AP World History Chapter 15 Vocab

Voltaire

French philosopher who wrote against religious intolerance./This person wrote against intolerance by French royalty. He was a deist and idolized China as a country governed by elite secular scholars.

Martin Luther

German priest and theologian (1483-1546) who inaugurated the Protestant Reformation movement in Europe.

Catholic/Counter Reformation

Denotes the period of Catholic revival beginning with the Council of Trent and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War, 1648. five major elements: Doctrine, Ecclesiastical or structural reconfiguration, Religious orders, Spiritual movements, Political dimensions, Pope Paul III: most important pope in reforming the Church and challenging Protestantism, rather than instituting new doctrines, he sought to improve church discipline through existing doctrine, the Catholic Reformation was both a response to the gains of Protestantism and the response to critics within the church that abuses needed to be reformed

Sir Isaac Newton

English natural scientist (1643-1727) whose formulation of the laws of motion and mechanics is regarded as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution.

Huguenots

French Protestants. The Edict of Nantes (1598) freed them from persecution in France, but when that was revoked in the late 1700s, hundreds of thousands of them fled to other countries, including North America.

Galileo Galilei

Italian astronomer (1564-1642) who further developed the ideas of Copernicus and whose work was eventually suppressed by the Catholic Church.

Kaozheng

Literally "research based on evidence", Chinese intellectual movement whose practitioners emphasized the importance of evidence and analysis, applied especially to historical documents

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, staunch Catholics. Led by Loyola.

Nicolaus Copernicus

Polish mathematician and astronomer (1473-1543) who was the first to argue for the existence of a heliocentric cosmos.

Indulgences

Redemption of punnishment a sinner would suffer in purgatory often granted by renniasance priests in order to pay for expences of the church

Sikhism

Religious tradition of northern India founded by Guru Nanak (1500) combines elements of Hinduism and Islam and proclaims the brotherhood of all humans and the equality of men and women

Ursula de Jesus

Slave and later religious lay woman at the Peruvian Convent of Santa Clara (1606-1666); a lucky escape inspired her to pursue a pious life of mortification and good works, gaining a reputation as a woman of extraordinary devotion and humility as well as a visionary and mystic.

Edict of Nantes

This was a document published by Henry the Fourth. It granted the Huguenots the liberty to conscience and the liberty of public worship. It was effective in 150 different fortified towns. The reign of Henry the Fourth and this document helped France reach absolutism and restored internal peace in France.

Wahhabi

This was born out of a reformation of the Islamic faith and was a conservative version of Islam which sought to return Islam to the teachings of the pure faith./This movement took hold particularly in central Arabia and became an expansive state there. It encompassed much of central Arabia by the nineteenth century.

Mirabai

One of India's most beloved bhakti poets (1498-1547), She helped break down the barriers of caste and tradition.

Simony

The selling or buying of a position in a Christian church.