus Mountains. B The period of Mamluk rule in Egypt saw a high number of conversions to Islam and a considerable reduction in the percentage of Coptic Christians in the overall population of Egypt. C The Mamluks were one of the very few Muslim dynasties to have successfully defeated invading Mongol armies in battle. D The Jewish community in Mamluk Cairo included many prominent figures, including royal physicians, scholars, and administrators.

Increased cross-cultural interactions in the Indian Ocean region

Angkor Wat in Southeast Asia built circa 1100 C.E., shown above, reflects which of the following world historical processes? A Asia and Southeast Asia by Arab powers B The increase in the number of Chinese merchant communities in the Indian Ocean region C The introduction of Islam across most of Asia D Increased cross-cultural interactions in the Indian Ocean region

Local elites successfully resisted attempts at state centralization and asserted their autonomy from central rule.

As outlined in the passage, the provisions of the agreement can best be used to illustrate which of the following aspects of state building in Eurasia in the period circa 1450-1750 ? A Mercantilist philosophy continued to inform the economic and social policies of many states. B Many states were able to consolidate their political systems and eliminate challenges to monarchical power. C Religious differences stopped being a significant factor in the weakening and fragmentation of imperial states. D Local elites successfully resisted attempts at state centralization and asserted their autonomy from central rule.

Sunni Muslim jurist who believes that a Muslim ruler should patronize the religious elite and seek to expand Islam

Based on Ibn Battuta's description of the sultan of Sumatra in the first paragraph, his point of view could most likely be characterized as that of a A Sunni Muslim merchant who believes that commercial profits should be given greater consideration than religious purity B Sufi Muslim mystic who believes that Muslim rulers should encourage religious coexistence C Shi'a Muslim cleric who believes that false interpretations of Islam have corrupted the religion D Sunni Muslim jurist who believes that a Muslim ruler should patronize the religious elite and seek to expand Islam

Between 1320 and 1350

Based on the information in the table, the Black Death outbreak of the bubonic plague struck Essex County in which of the following periods? A Before 1320 B Between 1320 and 1350 C Between 1350 and 1400 D After 1400

adherence to Shi'a Islam

Based on the purpose of the letter, Selim's description of the followers of Shah Ismail I as a "heretical faction" can best be interpreted as a commentary of the Safavid Empire's A military strength B adherence to Shi'a Islam C Turkic origins D use of the Persian language

Increasing cross-cultural interactions facilitated the spread of cultural traditions.

Ibn Battuta's claim in the second paragraph that the ceremony that he observed at the court of the sultan of Sumatra was similar to a ceremony that he had seen at the court of the Delhi sultan in India is most likely understood in the context of which of the following developments in the Indian Ocean region in the period 1200-1450 ? A Expanding trade facilitated increased tolerance of the traditions of other religious groups. B Cultural exchange emerged from competition among maritime empires. C Increasing cross-cultural interactions facilitated the spread of cultural traditions. D Cultural exchange emerged from new patterns of regional commerce.

It led to the expansion and intensification of commerce along already existing trade routes.

TYPICAL SAILING ROUTES AND SCHEDULES OF OMANI MERCHANTS TRAVELING TO EAST AFRICA AND CHINA FROM MUSCAT, CIRCA 1400 C.E. Based on the maps and your knowledge of world history, which of the following best describes the effect of the spread of Islam on Indian Ocean trade? A It led to the expansion and intensification of commerce along already existing trade routes. B It led to the disappearance of previously established trade networks. C It led to an expansion of land-based caravan trade but also to a decline of maritime trade. D It led to the first creation of trade links between previously isolated world regions.

Navigational and maritime innovations, such as the astrolabe and lateen sail

TYPICAL SAILING ROUTES AND SCHEDULES OF OMANI MERCHANTS TRAVELING TO EAST AFRICA AND CHINA FROM MUSCAT, CIRCA 1400 C.E. Which of the following factors contributed the most to Omani traders' ability to undertake the voyages depicted on the maps? A The strong backing for the voyages by the Caliphate B Navigational and maritime innovations, such as the astrolabe and lateen sail C The spread of Arabic as the language of commerce in the Mediterranean, Red Sea, and western Indian Ocean basins D Innovations in agriculture, such as the qanat and the noria, which allowed the Omani population to increase rapidly

The formation of new identities as part of the restructuring of social hierarchies

The dispute described in the court case is most directly an effect of which of the following processes in colonial American societies? A The economic tensions between landowning elites and landless peasants B The emergence of new syncretic forms of religious beliefs and rituals C The demographic collapse of the indigenous Amerindian population as a result of the spread of infectious disease D The formation of new identities as part of the restructuring of social hierarchies

The adoption of innovative practices in overland trading, such as the use of camel caravans and saddles

The eleventh king of the sultanate of Kano* was Yaji Ali [reigned 1349-1385]. In Yaji's time merchants came from the north bringing Islam. They commanded the king Yaji to observe the times of prayer. He complied, and made one man an imam (prayer leader) and another a muezzin (the person reciting the call to prayer from a mosque). The king commanded every town in his kingdom to observe the times of prayer. So they all did so. A mosque was built beneath the sacred tree facing east, and prayers were made at the five appointed times in it. The nineteenth king of the Hausa kingdom was Yakubu [reigned 1452-1463]. He was a good king. In his time traders came to Kano from Mali bringing with them books on Islamic divinity and the study of the Arabic language. Formerly our religious scholars had, in addition to the Qur'an, only a few books of Islamic law. At this time too, salt became common in Kano. In the following year merchants from the region of Gwanja in the south began coming, and from the north Berbers** came in large numbers, and a colony of Arabs arrived." *a West African state established by the Hausa people of present-day northern Nigeria **ethnic group from the western part of North Africa In the period circa 1200-1450, which of the following most directly enabled merchants to bring salt and other bulk products to markets in sub-Saharan Africa? A The diffusion of new maritime technologies such as the lateen sail B The adoption of innovative practices in overland trading, such as the use of camel caravans and saddles C The transfer of East Asian technologies to western Afro-Eurasia during the period of Pax Mongolica D The shared use of the Arabic language and common practice of Islam by both North African and sub-Saharan merchant communities

Russia had encountered significant resistance to its plans for further territorial expansion from some of the established states in eastern and southern Europe.

The fact that the Russian tsar insisted in the last paragraph that some ambassadors be treated differently from others best illustrates which of the following about international politics in the period circa 1650-1750 ? A The Christian countries of Europe had banded together to defeat the threat from the Muslim Ottoman Empire. B Russia had encountered significant resistance to its plans for further territorial expansion from some of the established states in eastern and southern Europe. C Poland and the Ottoman Empire both felt threatened by the rising military might of Russia. D The Zaporozhian Cossacks, Russia, and most other European countries were bound by international treaties prohibiting the mistreatment of ambassadors.

It led to deepening rivalries and conflicts as states' military capabilities grew.

The illustrated history was prepared for the Mughal emperor Akbar in the late sixteenth century. Which of the following explains the most common effect that the process illustrated in the image had on relationships between states in Afro-Eurasia in the period 1450-1750 ? A It led to deepening rivalries and conflicts as states' military capabilities grew. B It led to the emergence of new religious disputes over theological interpretations. C It led to the establishment of pan-Eurasian nomadic empires, such as the Mongol Empire. D It led to the adoption of feudal systems of government, as monarchs could not prevent the rising power of military aristocracies.

Extent of trade routes

The lines on the map above illustrate which of the following? A Spread of Hinduism B Spread of Christianity C Extent of trade routes D Seasonal migrations of nomads

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seeking to steer the States General representatives into taking action that would benefit the company financially

The point of view expressed by the Dutch West India Company's directors in the letter can best be described as A evenhanded in describing the benefits and detriments of various proposed options to the States General B shaped by views of European cultural and religious superiority over African peoples, which the States General representatives would have been likely to share C dismissive in its evaluation of the military and strategic importance of the kingdom of Kongo to the Netherlands D seeking to steer the States General representatives into taking action that would benefit the company financially

Internal challenges to state power could lead to the establishment of new state-like structures within existing states

The privileges discussed in the passage best demonstrate that in some instances in the period 1450-1750 A internal challenges to state power could lead to the establishment of new state-like structures within existing states B states implemented policies seeking to restrict the role of certain minority groups in economic and social life C monarchs had to resort to deploying standing armies to crush regional revolts by hereditary local elites D states successfully established professional bureaucracies to reduce reliance on mercenaries and tax farming

inform his audience about the cultural, political, and economic characteristics of the places he visited

The purpose of Ibn Battuta's account was most likely to A glorify himself by exaggerating the influence he had obtained over local rulers in Southeast Asia B warn Muslim merchants that China was beginning to dominate commerce in the Indian Ocean C encourage fellow Muslims in North Africa to participate more in maritime commerce D inform his audience about the cultural, political, and economic characteristics of the places he visited

As military forces expanded and became more professionalized, states were forced to develop new ways to generate revenue.

The relationship between levels of military personnel and state revenues as shown in the table is best understood in the context of which of the following global developments in the period 1450-1750 ? A As military forces expanded and became more professionalized, states were forced to develop new ways to generate revenue. B As agricultural technology became more advanced, less people were needed to farm and more people were able to be enrolled in state militaries. C As commercial profits and urbanization increased, states were able to obtain more revenue. D As states expanded their territories, they were able to acquire access to more natural resources.

secure profits from the rapidly expanding trans-Atlantic slave trade

The report's position on the proposed transfer of Luanda to the Dutch is best understood in light of the authors' goal to A secure profits from the rapidly expanding trans-Atlantic slave trade B highlight the gender and family imbalances created by the slave trade C recommend that the company expand its operations to the Indian Ocean and the spice islands of Southeast Asia D offer a comparison between the profitability of East African versus West African slave trade routes

Economic competition against Spain and Portugal and a desire to find new sailing routes to Asia

The sixteenth- and seventeenth-century maritime exploration efforts by England, France, and the Netherlands were most directly connected to which of the following historical processes? A The Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Reformation B Economic competition against Spain and Portugal and a desire to find new sailing routes to Asia C The transfer of engineering and navigational knowledge from the classical and Islamic worlds to Europe D The need to ease population pressures in Europe by establishing settlement colonies

increased production of cash crops like sugar

The trend shown on the graph above is best explained by Increased domination of East A increased production of cash crops like sugar B growth of silver mining in New Spain C industrialized textile mills' demand for raw cotton D African slave-trading kingdoms' demand for European trade goods

sugar

The trend shown on the graph above is best explained by the expansion in the production of A cotton B sugar C tobacco D rice E coffee

States increasingly centralized their authority at the expense of local elites.

The trends in military personnel and state revenue shown in the table are best understood in the context of which of the following changes in the relationship between states and local elites in the period 1450-1750 ? A States often relied on local elites to supervise provincial administration. B Local elites began looking to the state to provide titles that demonstrated their legitimacy. C States increasingly centralized their authority at the expense of local elites. D Local elites began to command their own military forces.

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The demographic makeup of Barbadian society and the structure of its economy make existing punishments for enslaved people justified.

Which of the following best describes the author's argument in the first paragraph? A The demographic makeup of Barbadian society and the structure of its economy make existing punishments for enslaved people justified. B Barbadian enslaved people are punished more leniently than those working on the larger plantations of French Caribbean islands. C Plantation owners who punish enslaved people too harshly are not fulfilling their duties as Christians to treat the less fortunate kindly. D The punishments of enslaved people in Barbados are the result of a long experience of deadly uprisings and anti-planter violence on the island.

Despite the small size of Barbadian plantations, the landowners on Barbados are very wealthy.

Which of the following best describes the author's claim in the second paragraph? A The extensive mining of precious metals on Caribbean islands has destroyed the islands' natural environment. B Despite the small size of Barbadian plantations, the landowners on Barbados are very wealthy. C Enslaved people's political grievances are threatening the political order in American colonial societies. D Barbadian plantation owners are the wealthiest social group in the Caribbean.

To portray his patron as a generous supporter of the sciences and a man of unusual intelligence

Which of the following best describes the author's purpose in the passage? A To provide detailed descriptions of the instruments used at the Maragha and Tabriz observatories B To evaluate the importance of the astronomical discoveries made by Ilkhanid scientists C To portray his patron as a generous supporter of the sciences and a man of unusual intelligence D To criticize Ghazan for his vanity and remind him to focus on religious and spiritual pursuits

It declined to less than a half of its 1320 level (over 50% decline).

Which of the following best describes the change in the total population of males age 12 and older in the three manors shown in the table from 1320 to 1400 ? A It declined to less than a quarter of its 1320 level (over 75% decline). B It increased to more than double its 1320 level (over 50% increase). C It declined to less than a half of its 1320 level (over 50% decline). D It stayed virtually unchanged compared to its 1320 level.

His career illustrates the possibilities for diffusion and intermingling of cultures brought about by the Mongol conquests.

Which of the following best describes the historical circumstances of Rashid al-Din's career? A His career illustrates the destructive impact of the Mongol conquests on many established urban centers. B His career illustrates the possibilities for diffusion and intermingling of cultures brought about by the Mongol conquests. C His career illustrates the Mongols' success in preserving their nomadic and tribal culture despite the growing diversity of their subjects. D His career illustrates the importance of traveler accounts written by foreign visitors to the Mongol court.

Political upheaval and reorganization increased cultural and scientific exchanges across regions.

Which of the following best describes the historical situation in Eurasia at the time the passage was written? A Frequent warfare limited the opportunities for cultural, scientific, and artistic innovation. B Political upheaval and reorganization increased cultural and scientific exchanges across regions. C Revived long-distance trade spread pathogens and infections to regions that had not been previously affected by them. D The invention and spread of new weapons and military tactics radically transformed the global balance of power.

Agricultural output increased as a result of the use of the new crop strains, iron plows, and expanded irrigation.

Which of the following best explains the changes in China's population shown in the table above? A Immigration to China increased due to religious persecution of Buddhists in India and Southeast Asia. B Agricultural output increased as a result of the use of the new crop strains, iron plows, and expanded irrigation. C Less warfare with neighboring states and nomadic peoples also meant fewer casualties in wars and a population increase. D The Confucian emphasis on the importance of family led many Chinese to have more children.

Improvements in European geographic knowledge of Africa and the Indian Ocean

Which of the following developments can be most directly attributed to Portuguese and Spanish state sponsorship of maritime exploration in the late fifteenth century? A Improvements in European geographic knowledge of Africa and the Indian Ocean B Improvements in Europeans' ability to prevent the spread of infectious diseases C Religious divisions in Europe related to the Protestant Reformation D The development of theories of natural rights and representative government

The creation of larger state bureaucracies

Which of the following developments in the period 1450-1750 is best understood as a response to the trends shown in the table? A The creation of divine-right theories of monarchy B The creation of larger state bureaucracies C The emergence of tribute collection as a form of taxation D The emergence of banking systems

Coerced labor systems have allowed a minority of the population of Caribbean colonial societies to reap enormous economic benefits.

Which of the following is an implicit argument made by the author in the passage? A The current political and economic makeup of European colonies in the Caribbean is not sustainable over the long term. B Christianity will provide a solution to the social ills of colonial societies in the Caribbean. C Coerced labor systems have allowed a minority of the population of Caribbean colonial societies to reap enormous economic benefits. D It is incumbent upon France to try to wrest control of Barbados from Great Britain.

Advances in shipbuilding and navigational methods

Which of the following processes most immediately led to the global expansion of European political power in the period circa 1500 ? A The Columbian Exchange B The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople C Advances in shipbuilding and navigational methods D Advances in medicine that improved Europeans' ability to survive in tropical climates

The Ottoman millet system, an arrangement designed to utilize the economic contributions of non-Muslim groups within the empire while granting them limited autonomy to organize their communal affairs under their own religious leaders

Which of the following would a historian most likely cite as evidence in support of the author's argument in the second paragraph of the passage? A The Ottoman millet system, an arrangement designed to utilize the economic contributions of non-Muslim groups within the empire while granting them limited autonomy to organize their communal affairs under their own religious leaders B The Ottoman practice of devshirme, a military levy of Christian boys who would be converted to Islam and trained as Ottoman Janissary soldiers or bureaucrats in state service C The Ottoman practice of farming out the collection of taxes to local private individuals (some of them non-Muslim), because of the shortage of trained government financial officials D The Ottoman sultans' continued powers of granting final approval for any high-ranking appointment of a non-Muslim religious leader, including the power to approve patriarchs and bishops of the various Christian communities and chief rabbis of the Jewish community

Previous exchanges did not involve the world's two hemispheres.

Which of the following would best support the conclusion that the Columbian Exchange involved more profound consequences than did earlier biological exchanges in world history? A Previous exchanges did not involve societies at radically different levels of technological development. B Previous exchanges did not involve the world's two hemispheres. C The Columbian Exchange involved the peaceful transfer of animals, plants, and diseases. D The Columbian Exchange was accompanied by the spread of missionary religions.

Strong governments in the slave-exporting regions of West Africa

World Economic Theory, 1500-1800 The world economic system that developed after 1500 featured unequal relationships between western Europe and dependent economies in other regions. Strong governments and large armies fed European dominance of world trade. Dependent economies used slave or serf labor to produce cheap foods and minerals for Europe and they imported more expensive European items in turn. Dependent regions had weak governments which made European penetration and slave systems possible. Which of the following would complicate generalizations made from this world economy theory? A France's absolute monarchy and military conquests B Strong governments in the slave-exporting regions of West Africa C The role of Dutch trading companies in Southeast Asia D The use of slaves and the plantation systems in the Americas E European import of sugar and tobacco

Strong governments in the slave-exporting regions of West Africa

World Economy Theory, 1500-1800 The world economic system that developed after 1500 featured unequal relationships between western Europe and dependent economies in other regions. Strong governments and large armies fed European dominance of world trade. Dependent economies used slave or serf labor to produce cheap foods and minerals for Europe, and they imported more expensive European items in turn. Dependent regions had weak governments, which made European conquest and slave systems possible. Which of the following statements would challenge the arguments made in the passage? A Strong governments in the slave-exporting regions of West Africa B The role of Dutch trading companies in Southeast Asia C The use of slaves and the plantation systems in the Americas D European imports of sugar and tobacco