AP World History Everything Part 2

Delhi Sultanate

(1206-1526 CE) The successors of Mahmud of Ghazni mounted more campaigns, but directed their goals to creating this empire.

Magna Carta

(1215) a charter of liberties (freedoms) that King John "Lackland" of Englad was forced to sign; it made the king obey the same laws as the citizens of his kingdom

Ashoka

(269-323 BCE); Chandragupta's grandson; gained control of all but India's southern tip; supporter of Buddhism; spread it throughout India but respected other religions; built extensive networks of roads

College of Cardinals

(Roman Catholic Church) the body of cardinals who advise the Pope and elect new Popes.

The new deal

...

Shang Dynasty

1st Chinese Dynasty

Chavin

1st major settlement in South America. Religious center

Consuls

2 chief executives or magistrates of Roman Republic; Elected by an annual assembly dominated by aristocracy

Pax Romana

200 year period of peace in Rome.

Denis Diderot

A French Enlightenment figure best known for his work on the first encyclopedia, lived from 1713- 1784

yanas

A class of people within Inca society removed from their ayllus to serve permanently as servants, artisans, or workers for the inca or Inca nobility

Anatolia

A large peninsula at the western edge of Asia; also called Asia Minor

Henry II of England

A quite dashing young man, he gave the monarchy power by creating a new type of justice. He created courts that he held under his power and married Eleanor of Aquitaine to gain power of her country.

berke

A ruler of the Golden Horde; converted to Islam; his threat to Hulegu and the growing power of the Mamluks in Egypt forestalled further Mongol advances into the Middle East.

Cuneiform

A system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables. It originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian but later was adapted to represent other languages of western Asia. Because so many symbols had to be learned, literacy was confined to a relatively small group of administrators and scribes.

rabbi

A teacher or ordained leader in the Jewish faith.

Revolutions in latin america

About classes revolting for different reasons. Slaves wanted freedom and whites wanted to be able to rule themselves.

imams

According to Shi'ism, rulers who could trace descent from the successors of Ali

vodun

African religious ideas and practices among the descendants of African slaves in Haiti

candomble

African religious ideas and practices in Brazil, particularly among the Yoruba people

obeah

African religious ideas and practices in the English and French Caribbean islands

Boris Yelstin

After the collapse of the Soviet Union Yelstin tried to shift to a market economy.

Bronze

Alloy of Copper and Tin; Discovered around 3000 BCE by Mesopotamian metalworkers

Yellow River

Also known as the Huanghe; site of development of sedentary agriculture in China

Sepoy

An Indian soldier serving under British command.

Delian League

An alliance headed by Athens that says that all Greek city-states will come together and help fight the Persians

Philosophy

An organized system of thought, from the Greek for "love of wisdom"

Zoroastrianism

Animist religion that saw material existence as battle between forces of good and evil; Stressed importance of moral choice; Righteous lived on after death in "House of Song"; Chief religion of Persian Empire

Ernesto "Che" Guevara

Argentine revolutionary, aided Fidel Castro in overthrow of Fulgencio Batista regime in Cuba, died while directing guerrilla movement in Bolivia in 1967

Pericles

Aristocratic leader who guided the Athenian state through the transformation to full participatory democracy for all male citizens, supervised construction of the Acropolis, and pursued a policy of imperial expansion that led to the Peloponnesian War. He formulated a strategy of attrition but died from the plague early in the war.

Royal control over the bureaucracy and reorganized military

Aspects of western culture that Peter the Great emulated in Russia

African National Congress

Black political organization within South Africa, pressed for an end to the policies of apartheid, sought open democracy leading to black majority rule, until the 1990s declared illegal in South Africa

Recopilacion

Body of law collected in 1681 for Spanish possessions in the New World, basis of law in the Indies

King Philip II

Brought the region of Greece under his control. Father of Alexander

Grand Canal

Built in 7th century during reign of Yangdi during Sui dynasty; designed to link the original centers of Chinese civilization on the north China plain with the Yangtze river basin to the south; nearly 1200 miles long

Cyrus the Great

By 550BCE, established huge Persian Empire

Oracle bonescript

Chinese writing

Analects

Compilation of Confucius's teachings

Cicero

Conservative Roman senator, Stoic philosopher; Killed in reaction to assassination of Julius Caesar

Arabian

Crossroads of 3 continents; mainly desert; borders Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Persian Gulf, and Indian Ocean

Boers

Dutch settlers in south Africa

Choson

Earliest Korean kingdom; conquered by Han emperor in 109 b.c.e.

Devi

Encouraged new emotionalism in religious ritual

Rene Descartes

Established importance of skeptical review of all received wisdom (17th century), argued that human reason could then develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature

vernacular

Everyday language of ordinary people.

Muhammad the Great

Extended the boundaries of the Songhay Empire; Islamic ruler of the mid-16th century

Sinification

Extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions, typical of Korea and Japan, less typical of Vietnam

476 CE

Fall of Western Roman Empire

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Federal system of socialist republics established in 1923 in various ethnic regions of Russia, firmly controlled by Communist party, diminished nationalities protest under Bolsheviks, dissolved in 1991

Hispaniola

First island in Caribbean settled by the Spaniards, settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to the New World, Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in the New World

Khadijah

First wife of Muhammad

Aristocracy

Form of government where the rich rule over everyone

Punic Wars

Fought between Rome and Carthage to dominate western Mediterranean; Rome won after 3 separate conflicts

Leonidis

General of Sparta for battle of Thermopalyea

Eastern Front

Germany and Russia

Patriarchal Societies

Greece, India, China

Yahweh

Hebrew god

Bhaktic cults

Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddess who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshipped gods were Vishnu and Shiva

Baghavad Gita

Hindu writing (epic poem)

Battle of the Bulge

Hitler's last ditch effort to repel the invading Allied armies in the winter of 1944-1945

Final Solution

Hitler's program of systematically killing the entire Jewish people

Iliad and Odyssey

Homer's Greek epic poems that defined god and human nature that shaped Greek myths

zaibatsu

Huge industrial combines created in Japan in the 1890s as part of the process of industrialization

Vedas

Hymns to gods composed for religious and philosophical speculation; 4 ancient books of Aryan religious traditions in which the origins of Hinduism can be found

Medieval Period

ITS THE PERIOD BETWEEN THE ANCIENT AND THE MODERN PERIOD

Nuclear arms race between India & Pakistan

In the 1970's, first India and then Pakistan developed nuclear weapons programs. By 1998 both nations had tested those weapons.

Mahdi

In the Sufi belief system, a promised delivery, also the name given to Muhammad Achmad, leader of the 19th century revolt against the Egyptians and British in Sudan

split inheritance

Inca practice of descent, all titles and political power went to a successor, but all wealth and land remained in the hands of male descendants for support of the cult of dead inca's mummy

Montagu-Chelmsford reforms

Increased the powers of Indian legislators at the all-India level and placed much of the provincial administration of India under local ministries controlled by legislative bodies with substantial numbers of elected Indians, passed in 1919

Paekche

Independent Korean kingdom in southeastern part of peninsula; defeated by rival Silla kingdom and its Chinese Tang allies in 7th century.

Johannes Gutenberg

Introduced movable type to western Europe the 15th century, credited with the greatly expanded availability of printed books and pamphlets

Green Revolution

Introduction if improved seed strains, fertilizers, and irrigation as a means of producing higher yields in crops such as rice, wheat, and corn, particularly important in the densely populated countries of Asia

James Watt

Invented the Steam Engine

Uji

Japanese word for clan

King Leopold

King of Belgium who began imperialistic trade inside of Africa which resulted in the Scramble for Africa.

King George

King of England during the war and passed the acts that were the causes of the Revolution

Pharoah

King of ancient Egypt

John of England

Known as the worst English king, John Lackland was the 4th child of Henry. He was short, fat, and jealous of his brother. He raised taxes and united society against him. He stole from churches and caused the church to excommunicated the entirety of England. He later died from overeating.

Mesopotamia

Land between two rivers (Tigris and Euphrates)

Marcus Aurelius

Last of the "Good Emperors". Wrote "Meditations" - personal reflections of his beliefs. End of the Pax Romana.

Chongzen

Last of the Ming emperors, committed suicide in 1644 in the face of a Jurchen capture of the Forbidden City at Beijing

Egypt

Lasted from 3000 BCE to 332 BCE

Kenya Africa Union (KAU)

Leading nationalist party in Kenya, adopted a nonviolent approach to ending British control in the 1950s

Augusto Sandino

Led a guerrilla resistance movement against US occupation forces in Nicaragua, assassinated by Nicaraguan National Guard in 1934, became national hero and symbol of resistance to US influence in Central America

Suez Canal

Links Europe with Asia and East Africa. See Nasser

Mesopotamia

Literally "between the rivers"; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys

satyagraha

Literally- "truth force," strategy of nonviolent protest developed by Mohandas Gandhu and his followers in India, later deployed throughout the colonized world and in the United States

Bolsheviks

Literally- the majority party, the most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement, led by V.I. Lenin and dedicated to his concept of social revolution, actually a minority in the Russian Marxist political scheme until its triumph in the 1917 revolution

Untouchables

Low social caste in Hindu culture; Performed "pollution tasks" - street sweeping, human waste removal, tanning

Captain James Cook

Made voyages to Hawaii from 1777 to 1779 resulting in opening of islands to the West, convinced Kamehameha to establish a unified kingdom in the islands

Quit India movement

Mass civil disobedience campaign that began in the summer of 1942 to end British control of India

Ziggurats

Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes

324-184 BCE India

Maurya Dynasty

Asoka

Mauryan emperor who actively encouraged the spread of Buddhism

Ziggurats

Mesopotamian Temples

Red Army

Military organization under leadership of Leon Trotsky, Bolshevik follower of Lenin, made use of people of humble background

Timur/ Tamerlane

Mongolian ruler of Samarkand who led his nomadic hordes to conquer an area from Turkey to Mongolia

Dien Bien Phu

Most significant victory of the Viet Minh over French colonial forces in 1954, gave Viet Minh control of northern Vietnam

Devi

Mother Hindu goddess

Himalayas

Mountain region marking northern border of India; Site of Aryan settlements that formed small kingdoms or warrior republics

samurai

Mounted troops of Japanese warrior leaders (bushi,) loyal to local lords, not the emperor

Aurangzeb

Mughal emperor who succeeded Shah Jajan known for his religious zealotry

Kabir

Muslim mystic during 15th century; played down the importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam

Viet Cong

Name given by Diem regime to communist guerrilla movement in southern Vietnam, reorganized with northern Vietnamese assistance as the National Liberation Front in 1958

nabobs

Name given to British representatives of the East India Company who went briefly to India to make fortunes through graft and exploitation

Augustus Caesar

Name given to Octavian after his defeat of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra; First Roman emperor

Red Heads

Name given to Safavid followers because of their distinctive red headgear

duma

National parliament created in Russia in the aftermath of the Revolution if 1905, progressively stripped of power during the reign of Tsar Nicholas II, failed to forestall further revolution

Eastern Bloc

Nations favorable to the Soviet Union in eastern Europe during the Cold War- particularly Poland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, and East Germany

core nations

Nations, usually European, that enjoyed profit from world economy, controlled international banking and commercial services such as shipping, exported manufactured goods for raw materials

welfare state

New activism of the western European state in economic policy and welfare issues after WWII, introduced programs to reduce the impact of economic inequality, typically included medical programs and economic planning

Hagia Sophia

New church constructed in Constantinople during reign of Justinian

seljuk turks

Nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly

Germanic tribes

Nomadic groups that invaded the Roman Empire from the North and East. They caused the fall of Rome.

White Army

Non-Communist

Jawaharlal Nehru

One of Gandhi's disciples, governed India after independence in 1947, committed to a program of social reform and economic development, preserved civil rights and democracy

Porfirio Diaz

One of Juarez's generals, elected president of Mexico in 1876, dominated Mexican political for 35 years, imposed strong central government

Deng Xiaoping

One of the more pragmatic, least ideological of the Communist leaders of China, joined the party as a young man in the 1920s, survives the legendary Long March and persecution during the Cultural Revolution of the 1960s, and emerged as China's most influential leader of the early 1980s

Leopold Sedar Senghor

One of the post-World War I writers of the negritude literary movement that urged pride in African values, president of Senegal from 1960 to 1980

Supreme Soviet

Parliament of USSR, elected by universal suffrage, actually controlled by Communist party, served to ratify party decisions

Serf

Peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the Middle Ages.

Tayson Rebellion

Peasant revolution in southern Vietnam during the late 1770s, succeeded in toppling the Nguyen dynasty, subsequently unseated the Trinh dynasty of northern Vietnam

Peasants & Merchants

Peasants were held in higher regard than merchants in Medieval China because based on Confucian principles, peasants actually did work, while merchants made a living off of the craftmanship of others.

Sumerians

People who migrated into Mesopotamia c. 4000 BCE; created first civilization within region; organized area into city-states.

Foragers

People who support themselves by hunting wild animals and gatherings wild edible plants and insects.

Hausa

Peoples of northern Nigeria; formed states following the demise of Songhay Empire that combined Muslim and Pagan traditions

iron curtain

Phrase coined by Winston Churchill to describe the division between free and communist societies taking shape in Europe after 1946

Ideographs

Pictographic characters grouped together to create new concepts

Mosaics

Pieces of art made with glass tiles pieced together.

Rowlatt Act

Placed severe restrictions on key Indian civil rights such as freedom of the press, acted to offset the concession granted under the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms of 1919

Iliad/Odyssey

Poems by the bard Homer about the ten year Trojan War fought over Helen of Troy.

perestroika

Policy of Mikhail Gorbachev calling for economic restructuring in the USSR in the late 1980s, more leeway for private ownership and decentralized control in industry and agriculture

liberal

Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century, stressed limited state interference in individual life, representation of propertied people in government, urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments

nationalism

Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe, often allied with other "isms," urged importance of national unity, valued a collective identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin

David Lloyd George

Prime minister of Great Britain who headed a coalition government through much of World War I and the turbulent years that followed

Morley-Minto reforms

Provided educated Indians with considerably expanded opportunities to elect and serve on local and all-India legislative councils

obligations of peasant/noble/vassal to each other

Provided money and knights, protection and military service, and food and service when needed. The vassal had to protect the land and they would also be called for fight for forty days. The people granted land to their subordinates.

Nationalist Liberation Front (FLN)

Radical nationalist movement in Algeria, launched sustained guerrilla warfare against France in the 1950s, success of attacks led to the independence of Algeria in 1958

Marconi

Radio Waves

Greek Revolution

Rebellion in Greece against the Ottoman Empire in 1820, key step in gradually dismantling the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans

Minas Gerais

Region of Brazil located in its mountainous interior where gold strikes were discovered in 1695, became the location for the gold rush

Gold Coast

Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana; named for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward.

Rajput

Regional Indian princes who ruled after the fall of the Guptas.

Abrahamic Relgions

Relgions that have one god. Stem from Abraham.

War of the Spanish Succession

Resulted from Bourbon family's succession to Spanish throne in 1701; ended by treaty of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in recognition of Bourbons, loss of some lands, grants of commercial rights to English and French

neo-Confucians

Revived ancient Confucian teachings in Song era of China; great impact on the dynasties that followed; their emphasis on tradition and hostility to foreign systems made Chinese rulers and bureaucrats less receptive to outside ideas and influences.

self-determination

Right of people in a region to determine whether to be independent or not

boyars

Russian nobility

Leon Trotsky

Russian revolutionary and Communist theorist who helped Lenin and built up the army

1649

Russian serfdom became hereditary in...

Monsoons

Seasonal winds crossing India and se Asia that bring rain in summer

purdah

Seclusion in their homes imposed on women

Minh Mang

Second emperor of a united Vietnam, successor of Nguyen Anh, ruled from 1820 to 1841, sponsored emphasis of Confucianism, persecuted Catholics

Yangdi

Second member of Sui dynasty; murdered his father to gain throne; restored Confucian examination system; responsible for construction of Chinese canal system; assassinated in 618

Tanzimat reforms

Series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876, established Western-style university, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms, resulted in the creation of a new constitution in 1876

Olmecs

Settled around Gulf of Mexico. 1st important settlement was San Lorenzo and later La Venta

Helots

Slaves to the Spartans that revolted and nearly destroyed Sparta in 650 B.C.E.

saltwater slaves

Slaves transported from Africa, almost invariably black

Bulgaria

Slavic kingdom in the Balkans; put constant pressure on the Byzantine Empire; defeated by Basis II in 2014.

Band

Social organization of 20-30 nomadic hunter-gatherers that divided labor based on gender

Plato

Socrates' greatest pupil; Suggested humans could approach understanding of perfect forms of truth, good, and beauty that he thought underlay nature

Humayan

Son and successor of Babur, expelled from India in 1540, but restored Mughal rule by 1556, died shortly thereafter

Chiang Ching-kuo

Son and successor of Chiang Kai-shek as ruler of Taiwanese government in 1978, continued authoritarian government, attempted to lessen gap between followers of his father and indigenous islanders

feminist movements

Sought various legal and economic gains for women, including equal access to professions and higher education, came to concentrate on the right to vote, won support particularly for middle class women, active in western Europe at the end of the 19th century, revived light of other issues in the 1960s

New Spain

Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica, included most of central Mexico, based on the imperial system of the Aztecs

Pedro de Valdivia

Spanish conquistador, conquered Araucanian Indians of Chile and established the city of Santiago in 1541

Charles III

Spanish enlightened monarch; ruled from 1759 to 1788; instituted fiscal, administrative, and military reforms in Spain and its empire.

Equals

Spartan citizens. From birth to death they served the Spartan state.

pochteca

Special merchant class in Aztec society, specialized in long-distance trade in luxury items

Stuppas

Stone shrines built to house pieces of bone or hair and relics of Buddha; Preserved Buddhist architectural forms

Sui

Succeeded Han

Guilds

Sworn associations of people in the same business or trade in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship; often established franchise within cities.

Damascus

Syrian city that was the capital of the Umayyad caliphate

Three-field system

System of agricultural cultivation by 9th century in western Europe; included one-third in spring grains, one-third fallow.

quipu

System of knotted strings utilized by the Inca in place of a writing system, could contain numerical and other types of information for censuses and financial records

Ifriqiya

The Arabic term for eastern north Africa

Maghrib

The Arabic word for western north Africa

Fall of Qing Dynasty

The Boxers succeded in killing the Qing.

Dutch trading empire

The Dutch system extending into Asia with fortified towns and factories, warships on patrol, and monopoly control of a limited number of products

Coptic Christianity

The Egyptian variety of Christianity, distinctive in its belief that Christ has only a single, divine nature.

Muhammad

The Messiah of Islam. He wrote the Quran, the religious text of Islam, which is said to hold to word of Allah (God). Founder of Islam.

Granada

The Muslim kingdom that Spain later conquested. In 1502, the Muslims were forced to convert to Christianity or be expelled or killed.

Muslim conquests

The Muslims conquered Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and north Africa, and placed Constantinople under siege two times. Abbasid caliphs ruled from 750-1258, Mongolians seized Baghdad in 1258

Neolithic Age

The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 BCE; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished

Paleolithic Age

The Old Stone Age ending in 12000 BCE; typified by use of crude stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence

Cleopatra

The Queen of Egypt, she engaged in a relationship with Antony. When they could not win against Octavian, she killed herself.

Persian Empire

The largest and most powerful empire. Ruled Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. Attacked Greece and lost.

Hammurabi

The most important ruler of the Babylonian Empire; responsible for the codification of law

Bantu Migration

The movement of the Bantu peoples southward throughout Africa, spreading their language and culture, from around 500 b.c. to around A.D 1000

Barack Obama

The nation's first African American president in 2009.

Khanate of the Golden Horde

The official name for the Mongolian empire over Russia. Kiev fell to the Mongols and then they controlled southern Russia for 200 years. The capitol of the area was in Sarai. Western most part of the Mongol Empire

Middle Ages

The period in western European history from the decline and fall of the Roman Empire until the 15th century

Sepoy rebellion

The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny.

Demography

The study of population

presidencies

Three districts that made up the bulk of the directly ruled British territories in India, capitals at Madras, Calcutta, and Bombay

khagan

Title for supreme ruler of all Mongol tribes

End Of WWI

Treaty of Versailles, Nov 11 1918

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Vassal of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, succeeded him as most powerful military figure in Japan, granted title of shogun in 1603 and established Tokugawa Shogunate, established political unity in Japan

Simon Bolivar

Venezuelan statesman who led the revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule

Thirty Years War

War within the Holy Roman Emperor between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain, ended 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia

Patricians

Wealthy Roman class made up the assembly that elected the consuls

Untouchables

Were not part of the caste system; below Shudras

Macedonian Dynasty

Which Dynasty ruled the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire between 867-1081?

Devi

Widely spread after Gupta collapse

Nur Jahan

Wife of Jahangir, amassed power in court and created faction of male relatives who dominated Mughal empire during later years of Jahangir's reign

Twantinsuyu

Word for the Inca Empire, region from present-day Columbia to Chile and eastward to northern Argentina

WTO

World Trade Organization. In 1995 over 100 nations joined to strengthen GATT= General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade to reduce tariffs and expand trade.

Haganah

Zionist military force engaged in violent resistance to British presence in Palestine in the 1940s

heresy

a belief that opposes that of the church

The Communist Manifesto

a book written by Karl Marx. It suggested that there would be a social revolution in which the proletariat (working class) would overthrow the bourgeoisie (middle class factory owners) and then set up a classless, socialist community. This book was the blueprint for communist governments around the world.

phalanx

a compact or close-knit body of people, animals, or things

Emancipation Proclamation

a declaration issued by U.S president Abraham Lincoln in 1863, stating that all slaves in the Confederate states were free

Habeas Corpus

a document requiring that a prisoner be brought before a judge so that it can be decided whether his or her imprisonment is legal

Theocracy

a government controlled by religious leaders

jury of peers

a group of ordinary citizens who hear the case and decide whether the accused person is innocent or guilty

IRA

a militant organization of Irish nationalists who used terrorism and guerilla warfare in an effort to drive British forces from Northern Ireland and achieve a united independent Ireland

Triple Alliance

a military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

Crusader states

a number of feudal states or kingdoms, beginning with Edessa, Antioch, and Jerusalem, established by European Christian lords in Southwest Asia during the Crusades

Figurehead

a person with apparent but no real authority

Existentialism

a philosophy based on the idea that people give meaning to their lives through their choices and actions

fief

a piece of land granted to a vassal

Demilitarization

a reduction in a country's ability to wage war, achieved by disbanding its armed forces and prohibiting it from acquiring weapons

Surfs

a slave bound to the land and owned by a lord usually a farmer

Patmos

a small island off the southwest coast of Asia Minor, where John received revelations of Jesus Christ, visions in book of Revelations

Proletariat

a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages

Totalitarian State

a state in which the government controls every aspect of public and private life

nobility

a state of being high-ranked among the people

Huang He

aka Yellow River where earliest civilization of China was developed

Delian League

alliance of the Greeks against the Persians. Athens served as the leader

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

Socialism

an economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all

the Tropics

area between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, which has generally warm temperatures because it receives the direct rays of the sun for much of the year; most Sub-Saharan African states lie in this region

Spheres of influence

areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly (ex. Europe and U.S. in China)

Prince Shotoku Taishi

borrowed heavily from China; created the 17 Point Constitution

umma

community of the faithful within Islam.

Ali

cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism

Edict of Milan

created by Constantine, this established Christianity as an acceptable religion

Pastoral nomadism

dependent on herds for survival

partition of poland

division of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as independent state; part of expansion of Russian influence in eastern Europe.

manor system

economic plan by which a knight allowed peasants to farm land on his estate in return for food or other payment

Ancestor Veneration

emphasized by the Zhou Dynasty; family unit was the most important social structure.

Aryans

entered the Indian subcontinent through the Khyber Pass around 1700 BCE. Established the racial mix that is now India

Tibetans

ethnic group living in western China

Shi'i

followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam.

jizya

head tax paid by all non-Muslims in Islamic lands.

Liberals

in the first half of the 19th century, those europeans (mainly middle-class business leaders and merchants) who wanted to give more political power to elected parliaments

Eightfold Path

includes right understanding, purpose, speech, conduct, livelihood, effort, awareness, and concentration.

Shia Islam

is the belief that people should have Muhammad's descendants as their leaders.

Jagadai

khanate situated between all other 3 khanates, most famous ruler was Timur, who expanded this khanate by conquering India and attempting to capture China as well

Clovis I

king of the Franks who unified Gaul and established his capital at Paris and founded the Frankish monarchy

Black Stone

meteorite placed in shrine (Ka'ba) in Mecca, Muslims pay homage to it

Conscription

military draft

Demak

most powerful of the trading states on the north coast of Java; converted to Islam and served as point of dissemination to other ports

Tarik

muslim leader who led conquest of Spain

Hinduism

no creator.

mawali

non-Arab converts to Islam.

Craft guilds

organizations of skilled workers engaged in one particular craft

Pogroms

organized campaigns of violence against Jewish communities in late 19th century Russia

Albert Einstein

physicist born in Germany who formulated the special theory of relativity and the general theory of relativity

Modernism

practices typical of contemporary life or thought

parables

stories that Jesus used to teach his followers

Factors of Production

the resources (including land, labor, and capital) that are needed to produce goods and services

Trench Warfare

war from inside trenches enemies would try killing eachother with machine guns and tanks, and poison gas

The Republic

written by Plato in which he described his ideal state ruled by a philosopher king

Gospels

"Good News"; accounts of the life and teaching of Jesus Christ.

dhimmis

"the people of the book", Jews, Christians;, later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus.

Neolithic

(10,000 - 8,000 BCE) The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals as a food source. This led to the development of permanent settlements and the start of civilization.

Zhou Dynasty

(1050BC-400BC) Longest dynasty in Chinese history. Established a new political order with king at the highest level, then lords and warriors and then peasants.

Zhu Xi

(1130-1200) Most prominent of neo-Confucian scholars during the Song dynasty in China; stressed importance of applying philosophical principles to everyday life and action

Marco Polo

(1254-1324) Italian explorer and author. He made numerous trips to China and returned to Europe to write of his journeys. He is responsible for much of the knowledge exchanged between Europe and China during this time period.

Diocletian

(245-313) Emperor of Rome who was responsible for dividing Rome into different provinces and districts. Eventually, the eastern portions of the Empire became known as the Byzantine Empire.

Byzantine Empire

(330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine.

Great Khanate

-Eastern Mongol Khanate that ruled China and Mongolia; quickly became the Yuan Dynasty as the Mongol's became assimilated into Chinese cultur

Four noble truths

1. All life is suffering 2. Suffering is caused by desire 3. There is a way out of suffering 4. The way out of suffering is to follow the Eightfold Path

Confucian social hierarchy

1. Scholar gentry 2. Peasants 3. Merchants 4. Warriors and others (such as theatre performers)

Spread of industrial revolution

1. areas close to Europe began to industrialize 2. industrial techniques spread to the Rhine Valley and US

American migration

1.) Bering Straight Theory: During the Ice Age, the water level dropped, creating a land bridge connecting Asia and North America, which people used to cross to the Americas around 13,000 BC

Julius Caesar

100-44 B.C. Roman general who became the republic's dictator in 45 B.C.

Diaspora

135 CE, Romans drove Hebrews out of their homeland, causing them to scatter

Steam Engine

1760's; James Watt; engine powered by steam that could pump water from mines 3X as quickly as previous engines

Vespasian

1st Flavian, strong ruler, working relationship with senate, Claudius policies, put down Jewish revolt. Gained control after the last of the Augustan line.

cubist movement

20th century art style, best represented by Spanish artist Pablo Picasso, rendered familiar objects as geometrical shapes

Qin Dynasty

221-207BCE, established at end of Warring States after decline of Zhou dynasty

Shi Huangdi

221BCE, founder of Qin Dynasty

Punic Wars

264-146 BCE Rome vs Cathage(north Africa). Rome sacked Carthage

Qin Dynasty

3rd Chinese Dynasty 206 BCE-220 CE

Sophocles

494-406 BCE, Greek writer of tragedy Oedipus Rex

Han Dynasty

4th Chinese Dynasty

Corpus Iuris Civilis (Body of the Civil Law)

529) Body of Civil Law in Byzantine. A systematic compilation of imperial edicts. Consisted of digest, institutes, and Novels. Digest - compendium of writings of roman jurisits. Institutes - brief summary of chief principles of Roman law that could be used as textbook. Novels - compilation of most important new edicts issued during Justinian's reign

Persian Wars

5th century B.C.E wars between the Persian empire and Greek city-states; Greek victories allowed Greek civilization to define identity.

Justinian

6-th century Byzantine emperor; failed to reconquer the western portions of the empire; revuilt Constantinople; codified Roman law.

Toltecs

70 miles north of Mexico City. Toltecs built their capital city there. 10th-12th centuries the Toltecs dominated most of mexico

Legalism

A Chinese philosophy that was devoted to strengthen and expand the state through increased agricultural work and military service.

Nestorians

A Christian sect found in Asia; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions

Minoan Civilization

A Greek civilization on the island of Crete. Snuffed out overnight by a volcano eruption from Santorini. They were the 'middleman' of sea trading.

Trireme

A Greek ship that was used to ram enemy ships. Powered by free citizens both rich and poor.

Hajj

A Muslim's pilgrimage to Mecca to worship Allah

Parliament

A body of representatives that makes laws for a nation

Parliament

A body of representatives that makes laws for a nation.

mythology

A body of stories about gods and heroes that try to explain how the world works

Mummy

A body preserved by chemical processes or special natural circumstances, often in the belief that the deceased will need it again in the afterlife. In ancient Egypt the bodies of people who could afford mummification underwent a complex process of removing organs, filling body cavities, dehydrating the corpse with natron, and then wrapping the body with linen bandages and enclosing it in a wooden sarcophagus.

Domesday book

A book created by William the Conqueror that decreased the power of the Anglo-Saxons by writing what they had and then taxing them.

Chernobyl

A catastrophic nuclear accident that occurred on April 26th, 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine, which was under the direct justification of the central authorities of the Soviet Union. An explosion and fire released large quantities of radioactive particles into the atmosphere, which spread over much of the Western USSR and Europe. The Chernobyl disaster is the worst nuclear peer plant accident in terms of cost and resulting in death.

chivalry

A code of honor and behavior. Originally a warrior code that emphasized warrior training and honor. It would later become a code that guided lifestyle and relations. It didn't apply to lower classes.

Hinduism

A cohesive and unique society, most prevalent in India, that integrates spiritual beliefs with daily practices and official institutions such as the caste system.

Ideology

A comprehensive set of beliefs about the nature of people and about the role of an institution or government.

Xiongnu

A confederation of nomadic peoples living beyond the northwest frontier of ancient China. Chinese rulers tried a variety of defenses and stratagems to ward off these 'barbarians,' as they called them, and dispersed them in 1st Century. (168)

Gerusia

A council of 30 elders who advised the Spartan kings. Judicial power.

Zimbabwe

A country of southern Africa. Various Bantu peoples migrated into the area during the first millennium, displacing the earlier San inhabitants.

Athens

A democratic Greek polis who accomplished many cultural achievements, and who were constantly at war with Sparta.

Abbasids

A dynasty that ruled much of the Muslim Empire from 750 to about 1250.

Umayyads

A dynasty that ruled the Muslim Empire from 661 to 750 and later established a kingdom in al-Andalus.

Sparta

A extremely militaristic Greek city-state. Famous of its harsh society, military power, and history.

Loess

A fine, light silt deposited by wind and water. It constitutes the fertile soil of the Yellow River Valley in northern China.

republic

A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting

absolutism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

steel

A form of iron that is both durable and flexible. It was first mass-produced in the 1860s and quickly became the most widely used metal in construction, machinery, and railroad equipment. Made efficenetly in China with blast furnace

Cuneiform

A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets

Phalanx

A formation where Greek hoplites covered themselves and their neighbors with shields and held out their long spears in front of them and stabbed at the people they were attacking.

Clovis

A king of the Frankish tribes who became a Christian. His wife was a Christian and he needed the support of the Church to win a war.

Troy

A kingdom that was destroyed by the Greeks in the Trojan War. It is located on the western coast of Asia Minor

Mediterranean Sea

A large, almost landlocked arm of the Atlantic Ocean touching Europe, Asia, and Africa

Jose de San Martin

A leader of the struggle for independence in southern South America, born in Argentina and served in the Spanish army but joined in the movement for independence and led the revolutionary army that crossed the Andes and helped liberate Chile in 1817-1818, later collaborated with Simon Bolivar in the liberation of Peru, instituted a number of liberal reforms in Peru and was exiled in Europe in 1823 for political reasons

Corinth

A major Greek city, with ports on both the Aegean and Adriatic seas. Site of an Important Christian congregation. Visited by the Apostle Paul for the first time in 50 BCE

ming dynasty

A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia

Draco

A man who created a series of harsh laws to keep power over the poorer citizens.

Ziggurat

A massive pyramidal stepped tower made of mudbricks. It is associated with religious complexes in ancient Mesopotamian cities, but its function is unknown.

Zulus

A native African group who fought with the Boers for control of the land were herders and agriculturists moved into southern Africa.

totalitarian state

A new kind of government in the 20th century that exercised massive, direct control over virtually all the activities of its subjects, existed in Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union

Jesuits

A new religious order founded during the Catholic Reformation, active in politics, education, and missionary work, sponsored missions to South America, North America, and Asia

Time of Troubles

A period following the death of Ivan IV when Russian boyars attempted to limit tsarist autocracy and gain governing rights for themselves

Confucianism

A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct.

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

A policy that the Germans announced on January 1917 which stated that their submarines would sink any ship in the British waters

Sparta

A powerful Greek miliary polis that was often at war with Athens. Used slaves known as helots to provide agricultural labor.

guild system

A system for specialized workers in the medieval times. It would set regulations for price and other factors to eliminate competition in the town, kept the number of people in a specific job limited, had to go through apprenticeship -> journey man ->master

tributary system

A system in which, from the time of the Han Empire, countries in East and Southeast Asia not under the direct control of empires based in China nevertheless enrolled as tributary states, acknowledging the superiority of the emperors in China.

Religion

A system of beliefs shared by a group with objects for devotion, rituals for worship and a code of ethics

Zimmerman telegram

A telegram Germany Sent to Mexico to convince Mexico to attack the U.S.

Chan (Zen)

A tradition centered on the practice of meditation and the teaching that ultimate reality is not expressible in words or logic, but must be grasped through direct intution

Debt-slavery

A type of slavery where Greek citizens were forced into slavery if they could not pay their debts.

Inca socialism

A view created by Spanish authors to describe Inca society as a type of utopia, image of the Inca Empire as a carefully organized system in which every community collectively contributed to the whole

Oracle of Delphi

A woman who sat over a vent in the earth and told the future in cryptic riddles. Was considered to be very important.

750-1258 CE Mesopotamia

Abbasid Caliphate

Ministry of Rites

Administered examinations to students from Chinese government schools or those recommended by distinguished scholars

Sarajevo

Administrative center of the Bosnian province of the Austrian Empire, assassination there of Archduke Ferdinand in 1914 started World War I

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

Adopted during the liberal phase of the French Revolution, stated the fundamental equality of all French citizens, later became a political source for other liberal movements

cientificos

Advisors of government of Porfirio Diaz who were strongly influenced by positivist ideas, permitted Mexican government to project image of modernization

Marcus Garvey

African American political leader, had a major impact on merging African nationalist leaders in the 1920s and 1930s

W.E.B. DuBois

African American political leader, had a major impact on merging African nationalist leaders in the 1920s and 1930s

Treaty of Guadalipe Hidalgo

Agreement that ended the Mexican-American War, provided for the loss of Texas and California to the United States, left legacy of distrust of the United States in Latin America

Triple Entente

Alliance among Britain, Russia and France at the outset of the 20th century, part of the European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I

Triple Alliance

Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century, part of the European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I

Holy Alliance

Alliance among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in defense of religion and the established order, formed at the Congress of Vienna by the most conservative monarchies of Europe

Triple Alliance

Alliance between Germany, Italy, Austria Hungry

Warsaw Pact

Alliance organization by Soviet Union with its eastern European satellites to balance formation of NATO by Western powers in 1949

simony

Allowed people to become bishops, have their sins wiped clean, or receive a job working for the church if you paid a sum of money.

Matteo Ricci

Along with Adam Schall, Jesuit scholar in court of Ming emperors, skilled scientist, won few converts to Christianity

Castile

Along with Aragon, a regional kingdom of the Iberian peninsula, pressed reconquest of peninsula from Muslims, developed a vigorous military and religious agenda

Aragon

Along with Castile, a regional kingdom of the Iberian peninsula, pressed reconquest of peninsula from Muslims, developed a vigorous military and religious agenda

Isabella of Castile

Along with Ferdinand of Aragon, monarch of the largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia, marriage to Ferdinand created a united Spain, responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of the exploration of the New World, lived from 1451 to 1504

Mohenjo-Daro

Along with Harappa, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern.

Ferdinand of Aragon

Along with Isabelle of Castile, monarch of the largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia, marriage to Isabella created a united Spain, responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of the exploration of the New World, ruled from 1479 to 1516

Adam Schall

Along with Matteo Ricci, Jesuit scholar in court of Ming emperors, skilled scientist, won few converts to Christianity

Harappa

Along with Mohenjo-Daro, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern.

Cyrillic Alphabet

Alphabet named after Saint Cyril who used it to help convert Slavs to Orthodox Christianity.

Monroe Doctrine

American declaration stated in 1823, established that any attempt of a European country to colonize in the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the United States, supported by Great Britain as a means of opening Latin American trade

Islam

An Abrahamic religion. Believe in one God, who they call Allah. They believe the Qur'an is the word of God.

Kush

An Egyptian name for Nubia, the region alongside the Nile River south of Egypt, where an indigenous kingdom with its own distinctive institutions and cultural traditions arose beginning in the early second millennium B.C.E.

Civilization

An ambiguous term often used to denote more complex societies but sometimes used by anthropologists to describe any group of people sharing a set of cultural traits.

Holy Roman Empire

An empire in ancient Europe that was lead by a prince who followed Catholicism.

Harold II of England

An important noble with large amounts of land, he had a large army of sizable force. He sister was married to the king and he was chosen by the English parliament to be the next king. He was chosen by Edward.

Hanseatic League

An organization of cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance.

Ancient India

Ancient civilization that developed south of the Himalayan Mountain Range along the Indus and Ganges rivers; circa 2500 BCE

Bedouins

Arab nomads. They were organized into tribes and groups called clans. These clans provided security and support for a life made difficult by the extreme conditions of the desert. Their settlement is from where the Muslim Empire sprang. This was around the 600s AD and at the Arabian Peninsula.

Mecca

Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam.

Zenj

Arabic term for the east African coast

Robert Clive

Architect of British victory at Plassey in 1757, established foundations of British Raj in northern India, lived 1725-1774

settlement colonies

Areas, such as North America and Australia, that were both conquered by European invaders and settled by large numbers of European migrants who made the colonized areas their permanent home and dispersed and decimated the indigenous inhabitants

Treaty of Paris

Arranged in 1763 following Seven Years War, granted New France to England in exchange for return of French sugar island in Caribbean

Armenian genocide

Assault carried out by mainly Turkish military forces against Armenian population in Anatolia in 1915, over a million Armenians perished and thousands fled to Russia and the Middle East

Senate

Assembly of Roman aristocrats; Advised on policy within the republic; Early element of Roman constitution

merchant guild

Association of merchants and workers created to protect their rights to trade and to help out members and their families.

Huitzilopochtli

Aztec tribal patron god, central figure of the cult of human sacrifice and warfare, identified with the old sun god

Chinggis Khan

Born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227, prior to conquest of most of Islamic world.

Louis XVI

Bourbon monarch of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution

Orthodox Christianity

Branch of Christianity based in the Greek-speaking eastern portions of ancient Europe. Split from the Roman Catholic Church in the 11th Century based on traditions and ritual differences as well as who was to lead the church, it is today the dominant form of Christianity in places such as Greece, Balkans Europe and Russia.

Rio de Janiero

Brazilian port, close to mines of Minas Gerias, importance grew with gold strikes, became colonial capital in 1763

al-Ghazali

Brilliant Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions; not entirely accepted by ulama

Queen Victoria

British Queen, under whose rule the British empire reached the height of its wealth and power, forced to accept a new, virtually powerless role after the Chartist movement

Natal

British colony in south Africa,developed after Boer trek north from Cape Colony, major commercial outpost at Durban

Hong Kong

British colony on Chinese mainland, major commercial center, agreement reached between British and People's Republic of China returned colony to China in 1997

Cecil Rhodes

British entrepreneur in south Africa around 1900, manipulated political situation in south Africa to gain entry to resources of Boer republics, encouraged Boer War as means of destroying Boer independence

Balfour Declaration

British minister Lord Balfour's promise of support for the establishment of Jewish settlement in Palestine issued in 1917

Luisitania

British passanger ship that was torpedoed by a German U-boat in 1915; 1200 people died and 128 Americans died.

British Raj

British political establishment in India, developed as a result of the rivalry between France and Britain in India

Winston Churchill

British prime minister during World War II, responsible for British resistance to German air assaults, lived 1874 to 1965

Lord Cromer

British proconsul in khedival Egypt from 1883 to 1907, pushed for economic reforms that reduced but failed to eliminate the debts of the khedival regime

William Wilberforce

British statesman and reformer, leader of the abolitionist movement in English Parliament that led to the end of the English slave trade in 1807

Henry Stanley

British-American explorer of Africa, famous for his expeditions in search of Dr. David Livingstone. He helped King Leopold II establish the Congo Free State.

Taiping Rebellion

Broke out in south China in the 1850s and early 1860s, led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi-Christianized prophet, sought to overthrow Qing dynasty and Confucian basis of scholar-gentry

1347-1351 CE

Bubonic Plague

Bodishattvas

Buddhist holy men; Built up spiritual merits during lifetimes; Prayers even after death could help people achieve reflected holiness

Berlin Wall

Built in 1961 to halt the flow of immigration from East Berlin to West Berlin, immigration was in response to lack of consumer goods and close Soviet control of economy and politics, torn down at the end of the Cold War in 1991

World War 1 propaganda

Buy Bonds, Join the war

Justinian

Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code

Cyril and Methodius

Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and the Balkans; responsible for creating the Slavic written script called Cyrillic.

Thebes

Capital city of Egypt and home of the ruling dynasties during the Middle and New Kingdoms. Amon, patron deity of Thebes, became one of the chief gods of Egypt. Monarchs were buried across the river in the Valley of the Kings.

Baghdad

Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon

Mexico City

Capital of New Spain, built on the ruins of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan

Chang'an

Capital of Tang dynasty; population of 2 million, larger than any other city in the world at that time.

Meroë

Capital of a flourishing kingdom in southern Nubia from the fourth century B.C.E. to the fourth century C.E. In this period Nubian culture shows more independence from Egypt and the influence of Sub-Saharan Africa.

Constantinople

Capital of the Byzantine Empire; constructed on the site of Byzantium, an old Greek city on the Bosporus. (Today's Istanbul)

Knossos

Capital of the Minoans. Was on the island of Crete. Excavated by Sir Arthur Evans in the early 1900's. Decorated with frescoes.

karakorum

Capital of the Mongol empire under Chinggis Khan, 1162 - 1227.

Charles Martel

Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe.

Hannibal

Carthaginian military commander who, in the Second Punic War, attempted a surprise attack on Rome, crossing the Alps with a large group of soldiers, horses, and elephants.

Cardinals

Catholic officials ranking next below the pope.

Olmec Culture

Central America's first civilization (c. 800-400 B.C.E.), which developed agriculture and produced accurate calendars. It powerfully influenced later civilizations in the Americas.

Mongols

Central Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph

Centralized vs Decentralized rule

Centralized- emperor rules directly through governors or military leaders Decentralized- the emperor lets local rulers rule their own people although they had to pay taxes

Ashoka

Chandragupta Maurya's grandson; Completed conquests of India; Converted to Buddhism, sponsored spread throughout the empire

Kautilya

Chandragupta's political advisor who believed in scientific application of warfare

People's Liberation Army

Chinese Communist army, administered much of country under People's Republic of China

pragmatists

Chinese Communist politicians such as Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping, and Liu Shaoqui, determined to restore state direction and market incentives at the local level, opposed Great Leap Forward

Daoism

Chinese school of thought, originating in the Warring States Period with Laozi. Daoism offered an alternative to the Confucian emphasis on hierarchy and duty.

Oracles

Chinese shamans who foretold future thru interpretations of animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writing

junks

Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, sternpost rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula

Mahayanna

Chinese version of Buddhism; emphasized Buddha as God or savior

Eastern Orthodox Church

Christian followers in the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire); split from Roman Catholic Church and shaped life in eastern Europe and western Asia.

Copts

Christian sect of Egypt; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule.

1492 CE

Christopher Columbus sails to Americas

Roman Catholic Church

Church established in western Europe during the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages with its head being the bishop of Rome or pope.

Bishops

Church leaders who are the successors of the Apostles. Bishops receive all three orders of the Sacrament of Holy Orders

Mecca

City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion.

Carthage

City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century B.C.E. (p. 107)

Long March

Communist escape from Hunan province during civil war with Guomindang in 1934, center of Communist power moved to Shaanxi province, firmly established Mao Zedong as head of the Communist party in China

People's Republic of China

Communist government of mainland China, proclaimed in 1949 following military success of Mao Zedong over forces of Chiang Kai-shek and the Guimindang

Mao Zedong

Communist leader in revolutionary China, advocated rural reform and role of peasantry in Nationalist revolution, influenced by Li Dazhao, led Communist reaction against Guomindang purges in 1920s, culminating in Long March of 1934, seized control of all mainland China by 1949, initiated Great Leap Forward in 1958

Viet Minh

Communist-dominated Vietnamese nationalist movement, operated out of base in southern China during WWII, employed guerrilla tactics similar to Maoists in China

Deism

Concept of God current during the Scientific Revolution, role of divinity was to set natural laws in motion, not to regulate once the process has begun

absolute monarchy

Concept of government developed during the rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century, featured monarchs who passe laws without parliament, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies and established state churches, imposed state economic policies

Hundred Years War

Conflict between England and France from 1337 to 1453; fought over lands England possessed in France and feudal rights versus the emerging claims of national states

English Civil War

Conflict from 1640 to 1660, featured religious dispute mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy, ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1600 following execution of previous king

Kangxi

Confucian scholar and Manchu emperor of the Qing dynasty from 1661 to 1722, established a high degree of Sinification among the Manchus

Wang Anshi

Confucian scholar and chief minister of a Song emperor in 1070s; introduced sweeping reforms based on Legalists; advocated greater state intervention in society.

Augustin de Iturbide

Conservative Creole officer in the Mexican army who signed agreement with insurgent forces of independence, combined forces entered Mexico City in 1821, later proclaimed emperor of Mexico until its collapse in 1824

Cristeros

Conservative peasant movement in Mexico during the 1920s, most active in central Mexico, attempted to halt slide toward secularism, movement resulted in armed violence

Constantinople

Constantinople, named after Emperor Constantine, became the place of the remainders of the Roman Empire and was so well fortified that it stood until the 1400's A.D. Now called Istanbul.

trans-Siberian railroad

Constructed in the 1870s to connect European Russia with the Pacific, completed by the end of the 1880s, brought Russia into a more active Asian role

Aqueducts

Constructions that carry water.

Homer

Could have been one bard or many bards. Said to be blind. Wrote the epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey.

Monarchies

Countries ruled by a king or queen

Treaty of Verdun

Created after Charlemagne's death in 843 A.D., this divided the empire amongst Charlemagne's grandsons and was disastrous for the Carolingian Empire.

Treaty of Versailles

Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty 1)stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, Air force. 2) Germany had to repair war damages(33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manufacture any weapons.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Created in 1949 under US leadership to group most of the western European powers plus Canada in a defensive alliance against possible Soviet aggression

collectivization

Creation of large, state-run farms rather than individual holdings, allowed more efficient control over peasants, though often lowered food production, part of Stalin's economic and political planning, often adopted in other communist regimes

Buddha

Creator of a major Indian and Asian religion; born 6th century BCE as a son of local ruler among Aryan tribes located near Himalayas; became an ascetic; found enlightenment under bo tree; taught enlightenment could be achieved only by abandoning desires for all earthly things

Simon Bolivar

Creole military officer in northern South America, won series of victories in Venezuela, Columbia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822, military success led to the creation of independent state of Gran Columbia

Fidel Castro

Cuban revolutionary, overthrew dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1958, initiated series of socialist reforms, came to depend almost exclusively on the Soviet Union

Ka'aba

Cube like structure housing a black stone or meteorite that became the most revered shrine in Arabia before the introduction of Islam; situated in Mecca, it later was incorporated in the Islamic faith

Slash and burn agriculture

Cultivation system used by shifting cultivators; clear forest floor with fire, then plant

Xerces

Darius I 2nd son who invaded Greece with 600,000 men

Indira Gandhi

Daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, installed as a figurehead prime minister by the Congress party bosses in 1966, soon became a central figure in Indian politics and remained until the 1970s and passed it on to her sons

Reasons for the decline of Rome

Debasing of currency, Pax Romana ended, poor leaders weakened the government, the military consisted of mercenaries, people were out of work, there was a famine, taxes became too great, people stopped attending school, and plague spread throughout Rome.

Five Pillars of Islam

Declaration of faith, prayer, alms, fasting, and pilgrimage

reliquaries "Holy Thorn Reliquary"/"Shroud of Turin"

Decorated, ornate boxes where relics were kept. Holy Thorn: holds the wreath that was on Jesus's head at his crucifixion. Shroud: shroud with an imprint of Jesus when he was crucified.

Minamoto

Defeated the rival Taira family in the Gempei Wars and established military government (bakufu) in 12th-century Japan

Revolutions of 1848

Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed.

Greek economy

Dependent heavily on Mediterranean Sea trade

Sahara

Desert running across northern Africa; separates the Mediterranean coast from southern Africa

Neolithic Revolution

Discovery of Agriculture

Yellow Turbans

During the decline of classical China, the Yellow Turbans were a Daoist group that promised a golden age that was to be brought about by divine magic.

Cape Colony

Dutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 initially to provide a coastal station for the Dutch seaborne empire, by 1770 settlements had expanded sufficiently to come into conflict with Bantus

Batavia

Dutch fortress located after 1620 on the island of Java

Vincent van Gogh

Dutch postimpressionist painter noted for his use of color (1853-1890)

Boers

Dutch settlers in Cape Colony, in southern Africa

Guptas

Dynasty in 3rd century CE after Kushans; Built empire that extended to all but southern India; Less centralized than Mauryan Empire

Trinh

Dynasty that ruled in north Vietnam at Hanoi, 1533 to 1772, rivals of Nguyen family in the south

Copper

Earliest metal used for jewelry and simple tools

Swahili Coast

East African shores of the Indian Ocean between the Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River; from the Arabic sawahil, meaning 'shores.'

Gamal Abdel Nasser

Egypt borders Israel, controls the Suez Canal and has the largest population of the Arab nations. In 1952 Nasser seized power in Egypt. Nasser was determined to modernize Egypt and stop Western domination. Nationalized the Suez Canal in 1956 ending British and French control (U.S forces Nasser out). Nasser also led two unsuccessful wars against Israel. To counter U.S. support for Israel, Egypt relied on Soviet Aid.

Hieroglyphics

Egyptian writing

Treaty of Westphalia

Ended Thirty Years War in 1648, granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Emperor to choose their own religion- either Protestant or Catholic

Charles Darwin

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)

Glorious Revolution

English overthrow of James II in 1688, resulted in affirmation of parliament as having basic sovereignty over the king

John Locke

English philosopher who argued that people could learn everything through sense and reason and that the power of government came from the people, not divine right of kings, offered possibility of revolution to overthrow tyrants

The Iliad

Epic poem based on the Trojan War

Hyundai

Example of huge industrial groups that wield great power in modern South Korea, virtually governed Korea's southeastern coast, vertical economic organization with ships, supertankers, factories, schools, and housing units

Politburo

Executive committee of the Soviet Communist party, 20 members

gun powder

Explosive substance that gave Chinese an advantage over Mongals

Semitic

Family of related languages long spoken across parts of western Asia and northern Africa. In antiquity these languages included Hebrew, Aramaic, and Phoenician. The most widespread modern member of the Semitic family is Arabic.

Dark Ages in Greece

Few records of this time exist. Both population and food production fell. Life regressed to a bare minimum. 850B.C.E farming revived and a new basis of life was formed. This was all because of an invasion by the Dorians.

Warring States Era

Fifth century BCE to 221 BCE where nobles fought for control of China

Corazon Aquino

First president of the Philippines in the post-Marcos era of the late 1980s, she served from 1986 to 1992, one of the key leaders in the popular movement that toppled the dictator

Hong Kong

First under Chinese rule then given to Britain after Opium War, then recently return to China

Five Good Emperors

Five consecutive Roman emperors (Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pius, and Marcus Aurelius) distinguished by their benevolence and moderation.

Anglican church

Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534, established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first divorce, became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death

Nestorian Christianity

Form that spread across Silk Roads into Central Asia, India, and China

Alexandria, Egypt

Founded and named for Alexander the Great; Site of ancient Mediterranean's greatest library; Center of literary studies

Bangladesh

Founded as an independent nation in 1972, formerly East Pakistan

World Zionist Organization

Founded by Therod Herzl to promote Jewish migration to and settlement in Palestine to form a Zionist state

Tenochtitlan

Founded circa 1325 on the marshy land in Lake Texcoco, became the center of Aztec power, joined with Tlacopan and Texcoco in 1434 to form a triple alliance

Babur

Founder of the Mughal dynasty in India, descended from Turkic warriors, first led invasion of India in 1526, died in 1530

Bronze Age

From about 4000BCE , when bronze tools were first introduced in the Middle East, to about 1500BCE when iron began to replace it

Western Front

Front established in World War I, generally along line from Belgium to Switzerland, featured trench warfare and horrendous casualties for all sides in the conflict

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

General under Nobunaga, succeeded as leading military power in central Japan, continued efforts to break power of daimyos, constructed a series of alliances that made him military master of Japan in 1590, died in 1598

Protestantism

General wave of religious dissent against Catholic church, generally held to have begun with Martin Luther's attack on Catholic beliefs in 1517, included many varieties of religious

Darfur

Genocide took place in oil rich Sudan. Since independence the Arab Muslim North had dominated the non-Muslim non Arab militias conducted widespread killings of civilians. 480,000 people killed.

Christopher Columbus

Genoese captain in service of king and queen of Castile and Aragon, successfully sailed to the New World and returned in 1492, initiated European discoveries in the Americas

Martin Luther

German monk that lived from 1483-1546, initiated the Protestant Reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to the door of the Wittenburg church, emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic church, accepted state control of the chirch

Karl Marx

German socialist who blasted earlier socialist movements as utopian, saw history as defined by class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production, preached necessity of social revolution to create proletarian dictatorship, lived 1818-1883

1095-1291 CE

Great Crusades

Greek Colonies

Greeks would establish colonies at coastal sites around the Mediterranean Sea. Some of these were city-states of their own and others were trading posts.

Pope Leo XIII

He gave the first hint of a coming change in 1885 when he said that no one should be forced to become a Catholic against his or her will.

Dharma

Hindus believe that they have a duty (dharma) to perform in life

Hutus and Tutsis

Hutus were the majority group but Tutsis had long dominated Rwanda. After independence, Hutu violence against Tutsis increased.

Icons

Images of religious figure venerated by Byzantine Christians.

Battle at Marathon

Important victory during Persian invasion of Greece. Athenian win that led to Athens's Golden Age

Spanish American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

Conflict between Israel & Palestine

In 1947, the UN drew up a plan to divide the Palestine Mandate into an Arab and a Jewish state. Jews accepted the plan but Arabs rejected it. Arab states launched several unsuccessful wars against Israel.

Suddam Hussein

In 1980 he seized a disputed border region between Iraq and Iran. This led a costly war and a stalemate in 1988. Was captured in 2003 and was executed.

Temple of the Sun

Inca religious center located at Cuzco, center of state religion, held mummies of past Incas

Greek Fire

Incendiary material used by the Byzantines described as able to burn in water.

Chams

Indianized rivals of the Vietnamese, driven into the highlands by the successful Vietnamese drive to the south

Khmers

Indianized rivals of the Vietnamese, moved into the Mekong River delta region at the time of a Vietamese drive to the south

New Economic Policy

Initiated by Lenin in 1921, state continued to set basic economic policies, but efforts were now combined with individual initiative, policy allowed food production to recover

Great Depression

International economic crisis following the First World War, began with collapse of American stock market in 1929, actual cause included collapse of agricultural prices in 1920s, included collapse of banking houses in the United States and Western Europe, massive unemployment, contradicted optimistic assumptions of the 19th century

Comintern

International office of communism under USSR dominance established to encourage the formation of Communist parties in Europe and elsewhere

Hinduism vs. Islam

Islam (1 god, 1 book, 5 pillars, intolerant, eat beef) Hinduism (Many gods/idols, varying beliefs, caste system)

Reasons for the growth of Christianity

It embraced all people, promised life after death for EVERYONE, and appealed to the poorer people.

Benito Mussolini

Italian fascist leader after WWI, created first fascist government (1922-1943) based on aggressive foreign policy and new nationalist glories

demesne

Lands set aside for the lord of a manor

Nezhualcoyotl

Leading Aztec king of the 15th century

Xuanzong

Leading Chinese emperor of the Tang dynasty who reigned from 713 to 755 though he encouraged overexpansion

Hernan Cortes

Led an expedition of 600 to the coast of Mexico in 1519, conquistador responsible for the defeat of the Aztec empire, captured Tenochtitlan

Cottage Industry

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.

Cuneiform

Mesopotamian Writing

shoguns

Military leaders of the bakufu

Balkan nationalism

Movements to create independent nations within the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman Empire, provoked a series of crises within the European alliance system, eventually led to World War I

Swazi

New African state formed on the model of Zulu chiefdom, survived mfecane

1066 CE

Normans take England in the Battle of Hastings

NAFTA

North America Free Trade Agreement 1994. Set out to ease restrictions an promote trade among the United States, Canada and Mexico. EU (European Union) and APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) for Pacific Rim nations. OPEC for oil.

Paul

One of first Christian missionaries; Moved away from insistence to follow Jewish law; Use of Greek as language of Church

Olympic games

Pan-Hellenic ritual observed by all Greek city-states; Involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations

Darius

Persian emperor who divided the empire into 20 provinces each ruled by a satrap.

Ormuz

Portuguese factory of fortified trade town located at southern end of the Persian Gulf, site for forcible entry into Asian sea trade network

Goa

Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located on western India coast, site for forcible entry into Asian sea trade network

Pedro Alvares Cabral

Portuguese leader of an expedition to India, blown of course in 1500 and landed in Brazil

Joao VI

Portuguese monarch who established seat of government in Brazil from 1808 to 1820 as a result of the Napoleonic invasion of the Iberian peninsula, made Brazil seat of the empire with capital at Rio de Janeiro

Henry the Navigator

Portuguese prince responsible for direction of a series of expeditions along the African coast in the 15th century, marked beginning of western European expansion

Roosevelt Corollary

President Theodore Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, in which he declared that the United States had the right to exercise "police power" throughout the Western Hemisphere

Salvador Allende

President of Chile, nationalized industries and banks, sponsored peasant and worker expropriations of lands and foreign-owned factories, overthrown in 1973 by revolt of Chilean military with the support of the United States

Hosni Mubarak

President of Egypt since 1981, succeeding Anwar Sadat and continuing his policies of cooperation with the West

Lazaro Cardenas

President of Mexico from 1934 to 1940, responsible for redistribution of land, primarily to create ejidos, or communal farms, also began program of primary and rural education

Siddhartha Gautama

Prince that later became the Buddha or enlightened one

chinampas

Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields.

witchcraft persecution

Reflected resentment against the poor, uncertainties about religious truth, resulted in death of over 100,000 Europeans between 1590 and 1650, particularly common in Protestant areas

Lord Charles Cornwallis

Reformer of the East India Company administration of India in the 1790s, reduced power of local British administrators, checked widespread corruption

Pacific Rim

Region including Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, typified by rapid growth rates, expanding exports, and industrialization, either Chinese of strongly influenced by Confucian values, considerable reliance on government planning and direction, limitations on dissent and instability

buyids

Regional splinter dynasty of the mid-10th century; invaded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid Empire under title of sultan; retained Abbasids as figureheads

bushi

Regional warrior leaders in Japan, ruled small kingdoms from fortresses, administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues, built up private armies

Din-i-Ilahi

Religion insisted by Akbar in Mughal India, blended elements of the many faiths of the subcontinent, key to efforts to reconcile Hindus and Muslims in India, but failed

Topiltzin

Religious leader and reformer of the Toltecs in the 10th century, dedicated to the god Quetzalcoatl, after losing the struggle for power, he went into exile in the Yucatan peninsula

Animism

Religious outlook that sees gods in aspects of nature and appeased them to help control and explain nature; Typical of Mesopotamian religions

c. 500 CE

Rise of Byzantine Empire

Plebeians

Roman common people

viceroys

Senior government officials in Spanish America, ruled as direct representatives of the king over the principal administrative units, usually high ranking Spanish nobles with previous military or governmental experience, also used by the Portuguese in Goa for possessions in the Indian Ocean as well as their colony in Brazil

Suez Canal

Ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882

Reforms of Augustus

Shrunk size of the army; established the Praetorian Guard, Roman's first police force and the personal bodyguard; exempted all Romans from taxation; established a free fire brigade; enlarged the Senate; distributed land; gave more food to the poor; and let some people become citizens.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Signed in 1494 between Castile and Portugal, clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession in the New World, reserved Brazil and all newly discovered lands east of Brazil to Portugal, granted all lands west of Brazil to Spain

Five Year Plan

Stalin's economic policy to rebuild the Soviet economy after WWI. tried to improve heavy industry and improve farm output, but resulted in famine

five-year plans

Stalin's plans to hasten industrialization of USSR, constructed massive factories in metallurgy, mining, and electric power, led to massive state-planned industrialization at cost of availability of consumer products

Nikita Khrushchev

Stalin's successor as head of the USSR from 1953 to 1964, attacked Stalinism in 1956 for concentration of power and arbitrary dictatorship, failure of Siberian development program and antagonism of Stalinists led to downfall

Tang

Succeeded Sui in 618 CE, more stable

Isma'il

Sufi commander who conquered city of Tabriz in 1501, first Safavid to be proclaimed shah or emperor

Selim III

Sultan who ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807, aimed at improving administrative efficiency and building a new army and navy, topped by Janissaries in 1807

Allah

Supreme god in strictly monotheistic Islam

Manorialism

System that described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land.

Causes of the Trojan War

Tale: fighting because of Helen of Sparta who was kidnapped by Paris of Troy. Her husband, the king of Sparta, then declared war on the Trojans. In reality, it was probably a war over resources.

Holocaust

Term for Hitler's genocide of European Jews during World War II, resulted in deaths of 6 million Jews

banana republics

Term given to governments supported or created by the United States in Central America, believed to be either corrupt or subservient to US interests

Tsar

Term used for the emperors of Russia; literally means Caesar. (Also czar)

Indies piece

Term used within the complex exchange system established by the Spanish for the African slave trade, referred to the value of an adult male slave

Octavian

The 18-year-old grandnephew of Caesar, he was chosen as his heir. He had been abroad studying and returned to Rome. Octavian had ambitions to replace Antony as the head of Caesar's supporters and did this by selling his property and spreading propaganda.

Battle of Britain

The 1940 Nazi air offensive including saturation bombing of London and other British cities, countered by British innovative air tactics and radar tracking of German assault aircraft

Helots

The basis of Spartan economy. Did all the menial work in Sparta - without it Sparta would collapse. An uprising was constantly feared, and was the reason for the huge Spartan army. 10 to every 1 Equal.

Battle of Troyes

The battle where the Romans stopped the advance of the Huns.

Iconoclasm

The breaking of images; a religious controversy of the 8th centurty; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration.

Memphis

The capital of Old Kingdom Egypt, near the head of the Nile Delta. Early rulers were interred in the nearby pyramids.

tithe

The church collected 10% of your income. Paid for the running of the church and other expenses.

Druids

The class of religious experts who conducted rituals and preserved sacred lore among some ancient Celtic peoples.

Anglo-Saxon

The combination of the Angles and the Saxons, became the main body of Britian.

Shang

The dominant people in the earliest Chinese dynasty for which we have written records (ca. 1750-1027 B.C.E.).

Byzantine Empire

The eastern part of the Roman empire that was left after the rest of the Roman Empire fell. Lasted until the 1400's. It's capital was Constantinople.

missi dominici

The establishment of schools by Charlemagne for young male nobles.

Merovingians

The family line that had a Frankish ruling dynasty from 450 to 751. They ruled over the Frankish Empire much of which is now present day Germany. They were founded by Merovech and brought to prominence by Clovis.

Tiberius

The first Emperor, Tiberius was a distinguished general. He because paranoid and his Praetorian Commander convinced him to go to an island while he ran the Empire with no input from Tiberius. His long reign created stability in the transition to Empire.

Mycenae

The first Greeks. Collapsed due to internal problems or pressure from outside invaders.

Olmec

The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., the Olmec people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction.

Peter

The first bishop or pope of the Christian Church. He traveled to Rome and was crucified upside down by Nero in 64 A.D.

Charlemagne

The first king of all the Germanic tribes. He created a road system, changed the taxes, and missi dominici (schools for noblemen). After his death the Empire went into decline.

Chavín

The first major urban civilization in South America (900-250 B.C.E).

Dark Ages

The first part of the Middle Ages from around 500-1000 A.D.

globalization

The increasing interconnectedness of all parts of the world, particularly in communication and commerce but also in culture and politics

Hunting and gathering

The original human economy, eclipsed by agriculture groups hunt for meat and forage grains, nuts and berries

Normandy

The original place where the Vikings came from.

Era of Division

The period of political disorder and chaotic warfare that followed the Qin-Han era is referred to as the...

Neolithic

The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution. It follows the Paleolithic period.

Paleolithic

The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period.

Meiji Restoration

The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.

The scholar-gentry was dominant

The position of the scholar-gentry under the Song dynasty...

ivan III

The prince that made Moscow the new capital of Russia, and he overthrew the Mongols that were dominating Russia.

Sui Dynasty

The short dynasty between the Han and the Tang; built the Grand Canal, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China

Cold War

The state of relations between the US and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies between the end of WWII and 1990, based on creation of political spheres of influence and a nuclear arms race rather than actual warfare

Purely agricultural, dependent on peasant labor.

The state of the Russian economy immediately after the expulsion of the Mongols in the 15th century was...

Nirvana

The ultimate goal Buddhists

Dao

The way or the way of nature or the way of the cosmos

Quraysh

Tribe of bedouins that controlled Mecca in 7th century BCE

camel caravan

Used to travel across deserts. Fleets in the desert were camel caravans. Fleets usually meant groups on ships.

Heinrich Schliemann

Was obsessed with Troy as a child. Traveled to Troy with his family and discovered nine different Troys buried on top of each other.

1100-250 BCE China

Zhou Dynasty

Grand Canal

an inland waterway 1000 miles long in eastern China

Central Powers

in World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies

Conservatives

in the first half of the 19th century, those Europeans (mainly wealthy landowners and nobles) who wanted to preserve the traditional monarchies of Europe

Radicals

in the first half of the 19th century, those Europeans who favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people

cossacks

peasants recruited to migrate to newly seized lands in Russia, particularly in south; combined agriculture with military conquests; spurred additional frontier conquests and settlements.

Cossacks

peasants recruited to migrate to newly-sized lands in the Russian empire

mestizos

people of mixed European and Native American blood

ivan IV

set up secret police, the most powerful of the early czars. Learned, religious, and cruel. Saw treason everywhere and arrested, exiled, or excecuted many advisors, reduced boyars power, increased Russia's trade with western Europe and worked to expand borders, conquered Mongul lands to the east and south of Moscow. also known as ivan the terrible.

Karbala

site of the defeat and death of Husayn, the son of Ali.

new forms of leisure during late industrial revolution

soccer and movies

Abu Bakr

succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph.

Genocide

the systematic killing of an entire people

Ministry of Rites

this ministry of the central imperial government was responsible for the administration of the examination system

jinshi

those who passed the most difficult exams on Chinese literature were called

timur-i lang

timur the lame, a great and ruthless conqueror who, begginning in samarkand, conquered parts of russia, persia, the fertile crescent, and india.

Slave Labor

used in Mesopotamia

Battle of Britain

a series of battles between German and British air forces fought over Britain in 1940-1941

Nuremberg Trials

a series of court proceedings held in Nuremberg, Germany after WWII, in which Nazi leaders were tried for aggression violations of the rules of war, and crimes against humanity

Congress of Vienna

a series of meetings in 1814-1815, during which European leaders sought to establish long-lasting peace and security after the defeat of Napoleon

14 Points

a series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after WWI

Communist Manifesto

a socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1842) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views

Declaration of the Rights of Man

a statement of revolutionary ideals adopted by France's National Assembly in 1789

Declaration of Independence

a statement of the reasons for the American colonies' break with Britain, approved by the Second Continental Congress in 1776

Fundamentalism

a strict belief in the basic truths and practices of a particular region

Mongol Empire

an empire founded in the 12th century by Genghis Khan, which reached its greatest territorial extent in the 13th century, encompassing the larger part of Asia and extending westward to the Dnieper River in eastern Europe.

Internal-combustion engine

an engine that burns fuel inside cylinders within the engine

League of Nations

an international association formed after WWI with the goal of keeping peace among nations

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations

United Nations

an international peacekeeping organization founded in 1945 to provide security to the nations of the world

PLO or Palestinian Liberation Organization

an organization dedicated to the establishment of an independent state for Palestinians in the Middle East (two names)

OPEC or Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

an organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum (two names)

Ming Dynasty

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.

Toltec culture

Succeeded Teotihuacan culture in central Mexico, strongly militaristic ethic including human sacrifice, influenced large territory after 1000 CE, declined after 1200 CE

Khalifa Abdallahi

Succesor of Muhammad Achmad as leader of the Mahdists in in Sudan, established state in Sudan, defeated by British General Kitchener in 1598

Songhay

Successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of Niger valley; formed as independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty; capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali

Anwar Sadat

Successor to Gamal Abdul Nasser as ruler of Egypt, acted to dismantle costly state programs, accepted peace treaty with Israel in 1973, opened Egypt to investment by Western nations

Joseph Stalin

Successor to Lenin as head of the USSR, strongly nationalist view of communism, represented anti-Western strain of Russian tradition, crushed opposition to his rule, established series of five-year plans to replace New Economic Policy, fostered agricultural collectivization, led USSR through WWII, furthered Cold War with Western Europe and the US, died in 1953

Eleanor of Aquitane

Was married to the king of France's son who she disliked. She had an affair with Henry and ran off with him. After she rebelled with her son, Henry had her locked up in a tower.

Weimar Republic

Was the democratic government which ruled over Germany form 1919 to 1933. Was Germany's first democracy and it failed miserably. It had leaders such as Stresseman and Hindenburg.

tambos

Way stations used by Incas as inns and storehouses; supply centers for Inca armies on move; relay points for system of runners used to carry messages

compradors

Wealthy new group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty, specialized in the import-export trade on China's south coast, one of the major links between China and the outside world

Marattas

Western Indian peoples who rebelled against Mughal control early in the 18th century

Confucious

Western name for the Chinese philosopher Kongzi (551-479 B.C.E.). His doctrine of duty and public service had a great influence on subsequent Chinese thought and served as a code of conduct for government officials.

yellow peril

Western term for perceived threat of Japanese imperialism around 1900, met by increased Western imperialism in region

Ram Mohun Roy

Western- educated Indian leader in the early 19th century, cooperated with British to outlaw sati

"First Citizen"

What Augustus called himself the make him seem like less of an emperor and more like one of the people.

French and Indian War

a conflict between Britain and France for control of territory in North America, lasting from 1754 to 1763

7 Years War

a conflict in Europe, North America, and India, lasting from 1756 to 1763, in which the forces of Britain and Prussia battled those of Austria, France, Russia, and other countries

Total War

a conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort

the Rus

a conflict that grew out of the rival imperial ambitions of the Russian Empire and Japanese Empire over Manchuria and Korea from 1904-1905. After the Japanese won, it showed a ton of weakness in the Romanov Dynasty.

English Civil War

a conflict, lasting from 1642-1649, in which Puritan supporters of Parliament battled supporters of England's monarchy

War of the Spanish Sucession

a conflict, lasting from 1701 to 1713, in which a number of European states fought to prevent the Bourbon family from controlling Spain as well as France

Crimean War

a conflict, lasting from 1853 to 1856, in which the Ottoman Empire, with the aid of Britain and France, halted Russian Expansion in the region of the Black Sea

NATO or North Atlantic Treaty Organization

a defensive military alliance formed in 1949 by ten Western European nations, the United States, and Canada. (Two names)

Sphere of Influence

a foreign region in which a nation has control over trade and other economic activities

Republic

a form of government in which power is in the hands of representatives and leaders are elected by the people

Democracy

a government controlled by its citizens, either directly or through representatives

Monarchy

a government in which power is in the hands of a single person

Civil Rights Movement

a grassroots effort to fight discrimination in the United States and to make sure that all U.S citizens receive the rights guaranteed by the Constitution

Tiananmen Square

a huge public space in Beijing China-in 1989 the site of a student uprising in support of democratic reforms

Kingdom of Mali

a huge territorial empire that flourished in west Africa during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Its capital was Timbuktu, which became a center of Islamic learning (see Islam). The empire controlled trade routes that stretched from the edge of the Sahara in the north to forests in the south and that carried gold and other luxuries

blast furnace

a large furnace which uses a blast of air to melt down ore

Zionism

a policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine

Imperialism

a policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, economically, or socially

Isolationism

a policy of avoiding political or military involvement with other countries

Militarism

a policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war

Ethnic Cleansing

a policy of murder and other acts of brutality by which Serbs hoped to eliminate Bosnia's Muslim population after the breakup of Yugoslavia

Apartheid

a policy of rigid segregation of non white people in the Republic of South Africa. Supporter claimed it would allow each race to protect its culture. It led to white control over South Africa.

Brinkmanship

a policy of threatening to go to war in response to any enemy aggression

Open Door Policy

a policy, proposed by the United States in 1899, under which all nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China

Fascism

a political movement that promotes and extreme form of nationalism, a denial of individual rights, and a dictatorial one-party rule

Conservatism

a political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes

Impressionism

a movement in 19th-century painting, in which artists reacted against realism by seeking to convey their impressions of subjects or moments in time

Romanticism

a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization

sufis

a mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life

gentile

a non-Jew

Militarism

a political orientation of a people or a government to maintain a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggresively to defend or promote national interests

Balance of Power

a political situation in which no one nation is powerful enough to pose a threat to others

Secularization

the activity of changing something (art or education or society or morality etc.) so it is no longer under the control or influence of religion

Axis Powers

the alliance of Germany, Japan, and Italy

Paul/Saul

the apostle to the Gentiles; most notable of Early Christian missionaries. He traveled among the Eastern Roman Empire, converting Jews and gentiles to Christianity.

Social Darwinism

the application of Charles Darwin's ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies-particularly as justification for imperialist expansion

Separation of Powers

the assignment of executive, legislative, and judicial powers to different groups of officials in a government

Realism

the attribute of accepting the facts of life and favoring practicality and literal truth

Nationalism

the belief that people should be loyal mainly to their nation-that is, to the people with whom they share a culture and history-rather that to a king or empire

Sui

the dynasty that ended the period of political chaos after the fall of the Qin-Han was the...

Treaty of Versailles

the extremely weak peace treaty signed by Germany and the Allied Powers after WWI

Carolingians

the family that ruled the Franks in Gaul from 751 to 987 in the Carolingian Dynasty. This began when Pepin was declared king. They lost power after the Treaty of Verdun.

Camp David Accords

the first signed agreement between Israel and an Arab country, in which Egyptian president Anwar Sadat recognized Israel as a legitimate state and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin agreed to return the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt

Bill of Rights

the first ten amendments to the U.S constitution which protect citizens' basic rights and freedoms

Hegira (Hijrah)

the flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in 622 which marked the beginning of the Muslim era

Greek plays

the foundation of Western drama, basically the Greeks sought to portray all aspects of life through a dualistic lens, in an attempt portray a complete human.

Kubali Khan

the grandson of Genghis Khan who took power in southern China in a.d 1260 and defeated the Song army in 1279 giving the Mongols control over China. first emperor of Yuan Dynasty, run by mongols

Allied Powers

the group of nations (including Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States) that opposed the Axis Powers

Qu'ran (Koran)

the holy book of Islam; contains the messages God sent to the prophet Muhammad through the angel Gabriel

Laissez-Faire

the idea that government should not interfere with or regulate industries and businesses

Divine Right

the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God

Manifest Destiny

the idea, popular among mid-19th century Americans, that it was the right and the duty of the United States to rule North America from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean

Theory of Evolution

the idea, proposed by Charles Darwin in 1859, that species of plants and animals arise by means of a process of natural selection

Independent central Asia, the source of invasion forces, was eliminated.

the impact of early Russian expansion on central Asia was...

Non-Aligned Nations

the independent countries that remained neutral in the Cold War competition between the United States and the Soviet Union

"The Three Kingdoms"

the kingdoms formed in the peninsula of Korea by AD 300- Koguryo in the northeast, Paekche in the southwest, and Silla in the southeast

Pope

the leader of the Roman Catholic Church

Segregation

the legal or social separation of people of different races

Kaiser William

Also known as Wilhelm II; he was the first king or kaiser of unified Germany

Vietnamese Nationalist party

Also known as the Vietnamese Quoc Dan Dong or VNQDD, active in 1920s as a revolutionary force committed to violent overthrow of French colonialism

Matthew Perry

American commodore who visited Edo Bag with American felt in 1853, insisted on opening ports to American trade on threat of naval bombardment, won rights for American trade with Japan in 1854

Pearl Harbor

American naval base in Hawaii, attack by Japanese on this facility in December 1941 crippled American fleet in the Pacific and caused entry of the US into WWII

Harry Truman

American president from 1945 to 1952, less eager for smooth relations with the Soviet Union than Franklin Roosevelt, authorized use of the atomic bomb during WWII, architect of American diplomacy that initiated the Cold War

sociedad de castas

American social system based on racial origins, Europeans or whites at the top, black slaves or Native Americans at the bottom, and mixed races in the middle

Creole slaves

American-born descendants of saltwater slaves, result of the sexual exploitation of slave women or process of miscegenation

Holocaust

a mass slaughter of Jews and other civilians, carried out by the Nazi government of Germany before and during WWII

Triple Entente

a military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia

Constitutional Monarchy

a monarchy in which the ruler's power is limited by law

Zionism

a movement founded in the 1890's to promote the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine

Estates-General

an assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France

Xinjiang

an autonomous province in far northwestern China on the border with Mongolia and Kazakhstan

Romanticism

an early 19th-century movement in art and thought, which focused on emotion and nature rather than reason and society

Mercantilism

an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Capitalism

an economic system based on private ownership and on the investment of money in business ventures in order to make a profit

Industrial middle class

made up of people who buit factories, trade, buy machines, and create businesses

Celts

People sharing common linguistic and cultural features that originated in Central Europe in the first half of the first millennium B.C.E.

95%

Percentage of the Russian population that remained rural in the 18th century

age of revolution

Period of political upheaval beginning roughly with the American Revolution in 1775 and continuing through the French Revolution of 1789 and other movements for change up to 1848

Trade Fairs

Periodic gatherings of merchants for buying, trading, and selling. In the Middle Ages these fairs coincided with major religious holidays and were held roughly four times a year

Sassanian Empire

Persian Empire which continued Persian traditions but instituted the Zoroastrian religion as the state religion.

Darius

Persian king that ordered the Battle of Marathon.

Cyrus

Persian king who honored local customs of the people he conquered. Ended the Babylonian captivity of the Jews.

Egypt

,cultural hearth,Herodotus gave name "gift of the nile", span 2,600 years with about 30 dynasties (monarchs=pharaohs)

Constantine

..., (274 CE - 337 CE) Roman Emperor between 306 CE and 337 CE. He issued the Edict of Milan which outlawed the persecution of Christians after he saw a sign that caused him to win. He also founded the city of Constantinople, the future capital of the Byzantine Empire. He reunited the Empire.

Five Pillars of Faith

1. Only one God. 2. Prayer five times a day. 3. Charity to the poor. 4. Fasting during Ramadan. 5. The Hajj (pilgrimage)

Crusades

1096 Christian Europe aim to reclaim Jerusalem and aid they Byzantines; 1st success and the rest a failure; weakens the Byzantines; opens up trade

Magna Carta

1215 barons came together to list their grievances against John. When he accepted at Runnymede, it introduced the idea that kings must obey some laws. It caused the royalty to lose their power piece by piece - must not interfere with the church, when baron inherits land he must not pay king too much, king cannot collect new taxes, no freeman can be put in jail before trial, traders can move freely, and justice will be bribe-free.

Xerxes

Persian king who took power after Darius died. Made a huge army and invaded Greece.

Han Dynasty

202BCE, succeeded Qin and ruled for next 400 years

Diocletian

284-305CE, Roman emperor who improved admin and tax collection

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

Zhou Dynasty

2nd Chinese Dynasty

Trajan

2nd good emperor and general, expanded empire east to reach its largest size, built Trajan's market, column, and forum, increased social welfare. Build walls.

Zoroaster

Persian prophet who saw the earth as a battleground for good and evil. His teachings influenced Judiasm, Christianity and Islam

Herodotus

Persian- known as the father of modern history

Byzantine Empire

(500 CE - 1453 CE) Eastern portion of the Roman Empire which survived beyond the collapse of the Roman Empire with its capital at Constantinople; retained Mediterranean culture, particularly Greek; later lost Palestine, Syria, and Egypt to Islam.

Tang Dynasty

(618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system.

Empress Wu

(690 - 705 C.E.) Tang ruler who supported Buddhist establishment; tried to elevate Buddhism to state religion; had multistory statues of Buddha created.

Nara Period

(704 - 794AD) when the capital was at Nara; a group of reformers try to reform the government after shotuku died; they didn't like the Chinese's civil service exam so they make the Taiho Code

Heian Period

(794 - 1100) move the capital to Heian; 300 years of developing a new culture; growth of large estates; arts and literature of china flourished; elaborate court life; personal diaries (pillow book and the take of genji); moved away from chinese culture

Red Guard

Student brigades utilized by Mao Zedong and his political allies during the Cultural Revolution to discredit Mao's political enemies

Ferdinand Magellan

Spanish captain who in 1519 initiated the first circumnavigation of the globe, died during voyage in 1521, allowed Spain to claim the Phillipines

Messiah

"God's chosen one" - the awaited king of the Jews or other religion who would save them.

Magna Carta

"Great Charter"-a document guaranteeing basic political rights in England, drawn up by nobles and approved by King John in 1215 A.D.

Pax Mongolica

"Mongol Peace" from mid-1200's through mid-1300's imposed stability and law and order across Eurasia. Guaranteed safe passage for trade caravans, travelers, and missionaries from one end of empire to other.

Mein Kampf

"My Struggle"-a book written by Adolf Hitler during his imprisonment in 1923-1924, in which he set forth his beliefs and his goals for Germany

Kristallnacht

"Night of the Broken Glass"-the night of November 9, 1938 on which Nazi storm troopers attacked Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues throughout Germany

Pax Romana

"Peace of Rome". Rome didn't fight with any outside powers. Allowed Christianity to spread.

Hadrian

"Romanized"and organized the empire- built bridges, roads, and aqueducts, ruled during the height of the Pax Romana. Built Hadrian's Wall across Britain, strengthened borders.

Sundiata

"The lion prince". Founded the Mali empire in W. Africa. Oral Tradition: Son of a regional African ruler. Deformed left leg left him crippled. When his father died, his kingdom was overrun and enemies killed the royal family except for Sundiata. He eventually grew stronger and began hunting. Enemies forced him into exile, where he became a strong warrior. He eventually returned home and claimed the throne His calvary (main strength of his army) slashed through his enemies and he effortlessly established rule throughout the Niger River valley. He was a Muslim and welcomed Muslim merchants to his capital of Niani. Empire included Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, and Sierra Leone.

Kamikaze

"divine winds" that protect Japan; , "divine wind"; suicide attacks by military aviators from the Empire of Japan against Allied naval vessels in the closing stages of the Pacific campaign of WWII; designed to destroy as many warships as possible (Pearl Harbor 1945).

mahmud

"idol breaker": muslim from afghanistan who attacks/terrorizes india and wants to destroy all pagans; he destroys huge buddhist city and huge hindu city

Blitzkrieg

"lightning war"-a form of warfare in which surprise attacks with fast-moving airplanes are followed by massive attacks with infantry forces

Shinto

"the Sacred Way" or "the way of the Gods", the Japanese state religion among its doctrines are the divinity of the emperor and the sacredness of the Japanese nation

saladin

(1137-1193) Powerful Muslim ruler during Third Crusade, defeated Christians at Hattin took Jerusalem

Genghis (Chinggis) Khan/ Temujin

(1162-1227 CE) founder and Great Khan of the Mongol Empire; united nomadic peoples into a great military; split the Mongol Empire after his death

Kamakura Shogunate

(1192-1333 AD) military government founded under Minamoto Yoritomo to create a more centralized government to strengthen the state of Japan

Aztecs

(1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.

baibars

(1223-1277) Commander of Mamluk forces at Ain Jalut in 1260; originally enslaved by Mongols and sold to Egyptians.

Yuan Dynasty

(1279-1368 CE) The dynasty with Mongol rule in China; centralized with bureaucracy but structure is different: Mongols on top->Persian bureaucrats->Chinese bureuacrats.

Ibn Battuta

(1304-1369) Morrocan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period.

Great Schism

(1378-1417) Split in the Catholic Church with one Pope in Avignon and the other in Rome, led to questioning the authority of the Church; , A period of division in the Roman Catholic Church, 1378-1417, over papal succession, during which there were two, or sometimes three, claimants to the papal office

Olmecs

(1400 B.C.E. to 500 B.C.E.) earliest known Mexican civilization,lived in rainforests along the Gulf of Mexico, developed calendar and constructed public buildings and temples, carried on trade with other groups.

Tokugawa Shogunate

(1603-1867) Feudal Warlord rulers of Japan. Responisble for closing Japan off from the rest of the world. Overthrown during the Meiji Restoration.

Qing Dynasty

(1644-1911 CE), the last imperial dynasty of China which was overthrown by revolutionaries; was ruled by the Manchu people: began to isolate themselves from Western culture,

Shang Dynasty

(1766-1122 BCE) The Chinese dynasty that rose to power due to bronze metalurgy, war chariots, and a vast network of walled towns whose recognized this dynasty as the superior.

Constantine

(274 CE - 337 CE) Roman Emperor between 306 CE and 337 CE. He issued the Edict of Milan which outlawed the persecution of Christians. He also founded the city of Constantinople, the future capital of the Byzantine Empire.

Alexander the Great

(356-323 BCE) Leader who used novel tactics and new kinds of armed forces to conquer the Persian Empire.

Aristotle

(384- 322 B.C.) A Greek Philosopher, taught Alexander the Great, started a famous school, studied with Plato

Plato

(430-347 BCE) Was a disciple of Socrates whose cornerstone of thought was his theory of Forms, in which there was another world of perfection.

Peloponnesian War

(431-404 BCE) The war between Athens and Sparta that in which Sparta won, but left Greece as a whole weak and ready to fall to its neighbors to the north.

Socrates

(470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes.

Pericles

(495? BCE-429? BCE) Athenian statesman. He was the central ruler of Athens during its golden age. He was the central patron behind many of their achievements. He was also a very skilled speaker. Athens City-State of Ancient Greece and center of Greek golden age that occurred in the 5th century BCE.

Song Dynasty

(960 - 1279 AD); this dynasty was started by Tai Zu; by 1000, a million people were living there; started feet binding; had a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with india and persia (brought pepper and cotton); first to have paper money, explosive gun powder; *landscape black and white paintings

Xia Dynasty

(Chinese: 夏朝; pinyin: Cháo; Wade-Giles: Hsia-Ch'ao; IPA: [ɕiâ tʂʰɑ̌ʊ̯]; ca. 2070 - ca. 1600 BC) is the first dynasty in China to be described in ancient historical chronicles such as Bamboo Annals, Classic of History and Records of the Grand Historian. The dynasty was established by the legendary Yu the Great[1] after Shun, the last of the Five Emperors gave his throne to him. The blank was later succeeded by the Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 BC)

Paleolithic

(Old Stone Age) a long period of human development before the development of agriculture

alexis romanov

(Russia) Successor to Michael, 2nd Monarch, abolished assemblies of monarchs, strengthened ties to Orthodox Church

Belisarius

(c. 505-565) One of Justinian's most important military commanders during period of reconquest of western Europe; commanded in north Africa and Italy

Common Law

(civil law) a law established by following earlier judicial decisions; applies to all

naturalism

(philosophy) the doctrine that the world can be understood in scientific terms without recourse to spiritual or supernatural explanations

stoicism

(philosophy) the philosophical system of the Stoics following the teachings of the ancient Greek philosopher Zeno

Jomo Kenyatta

Leader of the non-violent nationalist party in Kenya, organized the Kenya Africa Union (KAU), failed to win concession because of resistance of white settlers, came to power only after suppression of the Land Freedom Army, or Mau Mau

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops

Anwar Sadat

1979 became the first Arab leader to make peace with Israel. Sadat also weakened ties with the Soviet Union and sought U.S. aid. Was assassinated.

First US-Iraq War

1991 war led by United States and various European and Middle Eastern allies, against Iraqi occupation of Kuwait, led to Iraqi withdrawal and long confrontation with Iraq about armaments and political regime

Senate

300 members, issued laws, served a life term, from the Patrician class, chose the councils

Constantine

312-337CE Roman emperor; Established second capital at Constantinople; Tried to use Christianity to unite empire

Saint Augustine

354 - 430 CE, influential church father and theologian; Born in Africa, became bishop of Hippo in Africa; Champion of Christian doctrine against various heresies; Important in long-term development of Christian thought like predestination

Battle of Adrianople

378, victory by the Goths that started the final collapse of the Western Roman Empire.

Aristotle

384 - 322 BCE, Greek philosopher; Alexander the Great's teacher; Knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world

Great Rift Valley

4,000 mile long fault line, slices thru eastern part of the contentent Red sea to the zambezi river, series of mts. and valleys formed millions or yrs ago, ferile volcanic soil, hot springs, 2 of the worlds deepest lakes

Second Triumvirate

43 B.C. - Octavian, Marc Antony, and Lepidus seized power. Lepidus was forced out and Antony and Octavian both controlled half of the empire.

Peloponnesian War

431-404 BCE Sparta and Athens each led the two conflicting camps, and though Sparta was victorious, the internal conflict weakened Greece and left it vulnerable to dominations by a stronger power which came in the form of Macedonia

Peloponnesian Wars

431-404 BCE wars between Athens and Sparta for dominance in southern Greece; Spartan victory, but no political unification of Greece

Twelve Tables

450 BCE, Roman law code developed in response to democracy of Roman republic

Battle of Thermopylae

480 BCE, Spartan King Leonidas and his army of 300 Spartans and 700 Thespians refused to surrender to the numerically superior Persian army at the Pass of Thermopylae; Annihilated, but allowed other Greek armies to prepare for Persian Invasion

King Xerxes

486-465 BCE, Persian king who invaded Greece in retribution for earlier Persian defeats; Forces defeated by the Greeks in the battles of Salamis and Platea

Battle of Marathon

490 BCE, Persians who invaded Greece were defeated on the Plain of Marathon by an Athenian army led by the general Militades

Ephors

5 Spartan officials who were the 'guardians of the state'.

Persian War

500-470 BCE Greeks revolt against oppressive Persia

Roman Republic

509BCE Roman nobility overthrew the monarchy

Roman Republic

510-47 BCE, Rome had aristocratic Senate, magistrate panel, and popular assemblies

failed to develop

A substantial merchant class in Russia during the 18th century...

Trung sisters

Leaders of one of the frequent peasant rebellions in Vietnam against Chinese rule, revolt broke out in 39 CE, demonstrates importance of Vietnamese women in indigenous society

Zhou looses control of the western half

771 BCE

Rwanda Genocide

800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus were slaughtered in 1994.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

A "super patriot" of Italy, he helped unify southern Italy with the help of his Red Shirts

Sikhism

A 14th Century religion founded by a Hindu guru, Sikhs (means "learner") are monotheists that follow a religion that has elements of both Hinduism and Islam. Most Sikhs are found in India. Sikhism is open to new followers, so it is one looking for new members.

Swahili

A Bantu language with arabic words, spoken along the east african coast

William of Normandy

A French bastard, invaded England in 1066, defeated Harold at the battle of Hastings, and established himself as sole ruler of England

Aristotle

A Greek Philosopher, taught Alexander the Great, started a famous school, studied with Plato

Hoplite

A Greek solider that used a huge shield and long spear. Typically fought in the phalanx formation. Also had a sword for closer combat.

Mayans

A Mesoamerican civilization of Central America and southern Mexico. Achievements include mathematics, architecture, and a 365 day a year calendar. They flourished between the 4th and 12th centuries C.E..

Ibn Khaldun

A Muslim historian; developed concept that dynasties of nomadic conquerors had a cycle of three generation - strong, weak, dissolute

Incas

A Native American people who built a notable civilization in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire.

Minoans

A Neolithic people that started around 3000BC, supposedly the earliest people on the island of Crete. They were excellent sailors & traded w/ Egypt & the Fertile Crescent. Were conquered by mainland Greece.

hieroglyphics

A SYSTEM OF WRITING IN WHICH PICTORIAL SYMBOLS REPRESENT MEANING OR SOUNDS; WRITING OR SYMBOLS THAT ARE DIFFICULT TO DECIPHER; THE SYMBOLS USED IN ADVANCED MATHEMATICS

Archipelago

A chain of islands

Llama

A hoofed animal indigenous to the Andes Mountains in South America. It was the only domesticated beast of burden in the Americas before the arrival of Europeans.

Pyramid

A large, triangular stone monument, used in Egypt and Nubia as a burial place for the King. The largest pyramids, erected during the Old Kingdom near Memphis with stone tools and compulsory labor, reflect the Egyptian belief that the proper and spectacular burial of the divine ruler would guarantee the continued prosperity of the land.

Chiang Kai-shek

A military officer who succeeded Sun Yat-sen as the leader of the Guomindang or Nationalist party in China in the mid-1920s, became the most powerful leader in China in the early 1930s, but his Nationalist forces were defeated and driven from China by the Communists after WWII

Judaism

A monotheistic religion, the Jews were often blamed for Rome's problems. They were eventually hunted down and wiped out at Masada.

Christianity

A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior.

Mongols

A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia.

Lords

A person of high rank who owned land but owed loyalty to his king

Hajj

A pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims

Dawes Plan

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.

Benin

A powerful city-state formed around the 14th century; was not relatively influence by the Europeans despite coming into contact with the Portuguese'; important commercial and political entity until the 19th century

Teotihuacán

A powerful city-state in central Mexico (100-75 C.E.). Its population was about 150,000 at its peak in 600.

Chavin

A pre-Incan South American civilization developed in Peru; famous for their style of architecture and drainage systems to protect from floods.

Papyrus

A reed that grows along the banks of the Nile River in Egypt. From it was produced a coarse, paperlike writing medium used by the Egyptians and many other peoples in the ancient Mediterranean and Middle East.

Almohadis

A reformist movement among the Islamic Berbers of northern Africa; later than the Almoravids; penetrated into sub-Sahara Africa.

Mesopotamia

A region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that developed the first urban societies. In the Bronze Age this area included Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires, In the Iron Age, it was ruled by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires.

Islam

A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.

Judaism

A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. They preserved their early history in the Old Testament.

relics

A religious object used for worship that might grant the worshiper special favor or protection.

dictator

A ruler who has complete power over a country

Black Sea

A sea East of Macedonia, West of the Caspian Sea, and north of the Mediterranean Sea; the Halys River flows into this sea

Phoenicians

A seafaring people of southwest Asia who around 1100 B.C. began to trade and established colonies throughout the Mediterranean region

crusades

A series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Westrn European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims

Punic Wars

A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean.

City-state

A small independent state consisting of an urban center and the surrounding agricultural territory. A characteristic political form in early Mesopotamia, Archaic and Classical Greece, Phoenicia, and early Italy.

stateless society

A society that is based on the authority of kinship groups rather than on a central goverment

Homo sapiens

A species of the creatures Hominid who have larger brains and to which humans belong, dependent of language and usage of tools.

hominids

A species on the human branch of the evolutionary tree; a member of the family Hominidae, including Homo sapiens and our ancestors

land-bridge

A strip of land connecting two continents.

Hieroglyphics

A system of writing in which pictorial symbols represented sounds, syllables, or concepts. It was used for official and monumental inscriptions in ancient Egypt. Because of the long period of study required to master this system, literacy in hieroglyphics was confined to a relatively small group of scribes and administrators. Cursive symbol-forms were developed for rapid composition on other media, such as papyrus.

Pisistratus

A tyrant who took control of Athens with the support of the poor. Rode into Athens on a chariot pulled by Athena. Employed citizens - public works. Fed the poor. Created festivals like the Festival of Dionysus. Made a large army. Undercut the power of the aristocrats.

cavalry

A unit of soldiers who ride horses; , Ghengis Khan army was made of what? What was the backbone of Ghengis Khan's army?

obsidian

A usually black or banded, hard volcanic glass that displays shiny, curved surfaces when fractured and is formed by rapid cooling of lava; used in Mayan human sacrifice rituals and was a valuable trade good in Mesoamerica

Hojo

Warrior family closely allied with Minamoto, dominated Kamakura regime and manipulated Minamoto rulers who claimed to rule n the name of the Japanese emperor at Kyoto

the romance of the west chamber

Chinese dramatic work written during the Yuan period; indicative of the continued literary vitality of China during Mongol rule.

Wuzong

Chinese emperor of Tang dynasty who openly persecuted Buddhism by destroying monasteries in 840s; reduced influence of Chinese Buddhism in favor of Confucian ideology

Li Dazhao

Chinese intellectual who gave serious attention to Marxist philosophy, headed study circle at the University of Beijing, saw peasants as vanguard of revolutionary communism in China

magnetic compass

Chinese invention that aided navigation by showing which direction was north

Fa Xian

Chinese monk who visited India and recorded much of what he saw in a Diary that later become a main source of information about the Gupta Dynasty

Zhu Yuanzhang

Chinese peasant who led successful revolt against Yuan; founded Ming dynasty

Mandate of Heaven

Chinese religious and political ideology developed by the Zhou, according to which it was the prerogative of Heaven, the chief deity, to grant power to the ruler of China and to take away that power if the ruler failed to conduct himself justly and in the best interests of his subjects.

The 1991 Gulf War

In 1990 Iraq invaded its oil rich neighbor Kuwait. The US led coalition operated under UN banner and ended the war. The UN also tried to discover if Hussein was building WMDs.

Chechnya

In 1994 separatists tried to break away from Russia.

Great Depression

the severe economic slump that followed the collapse of the U.S stock market in 1929

Benito Juarez

Indian governor of the state of Oaxaca in Mexico, leader of liberal rebellion against Santa Anna, liberal government defeated by French intervention under Emperor Napoleon III of France and the establishment of the Mexican empire under Maximilian, restored to power in 1867 until his death in 1872

Steve Biko

An organizer of Black Consciousness movement in South Africa, in opposition to apartheid, murdered while in police custody

Aryans

Indo-Europeans who replaced Harappan civilization; Militarized society; Encouraged tight levels of village organization; Originally hunters and herders; Extended agriculture to Ganges

Asian sea trading network

Prior to intervention of Europeans, consisted of three zones, Arab zone based on glass, carpets, and tapestries, India based on cotton textiles, China based on paper, porcelain, and silks

Li Yuan

Also known as Duke of tang; minister for Yangdi; took over empire following assassination of Yangdi; first emperor of Tang dynasty; took imperial title of Gaozu

Confucius

Also known as Kung Fuzi; major Chinese philosopher born in 6th century BCE; author of Analects; philosophy based on need for restoration of order through advice of superior men to be found among the shi

Ataturk

Also known as Mustafa Kemal, leader of the Turkish Republic formed in 1923, reformed Turkish nation using Western models

Ho Chi Minh

Also known as Nguyen Ai Quoc, led Vietnamese Communist party in struggle for liberation from French and US dominance and to unify north and south Vietnam

Stateless societies

African societies organized around kinship or other forms of obligation and lacking the concentration of political power and authority associated with states

Kushans

Africans that developed along upper Nile circa 1000 BCE; Conquered Egypt and ruled for several centuries

Division of Hellenistic Empire

After Alexander's death in 323 BCE, the Greek empire was divided among his generals: Antigonid (Greece and Macedonia), Ptolemaic (Egypt), Seleucid (Persia)

Hellenistic Culture

After Alexander's death, Greek art, education, and culture merged with those in the Middle East. Trade and important scientific centers were established, such as Alexandria, Egypt.

Kim II Sung

After Japan's defeat in WWII, Soviet Union and American forces agreed to divide Korea temporarily along the 38th parallel. North Korea ruled by dictator Sum became a communist ally of the Soviet Union.

Yathrib (Medina)

After escaping Mecca, Muhammad and the Ummah go to Yathrib, which becomes the first Muslim theocracy. It later changes its name to Medina, meaning "City of the Prophet"

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Agreement that created an essentially free trade zone among Mexico, Canada, and the United States, in hopes of encouraging economic growth in all three nations, went into effect January 1, 1994 after difficult negotiations

kulaks

Agricultural entrepreneurs who utilized the Stolypin and later NEP reforms to increase agricultural production and buy additional land

2300-2200 BCE Mesopotamia

Akkadian Empire

Theory of Relativity

Albert Einstein's ideas about the interrelationships between time and space and between energy and matter

peter I

Also known as Peter the Great; son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy and culture through imitation of western European models.

Hammurabi

Amorite ruler of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E.). He conquered many city-states in southern and northern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases.

Kush

An African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c. 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries.

Mycenaeans

An Indo-European people who settled on the Greek mainland around 2000 B.C.

Bronze

An alloy of copper with a small amount of tin (or sometimes arsenic), it is harder and more durable than copper alone. The term Bronze Age is applied to the era-the dates of which vary in different parts of the world-when bronze was the primary metal for tools and weapons. The demand for bronze helped create long-distance networks of trade.

Macedonia

An an ancient kingdom ruled by Alexander the Great that conquered most of Greece and the Persian Empire in the 300s B.C.

The Odyssey

An ancient Greek epic by Homer that recounts the adventures of Odysseus during his return from the war in Troy to his home in the Greek island of Ithaca.

Silk Road

An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay.

religious revivalism

An approach to religious belief and practice that stresses the literal interpretation of texts sacred to the religion in question and the application of their precepts to all aspects of social life, increasingly associated with revivalist movements in a number of world religions, including Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Hinduism

Gothic

An architectural style developed during the Middle Ages in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external supports on main walls

frescoes

An art of painting on plastered walls. Interiors of villas and palaces were covered with impressions of life and nature in their society.

Impressionism

An artistic movement that sought to capture a momentary feel, or impression, of the piece they were drawing

Panama Canal

An aspect of American intervention in Latin America, resulted from United States support for a Panamanian independence movement in return for a grant to exclusive rights to a canal across the Panama isthmus, provided short route between Atlantic and Pacific oceans, completed in 1914

mass leisure culture

An aspect of the later Industrial Revolution, based on newspapers, music halls, popular theater, vacation trips, and team sports

Estates-General

An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France

Johannes Kepler

An astronomer and mathematician who was a prominent figure in the scientific revolution, lived from 1571 to 1630

Çatal Hüyük

An early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; was larger in population than Jericho, had a greater degree of social stratification

Hanseatic League

An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century.

Manorialism

An economic system based on the manor and lands including a village and surrounding acreage which were administered by a lord. It developed during the Middle Ages to increase agricultural production.

Labyrinth

An enormous maze said to be on the island of Crete. Housed the Minotaur.

Homer

Ancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey (circa 850 BC)

Muhammad ibn Qasim

Arab general who conquered Sind in India; declared the region and the Indus valley to be part of the Umayyad Empire

Muhammad

Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam.

Dhows

Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design

Ibn Battuta

Arab traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records

Nurhaci

Architect of Manchu unity, create distinctive Manchu banner armies, controlled most of Manchuria, adopted Chines bureaucracy and most ceremonies in Manchuria, entered China and successfully captured Ming capital at Beijing

Dutch East India Company

Joint stock company that obtained government monopoly over trade in India, acted as a virtually independent government in regions it claimed

romanticism

Artistic and literary movement of the 19th century in Europe, held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature, sought to portray passions, not calm reflections

Maximilian Von Habsburg

Proclaimed Emperor Maximilian of Mexico following the intervention of France in 1862, ruled until overthrow and execution by liberal revolutionaries under Benito Juarez in 1867

Themistocles

Athenian leader who advocated for Athenian navy during the Persian Wars, which led to defeat of large Persian fleet at battle of Salamis by the Athenian army

Pericles

Athenian political leader during 5th century BCE; Guided development of Athenian Empire; Died during early Peloponnesian War

Athenian Strategy in the Persian War

Athens and Sparta were able to fight together for once. The Greeks used the geography to their advantage - narrow passes, etc. Tricked Persians into places where they would have the advantage.

Chartist movement

Attempt by artisans and workers in Britain to gain the vote during the 1840s, demands for reform beyond the Reform Bill of 1832 were incorporated into a series of petition, movement failed

Taika reforms

Attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese-style emperor, included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and a peasant conscript army

Taika Reforms

Attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army.

socialist realism

Attempt within the USSR to relate formal culture to the masses in order to avoid the adoption of Western European cultural forms, begun under Joseph Stalin, fundamental method of Soviet fiction, art, and literary criticism

Victoriano Huerta

Attempted to reestablish centralized dictatorship in Mexico following the removal of Maderno in 1913, forced from power in 1914 by Villa and Zapata

Thomas Herzl

Austrian journalist and Zionist, formed World Zionist Organization in 1897, promoted Jewish migration to Palestine and formation of a Jewish state

Niccolo Machiavelli

Author of The Prince, emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power, one of the most influential authors of the Italian Renaissance, lived 1469-1527

Peter Abelard

Author of Yes And No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine.

Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz

Author, poet, and musician of New Spain, eventually gave up on secular concerns to concentrate on spiritual matters, lived from 1651-1695

Axum and Ethiopia

Axum defeated Kush around 300 B.C.E. Ethiopia in turn defeated Axum. Both these African kingdoms had active contacts with the eastern Mediterranean world until after Rome's fall.

Hammurabi

Babylonian emperor (Mesopotamia) who used a central bureaucracy and code of laws to govern his empire

Paulistas

Backwoodsmen from Sao Paulo in Brazil, penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals during the 17th century

Great Zimbabwe

Bantu confederation of Shona-speaking peoples located between Zambezi and Limpopo rivers; developed after 9th century; featured royal courts built of stone; created centralized state by 15th century; king took title of Mwene Mutapa

Seven Sacraments

Baptism, communion, confession, marriage, last rites, confirmation, and ordination. These allowed you to get into heaven.

bards

Bards traveled throughout Greece and spread their poems and tales so people in the city-states could know what was happening to the other cities in Greece.

tumens

Basic fighting units of the Mongol forces; consisted of 10,000 cavalrymen; each unit was further divided into units of 1000, 100 and 10.

constitutionalism

Basic principle that government and those who govern must obey the law; the rule of law

party cadres

Basis of China's communist government organization, cadre advisors were attached to military contingents at all levels

Plassey

Battle in 1757 between the troops of the British East India Company and an Indian army under Siraj ud-daula, ruler of Bengal, British victory resulted in control of northern India

chinampas

Beds of aquatic weeds, mud, and earth placed in frames made of cane and rooted in lakes to create "floating islands", system of irrigated agriculture utilized by the Aztecs

European Union

Began as European Economic Community (or Common Market), an alliance of Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands to create a single economic entity across national boundaries in 1958, later joined by Britain, Ireland, Denmark, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Sweden, Austria, Finland, and other nations for further European economic intergration

Gothic Cathedrals

Beginning in France in the 12th century, this style has pointed arches, flying buttresses, stained glass windows, and are taller, airier, and have more light.

Etruscans

Beginning in the 700s BCE,first rulers of Roman Republic and Empire; Laid the foundation for Rome and Roman civilization

craft guild

Beginning in the eleventh century, skilled workers began to organize themselves into groups of people working in the same trade (job). It's kind of like a modern day union (for example, a teacher's union).

Alliance for Progress

Begun in 1961 by the United States to develop Latin America as an alternative to radical political solutions, enjoyed only limited success, failure of development programs led to renewal of direct intervention

polytheism

Belief in many gods

white racial supremacy

Belief in the inherent mental, moral, and cultural superiority of whites, peaked in acceptance in decades before World War I, supported by social science doctrines of social Darwinists such as Herbert Spencer

manifest destiny

Belief of the government of the United States that it was destined to rule the continent from coast to coast, led to the annexation of Texas and the Mexican-American War

B.G. Tilak

Believed that nationalism in India should be based on appeals to Hindu religiousity, worked to promote restoration and revival of ancient Hindu traditions, offended Muslims and other religious groups, first populist leader in Indian nationalist movement

National Socialist (Nazi) Party

Led by Adolf Hitler in Germany, picked up political support during the economic chaos of the Great Depression, advocated authoritarian state under a single leader, aggressive foreign policy to reverse humiliation of the Versailles Treaty, took power in Germany in 1933

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov

Better known as Lenin, most active Russian Marxist leader, insisted on importance of disciplined revolutionary cells, leader of the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917

Straits of Gibraltar

Between the Iberic Peninsula (Portugal) and Africa; according to Plato's account, the legendary Atlantis, a land mass, was just outside the straits. It is also known as the Pillars of Hercules, joined Mediterranean Sea with N.Atlantic Ocean

Charles Darwin

Biologist who developed the theory of evolution of species in 1859, argued that all loving species evolved into their present form through the ability to adapt in a struggle for survival

guano

Bird dropping utilized as fertilizer, exported from Peru as a major item of trade between 1850 and 1880, income from trade permitted end to American Indian tribute and abolition of slavery

Pope

Bishop of Rome; head of the Catholic church in western Europe.

Pope

Bishop of Rome; head of the Christian church in western Europe

German Unification

Bismark used 3 wars between 1864 and 1871 to unite the various German populations.

Walter Sisulu

Black African leader who, along with Nelson Mandela, opposed apartheid system in South Africa

Parliaments

Bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals; found in England, Spain, Germany, and France.

Bering Strait

Body of water under an ancient land bridge that led to Alaska. Many ancient people are believed to have traveled across the bridge into the Western Hemisphere between 12,00 and 14,000 years ago due to the development of new tools and the migrations of large animals.

Council of the Indies

Body within the Castilian government that issued all laws and advised the king on all matters dealing with the Spanish colonies of the New World

Francisco Pizarro

Led conquest of Inca Empire of Peru beginning in 1535, by 1540, most of Inca possessions fell to the Spanish

Mohandas Gandhi

Led sustained all-India for independence from the British Empire after World War I, stressed nonviolent but aggressive mass protest

Nirvana

Buddhist state of enlightenment, state of tranquility

Suez Canal

Built across Isthmus of Suez to connect Mediterranean Sea with Read Sea in 1869, financed by European investors with increasing indebtedness to knedives, permitted intervention of British into Egyptian politics to protect their investment

Aryans (Indians)

Left behind a collection of sacred hymns, songs, prayers, and rituals known as the Vedas.

Urban II

Called First Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to mount military assault to free the Holy Land from the Muslims.

Rurik

Legendary Scandinavian regarded as founder of the first kingdom of Russia based in Kiev in 855 C.E

Dharma

Caste position and career determined by person's birth; Hinduism required accept social position and perform job as well as possible in order to have better situation in next life

Reform Bill of 1832

Legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to the most members of the middle class, failed to produce democracy in Britain

Red Army

Leon Trotsky, Communist, Won the revolution

Nomads

Cattle/sheep-herding societies found on edges of civilized societies; referred to as barbarians

Mira Bai

Celebrated Hindu writer of religious poetry; reflected openness of bhaktic cults to women

Isandhlwana

Location of battle fought in 1879 between the British and Zulu armies in South Africa, resulted in defeat of British, one of few victories of African forces over western Europe

Griots

Professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings within the Mali Empire

Gothic architecture

Characterized by pointed arches, high ceilings, flying buttresses, and large stained-glass windows

Charlemagne

Charles the Great; Carolingian Monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany

Royal African Company

Chartered in the 1660s to establish a monopoly over the slave trade among British merchants, supplied African slaves to colonies in Barabados, Jamaica, and Virginia

Indra

Chief deity of Aryan, colossal, hard-drinking warrior

Vo Nguyen Giap

Chief military commander of the Viet Minh, architect of the Vietnamese victory over French at Dien Bien Phu in 1954

Liu Shaoqui

Chinese Communist pragmatist, with Deng Xiapong, came to power in 1959 after Mao was replaced, determined to restore state direction and market incentives at local level, purged in 1966 as Mao returned to power

Zheng He

Chinese Muslim admiral who commanded series of Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea trade explorations under third Ming emperor, Yunglo, between 1405 and 1453

Guomindang

Chinese Nationalist party founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1919, drew support from local warlords and Chinese criminal underworld, initially forged alliance with Communists in 1924, dominated by Chiang Kai-shek after 1925

Daoism

Chinese School of Thought: Daoists believe that the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from the Dao, or 'path' of nature.

Scholar-Gentry

Chinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as governors of China.

Lin Biao

Chinese commander under Mao, trained at Chinag Kaishek's Whampoa Academy in the 1920s

Flying money

Chinese credit instrument that provided credit vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of the voyage; reduced danger of robbery; early form of currency

Great Wall

Chinese defensive fortification intended to keep out northern nomadic invaders from the north; Started by Shi Huangdi

Huancavelica

Location of the greatest deposit of mercury in South America, aided in America silver production linked with Potosi

Polis

City-state form of government used in Greece 800-400BCE

Moche

Civilization of north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples. (p. 313)

calpulli

Clans in Aztec society, later expanded to include residential groups that distributed land and provided labor and warriors

Dinshawai incident

Clash between British soldiers and Egyptian villagers in 1005, arose over hunting accident along the Nile River where a wife of a prayer leader of a mosque was accidentally shot by army officers hunting pigeons, led to the Egyptian protest movemenr

effendi

Class of prosperous business and professional urban families in khedival Egypt, as a class generally favored Egyptian independence

proletariat

Class of working people without access to producing property, typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor, in Europe, product of economic changed of 16th and 17th centuries

Maya

Classic culture emerging in southern Mexico and Central America contemporary with Teotihuacan; extended over broad region; featured monumental architecture, written language, calendrical and mathematical systems, and highly developed religion.

Ramayana

Classical India epic about King Rama and his wife Sita written 4th - 2nd centuries BCE

Mahabharata

Classical India epic of war about princely honor, love, and sacred duty written down in last centuries BCE

Virgil

Classical Roman poet, author of the Aeneid.

Albert Einstein

Developed mathematical theories to explain the behavior of planetary motion and the movement of elementary particles, after 1900 issued the theory of relativity

Kingdom of the Franks

Clovis founds Kingdom of the Franks and unifies Franks by 509 which is solitified by the adoption of Christianity. One of german states in europe which is split into three after clovis dies

amigos del pais

Clubs and associations dedicated to improvements and reform in Spanish colonies, flourished during the 18th century, called for material improvements rather than political reform

Varnas

Clusters of caste groups in Aryan society; 4 social castes: Brahmins (priests), Warriors, Merchants, Peasants, Untouchables (outcasts)

fazendas

Coffee estates that spread within the interior of Brazil between 1840 and 1860, created major export commodity for Brazilian trade, led to intensification of slavery in Brazil

White Dominions

Colonies in which European settlers made up the overwhelming majority of the population, small numbers of native inhabitants were typically reduced by disease and wars of conquest, typical of British holdings in North America and Australia with growing independence in the 19th century

Popular Front

Combination of socialist and communist political parties in France, won election in 1936, unable to take strong measures of social reform because of continuing strength of conservatives, fell from power in 1938

liberation theology

Combine Catholic theology and socialist principles in effort to bring about improved conditions for the poor in Latin America in the 20th century

triangular trade

Commerce linking Africa, the New World colonies, and Europe, slaves carried to America for sugar and tobacco transported to Europe

Kiev

Commercial city in Ukraine stablished by Scandinavians in 9th century; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until the 12th century.

Solon's reforms of Athens

Common people could serve in juries. Foreign tradesmen were encouraged to settle. Olive cultivation encouraged. Grain export was banned.

terakoya

Commoner schools founded during the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan to teach reading, writing, and the rudiments of Confucianism, resulted in high literacy rate, approaching 40 percent of Japanese males

"The People of the Book"

Dhimmis- Jews and Christians received this respectable term from Muslims b/c Muslims saw the content of their holy scriptures, for the most part, to be accurate

Charles Dickens

English writer whose novels depicted and criticized social injustice (1812-1870)

Scientific Revolution

Culminated in 17th century, period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theological generalizations, resulted in change in traditional beliefs of the Middle Ages

Northern Renaissance

Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe, began later than the Italian Renaissance (circa 1450), centered in France, Low Countries, England, and Germany, featured a greater emphasis on religion than the Italian Renaissance

Renaissance

Cultural and political movement in western Europe, began in Italy circa 1400, rested on urban vitality and expanding commerce, featured literature and art with distinctly more secular priorities than those of the Middle Ages

Hellenistic Period

Culture associated with spread of Greek influence because of Macedonian conquests; Seen as combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms

Battle of Marathon

Darius decided to invade mainland Greece. Sent runner to Sparta to ask for help. 26.2 miles. Greeks came down from hills and drove the Persians off.

Origin of Species by Natural Selection

Darwin's book on Evolution.

Mary Wollstonecraft

Enlightenment feminist thinker in England, argued that new political rights should extend to women, lived from 1759-1797

khedives

Descendants of Muhammad Ali in Egypt after 1867, formal rulers of Egypt despite French and English intervention until over thrown by military coup in 1952

Coptic Christianity

Developed in Northern Africa based on the Coptic Language in Ethiopia

Fulgencio Batista

Dictator of Cuba from 1934 to 1944, returned to presidency in 1952, ousted from government by revolution led by Fidel Castro

Ayatollah Ruhallah Khomenini

Didn't like Western influence over Iranian oil fields. In 1979 Khomeini took power and proclaimed an Islamic republic- a theocracy or government by religious leaders. In 1979, Islamists seized the American embassy in the capital and held 52 hostages for more than a year. Had a long bloody war with Iraq and tense relations with the west.

Muhammad Abduh

Disciple of al-Afghani, Muslim thinker at the end of the 19th century, stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology, recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry

Sir Arthur Evans

Discovered the palace of Minos on Crete and the Mycenaean civilization. Was obsessed with stories about the Labyrinth - discovered this at Minos.

Lin Zexu

Distinguished Chinese official charged with stamping out the opium trade in southern China, ordered a blockade of European trading areas in Canton and confiscation of opium, sent into exile following the Opium War

princely states

Domains of Indian princes allied with the British Raj, agents of the East India Company were stationed at the rulers' courts to ensure compliance, made up over 1/3 of the British Indian Empire

Scholasticism

Dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems

Party of the Institutionalized Revolution (PRI)

Dominant political party in Mexico developed in the 1920s and 1930s incorporated labor, peasant, military, and middle class sectors, controlled other political organizations in Mexico

Bartolome de Las Casas

Dominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of the Native American population of the Spanish colonies, opposed forced labor and advanced Indian rights, lived 1484-1565

Athenian Golden Age

During the Melian Dialogue and Delian League, Athens decides Delian League has to pay in silver and they developed commercial democracy as well as sea power - Moves treasury from Delos to Athens to keep safe. Athens becomes great empire. Introduce scholars.

Sail al-Din

Early 14th century Sufi mystic, began campaign to purify Islam, first member of the Safavid dynasty

Clovis

Early Frankish king; converted Franks to Christianity c. 496; allowed establishment of Frankish kingdom.

Orthodox Christian Church

Eastern church which was created in 1053 after the schism from the western Roman church; it's head is the patriarch of Constantinople.

The spread of Islam

Easy to learn and practice, no priesthood, teaches equality, non-Muslim were allowed religious freedom, portable, and war against the infidels.

syndicalism

Economic and political system based on the organization of labor, imported in Latin America from European political movements, militant force in Latin American politics

The Great Depression

Economic downfall following WWI during the late 1920s and 1930s led to the explosion of WWII

Great Leap Forward

Economic policy of Mao Zedong introduced in 1958, proposed industrialization of small-scale projects integrated into peasant communities, led to economic disaster, ended in 1960

Mass Line

Economic policy of Mao Zedong, led to formation of agricultural cooperatives in 1955, cooperatives became farming collectives in 1956

Capitalism

Economic system based on profit-seeking, private ownership, and investments

mercantilists

Economic theorists that stressed governments' promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenue, popular during the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe

mercantilism

Economic theory that stressed governments' promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues, popular during the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe

Ahmad Arabi

Egyptian military officer who led a revolt against Turkic dominance in the army in 1882, which forced Khedival regime to call in British forces for support

Muslim Brotherhood

Egyptian nationalist movement founded by Hasan al-Banna in 1928, committed to fundamentalist movement in Islam, fostered strikes and urban riots against the khedival government

Wafd party

Egyptian nationalist party that emerged after an Egyptian delegation was refused a hearing at the Versailles treaty negotiations following World War I; led by Sa'd Zaghlul; negotiations eventually led to limited Egyptian independence beginning in 1922.

Ma'at

Egyptian term for the concept of divinely created and maintained order in the universe. Reflecting the ancient Egyptians' belief in an essentially beneficent world, the divine ruler was the earthly guarantor of this order.

banner armies

Eight armies of the Manchu tribes identified by separate flags, created by Nurhaci in the early 17th century, utilized to defeat Ming emperor and establish the Qing dynasty

Vladimir Putin

Elected president in 2000.

Getulio Vargas

Elected president of Brazil in 1929, launched centralized political program by imposing federal administrators over state governments, held off coups by communists in 1935 and fascists in 1937, imposed a new constitution based on Mussolini's Italy, leaned to communists after 1949, committed suicide in 1954

Juan Jose Arevalo

Elected president of Guatemala in 1944, began series of socialist reform including land reform, nationalist program directed against foreign-owned companies such as United Fruit Company

Alvaro Obregon

Emerged as leader of the Mexican government in 1915, elected president in 1920

Afrikaner Nationalist Party

Emerged as the majority party in the all-white South African legislature after 1948, advocated complete independence from Britain, favored a rigid system of racial segregation called apartheid

Sui

Emerged from strong northern rulers

Han dynasty

Emperor Wu Di built canals and roads and established an imperial university that prepared students for the civil service exams to enter government jobs

Mansa Musa

Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East.

Holy Roman Emperors

Emperors in northern Italy and Germany following split of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor c. 10th century; failed to develop centralized monarchy in Germany.

Bernard of Clairvaux

Emphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities.

pure land Buddhism

Emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among masses of Chinese society.

Francis Bacon

English philosopher, statesmen,author, and scientist, influential member of the scientific revolution, and is best known for his work on the scientific revolution, lived from 1561-1626

William Harvey

English physician from the 17th century who demonstrated circular movement of blood in animals, and the function of the heart as a pump

Isaac Newton

English scientist, author of Principia, drew together astronomical and physical observations and wider theories into a neat framework of natural laws, established by principles of motion, defined forces of gravity

Epic of Gilgamesh

Epic poem from Mesopotamia and one of the earliest surviving works of literature

Mughal Empire

Established by Babur in India in 1526, the name is taken from the supposed descent of Babur, but there is little indication of any Mongol influence in the dynasty, became weak after the rule of Aurangzeb in first decades of 18th century

Good Neighbor Policy

Established by Franklin D. Roosevelt for dealing with Latin America in 1933, intended to halt direct intervention in Latin American politics

Maurya Dynasty

Established in India in 4th century BCE after invasion of Alexander the Great

Asante Empire

Established in the Gold Coast among Akan people settled around Kumasi, dominated by the Oyoko clan, many clans linked under Osei Tutu after 1650

Adam Smith

Established liberal economics (Wealth of Nations, 1776), argued that government should avoid regulation of the economy in favor of the operation of market forces

pugachev rebellion

Eugene Pugachev, a Cossack soldier, led a huge serf uprising-demanded end to serfdom, taxes and army service; landlords and officials murdered all over southwestern Russia; eventually captured and executed

Leon Pinkster

European Zionist who believed that Jewish assimilation into Christian European nations was impossible, argued for return to Middle Eastern Holy Land

Battle of Tours

European armies defeat Muslim armies and stop the spread of Islam in Europe

factories

European trading fortresses and compounds with resident merchants, utilized throughout Portuguese trading empire to assure secure landing places and commerce

Monotheism

Exclusive worship of single god, introduced by Jews into Western civilization

ragnarok

Final battle of Norse mythology, including the great battle with deaths of major gods. All those in Valhalla will come to fight.

Shang

First Chinese dynasty for which archeological evidence exists; capital located in Ordos bulge of the Huanghe; flourished 1600 to 1046 BCE

c. 6000 BCE India

First Indus settlements

Hongwu

First Ming emperor in 1368, originally name Zhu Yuanxhang, drove out Mongol influence, restored position of scholar-gentry

Vasco de Balboa

First Spanish captain to begin settlement on the mainland of Mesoamerica in 1509, initial settlement eventually led to conquest of Aztec and Inca empires by other captains

Caribbean

First area of Spanish exploration and settlement, served as an experimental region for the nature of Spanish colonial experience, encomienda system of colonial management initiated here

Marshall Plan

Program of substantial loans initiated by the US in 1947, designed to aid nations in rebuilding from the war's devastation, vehicle for American economic dominance

Ghana

First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast.

Confucianism

Five key relationships to bring back peace to China 1.Ruler to subject 2. Father to son 3. Husband to wife 4. Older brother to younger brother 5. Friend to Friend

Nile

Flooding sustained Egyptian life

humanism

Focus on humankind as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavors, method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages

Catherine the Great

Following the death of Peter the Great, this person was the next powerful ruler of Russia

primary products

Food or industrial crops for which there is a high demand in industrialized economies, prices of such products tend to fluctuate widely, typically the primary exports of Third World economies

encomienda

Grants of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Mesoamerica and South America, basis for the earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies

Mexican Constitution of 1917

Promised land reform, limited foreign ownership of key resources, guaranteed the rights of workers, and places restrictions on clerical education, marked formal end of Mexican Revolution

Suriname

Formerly a Dutch plantation colony on the coast of South America, location of the runaway slave kingdom in the 18th century,able to retain independence despite attempts to crush guerrilla resistance

King Leonidas

Fought and died at the Battle of Thermopylae. Was put on a cross by Xerxes to show what happened to people who resisted him.

Crimean War

Fought between 1854 and 1856, began as Russian attempt to attack the Ottoman Empire, Russia opposed by France and Britain as well, resulted in Russian defeat in the face of Western industrial technology, led to Russian reforms under Tsar Alexander II

Anglo-Boer War

Fought between 1899 and 1902 over the continued independence of Boer republics, resulted in British victory, but began the process of decolonization for whites in South Africa

Mexican-American War

Fought between Mexico and the United States from 1846 to 1848, led to the deviating defeat of Mexican forces, loss of about one half of Mexico's national territory to the United States

Opium War

Fought between the British and Qing China beginning in 1839, fought to protect British trade in opium, resulted in a resounding British victory and the opening of Hong Kong as a British port of trade

Seven Years War

Fought both in continental Europe and also in overseas colonies between 1756 and 1763, resulted in Prussian seizures of land from Austria, English seizures of colonies in India and North America

American Civil War

Fought from 1861 to 1865, first application of the Industrial Revolution to warfare, resulted in the abolition of slavery in the United States and the reunification of the North and South

Korean War

Fought from 1950 to 1953, North supported by USSR and later People's Republic of China, South supported by US and small international United Nations force, ended in a stalemate and continued division of Korea

Mexican Revolution

Fought over a period of almost ten years from 1910, resulted in ouster of Porfirio Diaz from power, opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata

Muslim League

Founded in 1906 to better support demands of Muslims for separate electorates and legislative seats in Hindu-dominated India, represented division within Indian nationalist movement

Whampoa Military Academy

Founded in 1924, military wing of Guomindang, first head of the academy was Chiang Kai-shek

Liao dynasty

Founded in 907 by nomadic Khitan peoples from Manchuria; maintained independence from Song dynasty in China.

Laozi

Founder of Daoism

Abraham

Founder of Judaeism

Chandragupta Maurya

Founder of Maurya dynasty; Established first empire in Indian subcontinent

Guru Nanak

Founder of Sikhism

Zhao Kuangyin

Founder of Song dynasty; originally a general following fall of Tang; took title of Taizu; failed to overcome northern Liao dynasty that remained independent.

Benedict of Nursia

Founder of monasticism in what used to be western Roman Empire; Established Benedictine Rule in 6th century; Paralleled development of Basil's rules in Byzantine Empire

Jurchens

Founders of Qin kingdom that succeeded the Liao in northern China; annexed most of the Yellow River basin and forced Song to flee to south.

khanates

Four regional Mongol kingdoms that arose following the death of Chinggis Khan.

Western Front

France and Germany

Alfred Dreyfus

Franch Jew falsely accused of passing military secrets to the Germans, his mistreatment and exile to Devils Island provided flash-point for years of bitter debate between the left and right in France

Charles Martel

Frankish king who held off the invasion of the Muslim Moors. This defeat created a divide between the Muslim and Christian worlds.

Jean Calvin

French Protestant from the 16th century who stressed doctrine of predestination, established center of his group at the Swiss canton of Geneva, encouraged ideas of wider access to government, wider public education, Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe and North America

Louis Pasteur

French chemist and biologist whose discovery that fermentation is caused by microorganisms resulted in the process of pasteurization (1822-1895)

Vichy

French collaborationist government established in 1940 in southern France following the defeat of French armies by the Germans

New France

French colonies in North America, extended from St. Lawrence River along the Great Lakes and down the Mississippi River valley system

Claude Monet

French impressionist painter (1840-1926)

Louis XIV

French monarch of the late 17th century who personified absolute monarchy, lived from 1638-1715

Auguste Comte

French philosopher from the 19th century, founder of positivism, a philosophy that stressed observation and scientific approaches to the problems of society

positivism

French philosophy based on observation and scientific approach to the problems of society, adopted by many Latin American liberals in the aftermath of independence

Georges Clemenceau

French prime minister in the last years of World War I and during the Versailles Conference of 1919, pushed for heavy reparations from Germans

Louis Pasteur

French scientist who discovered the relationship between germs and disease in the 19th century, leading to better sanitation

Catholic Reformation

Restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in response to Protestant Reformation, established councils that revived Catholic doctrine and refute Protestant beliefs

Nelson Mandela

Long-imprisoned leader of the African National Congress party, worked with the ANC leadership and F.W. de Klerk's supported to dismantle the apartheid system from the mid-1980s onward, in 1994 he became the first black prime minister of South Africa after the ANC won first genuinely democratic elections in the country's history

blitzkrieg

German term for lightning warfare, involved rapid movement of airplanes, tanks, and mechanized troop carriers, resulted in early German victories over Belgium, Holland, and France in WWII

Odoacer

Germanic barbarian leader who ended the western Roman Empire in 476 and became the first barbarian ruler of Italy (434-493).

Schlieffen Plan

Germany's military plan according to which German troops would rapidly defeat France and then move east to attack Russia

revelations

God's messages that angels told Muhammad to preach

Tyranny

Gov't based on rule of absolute ruler

British India Company

Government charted joint-stock company that controlled spice trade in the East Indies after the Dutch

mandates

Governments entrusted to Europeans nations in the Middle East in the aftermath of World War I, Britain occupied mandates in Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine after 1922

Ashoka

Grandson of Chandragupta Maurya began to conquer surrounding regions then turned to more moral standards. Set up organized bureaucracy that collected taxes. He built roads, hospitals and rest houses. After hiss death, the Mauryan Empire declined

Edict of Nantes

Grant of tolerance to Protestants in France in 1598, granted only after lengthy civil war between Catholic and Protestant factions

European Feudalism

Granting land use within a fief, ceremonies of homage and fealty, vassals commitment to provide military service to a lord

Hannibal

Great Carthaginian general during Second Punic War; Successfully invaded Italy but failed to conquer Rome; Finally defeated at Battle of Zama

Magna Carta

Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy

Greek Geography

Greece is a mountainous peninsula about the size of Louisiana. Mountains and sea the most important geographical influences. Independent communities formed and developed separate ways of life. Their size and independence encouraged them to fight amongst each other.

Miletus

Greek city-state (Ionians) that was attacked by the Persian Empire. Was destroyed as punishment for rebelling.

Herodotus

Greek historian called the "Father of History" who wrote Persian Wars account in "Histories"

Delos

Greek island sacred to Apollo

Socrates

Greek philosopher who posed questions and encouraged reflection. Teacher of Plato

Emporiums

Greek trading posts. Greek goods like pottery and wine were exchanged for luxury goods and raw materials.

Barbarian

Greeks considered everyone who was not a Greek and did not speak Greek to be a barbarian. Later took on the meaning of uncivilized.

National Congress party

Grew out of regional associations of Western-educated Indians, originally centered in the cities of Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, and Madras, became political party in 1885, focus on nationalist movement in India, governed through most of the postcolonial period

Dutch Studies

Group of Japanese scholars in implication of Western science and technology beginning in the 17th century, urged freer exchange with the West, based studies on few Dutch texts available in Japan

Inca

Group of clans centered at Cuzco that were able to create empire incorporating various Andean cultures; term also used for leader of empire

Huns

Group of nomadic tribes that pushed through central Europe in the 4th and 5th centuries C.E. instigating the migration of the Germanic tribes into the Roman Empire.

Zapatistas

Guerrilla movement named in honor of Emiliano Zapata, originated in 1994 in Mexico's southern state of Chiapas, government responded with a combination of repression and negotiation

José de Gálvez

Spanish minister of the West Indies and chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminate creoles from upper bureaucracy of the colonies; created intendents for local government

Tribute system

Han dynasty demanding tribute from inferior neighbors for trade with the Han dynasty

mfecane

Wars of the 19th century in southern Africa, created by Zulu expansion under Shaka, revolutionized the political organization of southern Africa

Pepin the Short

He was Charles Martel's son. He was king and the Pope asked him for help against the Lombards who were invading. Pepin helps him and defeats them and in turn, the Pope names him king of the Franks. Then Pepin gives the Pope land called the Papal States.

Muhammad Ahmad

Head of Sudanic Sufi brotherhood, claimed descent from the prophet Muhammad, proclaimed both Egyptians and British as infidels, launched revolt to purge Islam of impurities

Sun Yat-sen

Head of the Revolutionary Alliance, organization that led 1911 revolt against Qing dynasty in China, briefly elected president in 1911, but yielded in favor of Yuan Shikai in 1912, creates the Nationalist part of China (Guomindang) in 1919, died in 1925

Murad

Head of the coalition of Malmuk rulers in Egypt, opposed Napoleonic invasions of Egypt and suffered devastating defeat, failure destroyed Malmuk government in Egypt and revealed vulnerability of Muslim core

Calcutta

Headquarters of British East India Company in Bengal in the Indian subcontinent, located on the Ganges, captured in 1756 during the early part of the Seven Years War, later became the administrative center for all of Bengal

Moldboard

Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils; a technological innovation of the medieval agricultural system.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Heir apparent to the Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassination in Sarajevo set in motion the events that started World War I

Assassination of Franz Ferdinand

Heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne who was assassinated in Bosnia-Herzegovina, which triggered the Austro-Hungarians to pledge war against Serbia, which then initiated World War I.

Philip II of Macedon

Held hostage in Thebes (city in Greece); received a military and diplomatic education. Then after his elder brothers King Alexander II and Perdiccas death, he gained the throne and ruled Macedon from 359 to 336 BCE; founder of centralized kingdom; later conquered rest of Greece which was subjected to Macedonian authority; father of Alexander the Great, recruited and organized the best-disciplined army in Macedonian history; organized his infantry into phalanxes; his goal was to restore order in Macedon.

French Revolution

Revolution in France between 1789 and 1800, resulted in overthrow of Bourbon monarchy and old regimes, ended with establishment of French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte, source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe

200-100 BCE Europe

Hellenistic Kingdoms

Ptolemy

Hellenistic astronomer who produced an elaborate theory of the sun's motion around the Earth

Stoics

Hellenistic group of philosophers; Emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of body and personal bravery

Pythagoras

Hellenistic mathematician who developed many basic geometric theories which are still used today

Euclid

Hellenistic mathematician who wrote what was the world's most widely used geometry compendium for a long time

Galen

Hellenistic physician/writer who wrote many medical treaties that formed the basis for modern political practices

moksha

Hindu belief in being one with the universe. Ending the cycle of reincarnation

Karma

Hindu belief in the sum of all good or bad things

Shiva

Hindu god of destruction and reproduction; Worshipped as personification of cosmic forces of change

Vishnu

Hindu god of sacrifice

Reincarnation

Hindu idea in which souls do not die when the body dies, but pass into other beings, either human or animal, depending on whether you have a good/bad life

Procopius

Historian of the Byzantine Empire who in his Secret History revealed the cruelty of the autocratic system in which the emperor ruled by divine providence.

ayllus

Households in Andean societies that recognized some form of kinship, traced descent from some common, sometimes mythical ancestor

population revolution

Huge growth in population in Western Europe beginning about 1730, prelude to Industrial Revolution, population of France increased 50 percent, England and Prussia 100 percent

1337-1453 CE

Hundred Years' War

Tianamen Square

In 1989 1000's of protesters raised banners to call for democracy. 1000's wee killed. Many others were imprisoned and tortured. Communism was in control.

Julius Caesar

In 46 BCE he made himself dictator of Rome

Yin/Yang

In Chinese belief, complementary factors that help to maintain the equilibrium of the world. Yin is associated with masculine, light, and active qualities; yang with feminine, dark, and passive qualities.

prester john

In legends popular from the 12th to 17th centuries, he was a mythical Christian monarch whose kingdom was cut off from Europe by Muslim conquests; Chinggis Khan was originally believed to be this ruler.

Battle of Hastings

King Harold had to march his army to fight and was killed by a stray arrow to the eye. William the Conqueror took control of England.

Indian Ocean Maritime System

In premodern times, a network of seaports, trade routes, and maritime culture linking countries on the rim of the Indian Ocean from Africa to Indonesia.

Scribe

In the governments of many ancient societies, a professional position reserved for men who had undergone the lengthy training required to be able to read and write using cuneiforms, hieroglyphics, or other early, cumbersome writing systems.

Silla

Independent Korean kingdom in southeastern part of peninsula; defeated Koguryo along with their Chinese Tang allies; submitted as a vassal of the Tang emperor and agreed to tribute payment; ruled united Korea by 668.

Silla

Independent Korean kingdom in the southeastern part of the peninsula, defeated Koguryo along with their Chinese Tang allies, submitted a vassal of the Tang emperor and agreed to tribute payment, ruled united Korea by 668 CE

Paekche

Independent Korean kingdom in the southeastern part of the peninsula, defeated by the rival Silla kingdom and its Chinese Tang allies in the 7th century

caudillos

Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies, sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule, typical throughout newly independent countries of Latin America

Gran Columbia

Independent state created in South America as a result of military successes of Simon Bolivar; existed only until 1830, at which time Columbia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separated nations

neocolonial economy

Industrialized nations' continued dominance of the world economy, ability of the industrialized nations to maintain economic colonialism without political colonialism

Enlightenment

Intellectual movement centered in France in the 18th century, featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study human society, belief that rational laws could describe social behavior

equal-fields system

Intended to decrease the social gap between rich and poor as well as making sure all land was utilized.

League of Nations

International diplomatic and peace organization created in the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I, one of the chief goals of President Woodrow Wilson of the United States in the peace negotiations, the United States was never a member

United Nations (UN)

International organization formed in the aftermath of WWII, included all of the victorious Allies, its primary mission was to provide a forum for negotiating disputes

guillotine

Introduced as a method of humane execution, utilized to execute thousands during the most radical phase of the French Revolution known as the Reign of Terror

William the Conqueror

Invaded England from Normandy in 1066; extended tight feudal system to England; established administrative system based on sheriffs; established centralized monarchy

Oracles

Invisible forces to which people address questions and whose responses they believe to be truthful.

G-8 Summit

Is an organization of industrialized nations that meets annually to discuss a wide range of economic and other issues= Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Russia, and the United States.

Francisco Vasquez de Coronado

Leader of a Spanish expedition into the northern frontier region of New Spain, entered what is now the United States in search of mythical cities of gold, lived 1510-1554

Kanem-Bornu

Islamic Africa's most important state located around Lake Chad, became an important center of Islamic learning. High point was under the reign of MAI (KING) IDRIS ALOMA- imported firearms form North Africa, employed turkish musketeers and advisers to command his army, and positioned allies around his kingdom instead of relatives. (exerted stabilized forces)

jihad

Islamic holy war.

Sharia

Islamic law defined among other things the patrilineal nature of Islamic inheritance

Ramadan

Islamic month of fasting from dawn to sunset

Al-Qaeda

Islamist terrorist organization that launched a series of attacks against U.S.

Polynesia

Island civilizations that reached Fiji and Samoa by 1000 B.C.E. and Hawaii by 400 C.E. They adapted local plants, introduced new animals, and imported a caste system led by a local king.

Deshima

Island in Nagasaki Bay, only port open to non-Japanese after the closure of the islands in the 1640s, only Chinese and Dutch ships were permitted to enter

Taiwan

Island off Chinese mainland, became refuge for Nationalist Chinese regime under Chiang Kai-shek as Republic of China in 1948, successfully retained independence with aid of US, rapidly industrialized after 1950s

Edict of Milan

Issued by Emperor Constantine in 313 CE made Christianity legal in the Roman Empire

social question

Issues relating to repressed classes in western Europe during the Industrial Revolution, particularly workers and women, became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870

Robert di Nobili

Italian Jesuit missionary, worked in India during the early 1600s, introduced strategy to concert elites first, strategy later widely adopted by Jesuits in various parts of Asia, mission eventually failed

Toussaint L'Overture

Leader of slave rebellion on the French sugar island of St. Domingue in 1791 that les to the creation of independent republic of Haiti in 1804

Fujiwara

Japanese aristocratic family in mid-9th century, exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs, aided in the decline of imperial power

Oda Nobunaga

Japanese daimyo, first to make extensive use of firearms, in 1573 deposed last of Ashikaga shoguns, unified much of central Honshu under his command

Diet

Japanese parliament established as part of the new constitution of 1889, part of Meiji reforms, could pass laws and approve budgets, able to advise government, but not to control it

Shintoism

Japanese religion that provided for worship of political rulers and spirits of nature. This was the basis for the worship of the Japanese emperor as a religious figure.

Kamikaze

Japanese suicide pilots trained to sink Allied ships by crashing bomb filled planes into them

Jesus

Jesus of Nazareth was a Jew who preached his own ideas. He spread the message of peace, love, and forgiveness and picked up many followers. His followers wrote about him and he scared the Romans so they crucified him.

Gang of Four

Jiang Qing and four political allies who attempted to seize control of the Communist government in China from the pragmatists, arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment in 1976 after Mao Zedong's death

British East India Company

Joint stock company that obtained government monopoly over trade in India, acted as a virtually independent government in regions it claimed

D-Day

June 6, 1944-the day on which the Allies began their invasion of the European mainland during WWII

Body of Civil Law

Justinian's codification of Roman law; made Roman law a coherent basis for political and economic life.

Pope Urban II

Leader of the Roman Catholic Church who asked European Christians to take up arms against Muslims, starting the Crusades

Francis I

King of France in the 16th century, regarded as a Renaissance monarch, patron of the arts, imposed new controls on the Catholic church, ally of the Ottoman sultan against the Holy Roman Emperor

Charlemagne (Charles the Great)

King of Francs • expanded much into Roman territory • pope crowns him Holy Roman Emperor of Europe which makes church higher than state but is still honor • made Francs superpower of western Europe • started baptisms for everyone after himself • kingdom split up after his death

King Idris Aloma

King of Kanem-Bornu who exerted stablized forces and gave it its vitally important reputation in Islam

Nzinga Mvemba

King of the Kongo south of the Zaire River from 1507 to 1543, converted to Christianity and took the title of Alfonso I, under Portuguese influence attempted to Christianize all of his kingdom

Dahomey

Kingdom developed among Fon or Aja peoples in the 17th century, center at Abomey 70 miles from the coast, under King Agaja expanded to control the coastlines and port of Whydah by 1727, accepted Western firearms and goods in return for African slaves

Jin

Kingdom north of the Song Empire; established by Jurchens in 1115 after overthrowing Liao dynasty; ended 1234

Palmares

Kingdom of runaway slaves with a population of 8,000 to 10,000 people; located in Brazil during the 17th century; leadership was Angolan.

Xi Xia

Kingdom of the Tangut people, north of Song Kingdom, in the mid-11th century; collected tribute that drained Song resources and burdened chinese peasantry.

Mataram

Kingdom that controlled interior regions of Java in the 17th century, Dutch East India Company paid tribute to the kingdom for rights of trade at Batavia, weakness of kingdom after the 1670s allowed the Dutch to exert control over all of Java

Kongo

Kingdom, based on agriculture, formed on lower Congo River by late 15th century; capital at Mbanza Kongo; ruled by hereditary monarchy.

Zen Buddhism

Known as Chan Buddhism in China; stressed meditation and appreciation of natural and artistic beauty

Chan Buddhism

Known as Zen in Japan; stressed meditation and appreciation of natural and artistic beauty; popular with members of elite Chinese society

Yi

Korean dynasty that succeeded the Koryo dynasty following a period of Mongol invasion, established in 1392 CE, ruled Korea to 1910, restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence

Hong Xiuquan

Leader of the Taiping Rebellion, concerts to a specifically Chinese form of Christianity, attacked traditional Confucian teachings of the Chinese elite, lived from 1812 to 1864

mita

Labor extracted for lads assigned to the state and the religion, all communities were expected to contribute, an essential aspect of Inca imperial control

mita

Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion, all communities were expected to contribute, an essential aspect of Inca imperial control

Greek Agriculture

Lack of rainfall and arable land made Greek agriculture different from what we are used to. Wheat and barley were major grains but were often in short supply. Goats and sheep were the major domestic animals. Seafood was also a major source of food and protein. Cattle and horses were for the very wealthy. However, perhaps the most important was the olive tree. Olive oil was used for lighting, cooking oil, body lotion, and food. Grapes were also important. They were pressed into wine and vinegars that were used by all Greeks daily. Olives and wine were exports.

Caligula

Lacking leadership qualities, Caligula ruled with cruelty and violence. He was murdered by his own guards in 41 A.D. in a secret passage. Alexander was his idol. He did many crazy things like naming his horse a senator and declaring war on Poseidon.

Indus River Valley

Large cities include Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro; Lucrative trade with Persia and Mesopotamia

galleons

Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion.

Mohenjo-Daro

Largest of the cities of the Indus Valley civilization. It was centrally located in the extensive floodplain of the Indus River in contemporary Pakistan. Little is known about the political institutions of Indus Valley communities, but the large-scale of construction at Mohenjo-Daro, the orderly grid of streets, and the standardization of building materials are evidence of central planning.

Puyi

Last emperor of China, deposed as emperor while still a small boy in 1912

Yaroslav

Last f great Kievan monarchs; issued legal codification based on formal codes developed in Byzantium

Moctezuma II

Last independent Aztec emperor, killed during Hernan Cortes's conquest of Tenochtitlan, lived 1480-1520

Nguyen Anh

Last surviving member of Nguyen dynasty following the Tayson Rebellion in Vietnam, with French support retook southern Vietnam, drove Tayson from northern Vietnam by 1802, proclaimed himself emperor with capital at Hue, also known as Gia Long

self-strengthening government

Late 19th century movement in China to counter the challenge from the West, led by provincial leaders

Socrates

Late 5th cBCE Athenian philosopher; Urged rational reflection of moral decisions; Condemned to death for corrupting minds of Athenian young

Upanishads

Later books of Vedas; Contained sophisticated and sublime philosophical ideas; Used by Brahmans to restore religious authority

federalists

Latin American politicians who wanted policies, especially fiscal and commercial regulation, to be set by regional governments rather than centralized national administrations, often supported by politicians who described themselves as liberals

centralists

Latin American politicians who wished to create strong, centralized governments with broad powers, often supported by politicians who described themselves as conservatives

Zaghlul Sa'd

Leader of Egypt's nationalist Wafd party; their negotiations with British led to limited Egyptian independence in 1922

Domingo F. Sarmiento

Liberal politician and president of the Argentine Republic from 1868 to 1864, author of Facundo, a critique of caudillo politics, increased international trade, launched internal reforms in education and transportation

Alexander Kerensky

Liberal revolutionary leader during the early stages of Russian Revolution of 1917, sought development of parliamentary rule, religious freedom

Qutb-ud-din Aibak

Lieutenant of Muhammad of Ghur; established a kingdom in India with the capital at Delhi; proclaimed himself sultan

negritude

Literary movement in Africa, attempted to combat racial stereotypes of African culture, celebrated the beauty of black skin and African physique, associated with origins of African nationalist movements

mullahs

Local mosque officials and prayer leaders within the Safavid religious campaign to concert all of the population to Shi'ism

zenstvoes

Local political councils created as a part of reforms of Tsar Alexander II (1860s), gave some Russians, particularly middle-class professionals, some experience in government, councils had no impact on national policy

1215 CE

Magna Carta signed by King John

Tlaloc

Major god of the Aztecs, associated with fertility and the agricultural cycle, god of rain

Islam

Major world religion having its origin in 610 CE in the Arabian peninsula; meaning literally submission; based on prophecy of Muhammad

King

Male Monarch of Feudal System, though more of a figurehead in Dark Age Europe

Juula

Malinke merchants; formed small partnerships to carry out trade throughout Mali empire; eventually spread throughout much of West Africa

Legalism

Man was inherently evil and needed strict laws and punishment to behave properly

Qing

Manchu dynasty that seized control of China in the mid-17th century after the decline of the Ming, forced submission of nomadic peoples far to the west and compelled tribute from Vietnam and Burma to the south

Ottoman Society for Union and Progress

Organization of political agitators in opposition to rule of Abdul Hamid, also called the "Young Turks", desired to restore 1876 constitution

Yalta Conference

Meeting among leaders of the US, Britain, and the Soviet Union in 1945, agreed to Soviet entry into the Pacific war in return for possessions in Manchuria, organization of the United Nations, disputed the division of political organization in the eastern European states to be reestablished after the war

Potsdam Conference

Meeting among leaders of the US, Britain, and the Soviet Union just before WWII ended in 1945, Allies agreed upon Soviet domination in eastern Europe, Germany and Austria to be divided among victorious Allies

Tehran Conference

Meeting among the leaders of the US, Britain, and the Soviet Union in 1943, agreed to opening new front in France

Congress of Vienna

Meeting in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 to restore political stability in Europe and settle diplomatic disputes

kuriltai

Meeting of all Mongol chieftains at which the supreme ruler of all tribes was selected

Congress of Vienna

Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon

Ashikaga Takuaji

Member of the Minamoto family, led a revolt of the bushi and overthrew the Kamakura regime, established the Ashikaga Shogunate from 1336- 1573 CE, drove emperor from Kyoto to Yoshino

Osei Tutu

Member of the Oyoko clan of Akan peoples in the Gold Coast region of Africa, responsible for creating a unified Asante Empire in 1701, utilized Western firearms, ruled 1675-1717

Zionists

Members of a movement origination in eastern Europe during the 1860s and 1870s that argued that Jews must return to a Middle Eastern holy land, eventually identified with the settlement of Palestine

Vassals

Members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty

pan-African

Organization that brought together intellectuals and political leaders from areas of Africa and African diaspora before and after World War I

consulado

Merchant guild of Seville, enjoyed virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to America and handled much of the silver received in return

Andes Santa Cruz

Mestizo general who established union of independent Peru and Bolivia between 1829 and 1839

Tupac Amaru

Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many in the lower social classes; revolt failed because of creole fears of real social revolution.

Diego Rivera

Mexican artist of the period after the Mexican Revolution, famous for murals painted on walls of public buildings, mixed romantic images of the Indian past with Christian symbols of Marxist ideology

Jose Clemente Orozco

Mexican muralist of the period after the Mexican Revolution, his work featured romantic images of Indian past with Christian symbols and Marxist ideology

Father Miguel de Hidalgo

Mexican priest who established an independence movement among American Indian and mestizos in 1810, despite early victories, was captured and executed

Pancho Villa

Mexican revolutionary and military commander in northern Mexico during the Mexican Revolution, succeeded along with Emiliano Zapata in removing Diaz from power in 1911, also participated in campaigns that removed Maderno and Huerta

Emiliano Zapata

Mexican revolutionary and military commander of peasant guerrilla movement after 1910 centered in Morelos, succeeded along with Pancho Villa in removing Diaz from power, also participated in campaigns that removed Maderno and Huerta, demanded sweeping land reform

Bourgeoisie

Middle Class

Richard I (the Lionhearted)

Richard the Lionhearted was a son of Henry II and became king. He stayed away from England and engaged in the Crusades, where he was eventually killed.

Industrial Revolution

the shift, beginning in England during the 18th century, from making goods by hand to making them by machine

Muhammad of Ghur

Military commander of Persian extraction who ruled small mountain kingdom in Afghanistan; began process of conquest to establish Muslim political control of northern India; brought much of Indus valley, Sind, and northwestern India under his control.

bakufu

Military government established by the Minamoto following the Gempei Wars, centered at Kamakura in the Kanto plain, retained the emperor but real power resided in military government and samurai

Juan D. Peron

Military leader in Argentina who became dominant political figure after military coup in 1943, used position as Minister of Labor to appeal to working groups and the poor, became president in 1946, forced into exile in 1955, returned and won presidency in 1973

Free Officers movement

Military nationalist movement in Egypt founded in the 1930s, often allied with the Muslim Brotherhood, led coup to seize Egyptian government from khedive in July 1952

Potosi

Mine located in upper Peru (modern Bolivia), largest of New World silver mines, produced 80 percent of all Peruvian silver

Indians

Misnomer created by Columbus referring to the indigenous people of the New World, implies social and ethnic commonality among Native Americans that did not exist, still used to apply to Native Americans

Francisco Madero

Moderate democratic reformer in Mexico, proposed moderate reforms in 1910, arrested by Porfirio Diaz, initiated revolution against Diaz when released from prison, temporarily gained power but removed and assassinated in 1913

Dadu

Mongol capital of Yuan dynasty; present-day Beijing.

golden horde

Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan's grandson Batu. It was based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam. Also known as the Kipchak Horde.

Il-Khanate

Mongol rule in Persia deferred to local Persian authorities, who administered *whom* as long as they delivered taxes to the Mongols and maintained order?

kublai khan

Mongolian emperor of China and grandson of Genghis Khan who completed his grandfather's conquest of Chinahe establish the Yuan dynasty and built a great capital on the site of modern Beijing where he received Marco Polo (1216-1294)

Tatars

Mongols who conquered RUssian cities during the 13th century; left Russian church and aristocracy intact.

Liberal Democratic Party

Monopolized Japanese government from its formation in 1955 into the 1990s, largely responsible for the economic reconstruction of Japan

Growth of Cities

More people were flocking to the major cities in search of jobs

old believers

Russians who refused to accept tsarist reforms of the Orthodox church and who were exiled to Siberia for their conservatism

Exodus

Moses led the Hebrews out of Egypt

Taj Mahal

Most famous architectural achievement of Mughal India, originally built as a mausoleum for the wife of Shah Jahan, Mumtaz Mahal

Hagia Sophia

Most famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world; Gothic church architecture

Li Bo

Most famous poet of the Tang era; blended images of the mundane world with philosophical musings.

United Fruit Company

Most important foreign economic concern in Guatemala in the 20th century, attempted land reform aimed at United Fruit caused US intervention in Guatemalan politics leading to ouster of reform government in 1954

El Mina

Most important of the early Portuguese trading factories in the forest zone of Africa

Eastern Front

Most mobile of the fronts established during World War I, after early success, military defeats led to the downfall of the tsarist government in Russia

Cultural Revolution

Movement initiated in 1965 by Mao Zedong to restore his dominance over pragmatists, used mobs to ridicule Mao's political rivals, campaign was called off in 1968

Great Trek

Movement of the Boer settlers in Cape Colony of southern Africa to escape the influence of the British colonial government in 1834, led to the settlement of regions north of Orange River and Natal

Asian

Much of the territory added to the Russian empire during the 17th and 18th centuries was...

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Muslim nationalist leader in India, originally a member of the National Congress Party, became the leader of the Muslim League, traded Muslim support for British in WWII for promises of a separate Muslim state after the war, first president of Pakistan

Mamluks

Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advance

al-Afghani

Muslim thinker at the end of the 19th century, stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology, recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry

Sunni Islam

Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries.

Vikings

Scandinavian warriors who raided.

Lepanto

Naval battle between the Spanish and the Ottoman Empire resulting in a Spanish victory in 1571

Adolf Hitler

Nazi leader of fascist Germany from 1935 to his suicide in 1945, created a strongly centralized state in Germany, eliminated all rivals, launched Germany on aggressive foreign policy leading to World War II, responsible for genocide of European Jews

Napoleon III

Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, and elected emperor of France from 1852-1870, he invaded Mexico when the Mexican government couldn't repay loans from French bankers. He sent in an army and set up a new government under Maximillian. He refused Lincoln's request that France withdraw. After the Civil War, the U.S. sent an army to enforce the request and Napoleon withdrew.

Nero

Nero, who took over at 16, was a musician and an actor. He became unpopular because he drained the treasury. People rebelled and he was brought down.

Railroads

Networks of iron (later steel) rails on which steam (later electric or diesel) locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds. First railroads were built in England in the 1830s. Success caused a railroad building boom lasting into the 20th Century (704)

school of National Learning

New ideology that laid emphasis on Japan's unique historical experience and the revival of indigenous culture at the expense of Chinese imports such as Confucianism, typical of Japan in the 18th century

technocrat

New type of bureaucrat, intensely trained in engineering or economics and devoted to the power of national planning, came to fore in offices of governments following WWII

new feminism

New wave of women's rights agitation dating from 1949, emphasized more literal equality that would play down domestic roles and qualitites for women, promoted specific reforms and redefinition of what it meant to be female

Sandinista party

Nicaraguan socialist movement named after Augusto Sandino, successfully carried out a socialist revolution in Nicaragua during the 1980s

Luo

Nilotic people who migrated from the upper Nile valley, established dynasty among existing Bantu population in the lake region of central eastern Africa, center at Bunyoro

Battle of Thermopylae

Spartans made a stand at Thermopylae. 7,000 soldiers to 180,000. Spartans were winning until a Greek traitor told the Persians of a pass through the mountains that enabled the Persians to attack from the front and the rear. Some men retreated, King Leonidas and 300 men died. Athenians escaped and Athens burned.

Chandra Gupta

No relation to Chadragupta Maurya! established the Gupta Empire. Hinduism arose as the primary religion of India. Fell to the White Huns

Khitans

Nomadic peoples of Manchuria; militarily superior to Song dynasty China but influenced by Chinese culture; forced humiliating treaties on Song China in 11th century

People's Democratic Republic of Korea

Northern half of Korea dominated by USSR, long headed by Kim Il-Sung, attacked south in 1950 and initiated Korean War, retained independence as a communist state after the war

Luzon

Northern island of the Philippines, conquered by Spain during the 1560s, site of major Catholic missionary effort

Pyramids

Old Kingdom Egypt monuments used as burial sites for pharaohs

Vergil

One of greatest Roman poets during "Golden Age" of Latin literature; Author of the Aeneid

Comunero Revolt

One of popular revolts against Spanish colonial rule in New Granada (Colombia) in 1781; suppressed as a result of divisions among rebels.

Harun al-Rashid

One of the great Islamic rulers of the Abbasid era

Sappho

One of the greatest ancient Greek poets; Her poetry developed the complexities of inner workings of humans and love

Francesco Petrarch

One of the major literary figures of the Western Renaissance, an Italian author and humanist, lived from 1304 to 1374 CE

Zhou Enlai

One of the most important leaders of the Communist party in China from 1930s until his death in 1976, notable as perhaps the most cosmopolitan and moderate of the inner circle of Communist leaders

Canton

One of two ports cities in which Europeans were permitted to trade in China during the Ming dynasty

Macao

One of two ports in which Europeans were permitted to trade in China during the Ming dynasty

Rasputin

Siberian peasant monk who was religious adviser in the court of Nicholas II. Healed Czar's son.

Secret Army Organization (OAS)

Organization of French settlers in Algeria, led guerrilla war following independence during the 1960s, assaults directed against Arabs, Berbers, and French who advocated independence

OPEC

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Venezuela and several small states in the Persian Gulf. OPEC wanted to end the power of Western oil companies and determine oil production quotas and prices. In 1973 they oil as a weapon.

Carthage

Originally Phoenician colony in northern Africa; Became major port and commercial power in the western Mediterranean; Won by Rome after 3 Punic Wars

Andalucía

Originally Vandalucia or land of the Vandals, it is the only lasting reminder of their presence in Spain. For Islam, it came to mean "the West"; during the Reconquista, it came to refer to the province of southern Spain where Moslem power was long concentrated.

William the Conqueror

Originally William of Normandy, William killed the former king and took control of England. He build castles to increase his control and made taxes. He created the Domesday Book to reduce the power of the Anglo-Saxons. Made England "Normandized".

Safavid dynasty

Originally a Turkic nomadic group, family originated in Sufi mystic group, espoused Shi'ism, conquered territory and established kingdom in region equivalent to modern Iran, lasted until 1722

Communist party of Vietnam

Originally as wing of nationalist movement, became a primary nationalist party after decline of VNQDD in 1929, led in late 1920s by Nguyen Ai Quoc, alias Ho Chi Minh

Gurus

Originally called Brahmans; Served as teachers for princes of imperial court of Guptas

Zhou

Originally vassal family of Shang China, possibly Turkic; 1122-256BCE, overthrew Shang and established 2nd historical Chinese dynasty

European-style family

Originated in 15th century among peasants and artisans of western Europe, featuring a late marriage age, emphasis on the nuclear family, and a large minority who never married

parliamentary monarchy

Originated in England and Holland in the 17th century, with kings partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments

ulama

Orthodox religious scholars within Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; increasingly opposed to non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking

Kami

Spirits in nature represented by both living and nonliving objects in Shinto; each uni has its own patron kami

vizier

Ottoman equivalent of the Abbasid wazir, head of the Ottoman bureaucracy, after 5th century often more powerful than the sultan

Janissaries

Ottoman infantry divisions that dominated Ottoman armies, forcibly conscripted as boys in conquered areas of the Balkans, legally slaves, translated military service into political influence, particularly after the 15th century

Mehmed II

Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror", responsible for the conquest of Constantinople in 1453, destroyed what remained of the Byzantine Empire

Abdul Hamid

Ottoman sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutism during his reign from 1878 to 1908, nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties, deposed in coup in 1908

Mahmud II

Ottoman sultan who lived from 1785 to 1839, hoult a private, professional army, fermented revolution of Janissaries and crushed them with private army, destroyed power of Janissaries and their religious allies, initiated reform of Ottoman Empire on Western precedents

Dorians

Outside invaders. Also known as the "Sea Peoples".

Why did the Vikings conquer?

Over population, needed food and money.nj

South Africa

Owned my Britain. Wanted for its Diamonds and Gold

Egypt

Owned my England

Yasir Arafat(PLO)

Palestinian Liberation Organization for the the destruction of Israel. The PLO gained world attention with airplane hijacks and the killing if Israeli athletes at the 1972 Olympic Games. 1993, Oslo Accords recognized peace.

Fulani

Pastoral people of western Sudan, adopted the purifying of Sufi variant of Islam, under Usuman Dan Fodio in 1804, launches a revolt against the Hausa kingdom, established a state centered in Sokoto

Gallipoli

Peninsula south of Istanbul, site of decisive 1915 Turkish victory over Australia and and New Zealand forces under British commander during World War I

Direct democracy

People participate directly in assemblies that make laws and select leaders rather than electing representatives

St.Petersburg

Peter the Great est. a new capital for Russia at

Alexander the Great

Philip II's successor; Successfully conquered Persian Empire prior to death in 323 BCE; Tried to combine Greek and Persian culture

glasnost

Policy of openness or political liberation in Soviet Union put forward by Mikhail Gorbachev in the late 1980s

apartheid

Policy of strict racial segregation imposed in South Africa to permit the continued dominance of whites politically and economically

Solidarity

Polish labor movement formed in the 1970s under Lech Walesa, challenged USSR-dominated government of Poland

Copernicus

Polish monk and astronomer from the 16th century, disproved of the Hellenistic belief that the earth was ta the center of the universe

anarchists

Political groups seeking abolition of formal government, formed in many parts of Europe and the Americas in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly prevalent in Russia, opposing tsarist autocracy and becoming a terrorist movement responsible for the assassination of Alexander II in 1881

corporatism

Political ideology that emphasized the organic nature of society and made the state a mediator, adjusting the interests of different social groups, appealed to conservative groups in European and Latin American societies and to the military

Ngo Dinh Diem

Political leader of South Vietnam, established as president with United States support in the 1950s, opposed Communist government of North Vietnam, overthrown by military coup approved by United States

socialism

Political movement with origins in western Europe during the 19th century, urged an attack on private property in the name of equality, wanted state control of means of production, end to capitalist exploitation of the working man

City-state

Political organization used by Mesopotamia; Agricultural hinterlands ruled by urban-based king

Green movement

Political parties, especially in Europe, focusing on environmental issues and control over economic growth

Convention Peoples Party (CPP)

Political party established by Kwame Nkrumah in opposition to British control of colonial legislature in Gold Coast

fascism

Political philosophy that became dominant in Italy and then Germany during the 1920s and 1930s, attacked weakness of democracy, corruption of capitalism, promised vigorous foreign and military programs, undertook state control of economy to reduce social friction

Decembrist uprising

Political revolt in Russia in 1825, led by middle-level army officers who advocated reforms, put down by Tsar Nickolas I

transformismo

Political system in late 19th century Italy that promoted the alliance of conservatives and liberals, parliamentary deputies of all parties supported the status quo

radical

Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century, advocated broader voting rights than liberals, in some cases advocated outright democracy, urged reforms in favor of the lower classes

conservative

Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century, opposed revolutionary goals, advocated restoration of monarchy and defense of church

Gregory VII

Pope during the 11th century who attempted to free Church from interference of feudal lords; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture.

Pope Gregory VIII

Pope who called the Third Crusade, to recapture Jerusalem, which he believed had been taken as a result of Christian sin.

Hierarchy of the Church

Pope, cardinals, arch-bishop, bishop, parish priest (commoners)

Boxer Rebellion

Popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from China, failed because of intervention of armies of Western poses in China, defeat of Chinese enhanced control by Europeans and the power of provincial officials

malacca

Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca. Also spelled Melaka. (p. 387)

Timbuktu

Port city of Mali; located just off the flood plain on the great bend in the Niger River; population of 50,000; contained a library and university

Vasco de Gama

Portuguese captain who sailed for India in 1497, established early Portuguese dominance in Indian Ocean

Luanda

Portuguese factory established in the 1520s south of Kongo, became the basis of the Portuguese colony of Angola

Taira

Powerful Japanese family in the 11th and 12th centuries, competed with Minamoto family, defeated after the Gempei Wars

multinational corporations

Powerful companies, mainly from the West or Pacific Rim, with production as well as distribution operations in many different countries, surged in the decades after WWII

foot binding

Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household

footbinding

Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household

Investiture

Practice of state appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory VII attempted to ban the practice of lay investiture, leading to war with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV.

proto-industrialization

Preliminary shift away from agricultural economy in Europe, workers become full- or part-time producers of textile and metal products, working at home but in a capitalist system in which materials, work orders, and ultimate sales depend on urban merchants, prelude to the Industrial Revolution

New Deal

President Franklin Roosevelt's precursor to modern welfare state, programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insurance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy, increased power of the state and the states intervention in US social and economic life

Jesus of Nazareth

Prophet and teacher among Jews; Believed by Christians to be Messiah; Executed c. 30 CE

Muhammad

Prophet of Islam; received revelations in 610 CE; died in 632 CE

Frederick the Great

Prussian king of the 18th century, attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany, built on the military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors, introduced freedom of religion, increased state control of the economy

Medieval justice

Public torture; executions; corrupt show trials were examples at the criminal justice system at this time. Eventually they would come up with travelling juries and juries of your peers.

Galieo

Published Copernicus's findings (17th century), added own discoveries concerning laws of gravity and planetary motion, condemned by the Catholic church for his work

Zeng Guofan

Qing official who raised effective military forces against the Taiping assault on Northern China

Land Freedom Army

Radical organization for independence in Kenya, frustrated by failure of nonviolent means, iniated campaign of terror in 1952,

American Revolution

Rebellion of English colonies along the Atlantic seaboard between 1775 and 1783, resulted in independence for former British colonies and eventual formation of the United States of America

Stolypin reforms

Reforms introduced by the Russian interior minster Piotyr Stolypin intended to placate the peasantry in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905, included reduction in redemption payments, attempt to create market-oriented peasantry

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

Religious ruler of Iran following revolution of 1979 to expel the Pahlavi shah of Iran, emphasized religious purification, tried to eliminate Western influences and established a purely Islamic government

Argentine Republic

Replaced state of Buenos Aires in 1862, result of compromise between centralists and federalists

Ashikaga Shogunate

Replaced the Kamakura regime in Japan, ruled from 1336 to 1573 CE, destroyed the rival Yoshino center of imperial authority

Koryo dynasty

Replaced the Silla Dynasty in Korea capital was Songak metal type print led to mass productionn of books also produced celadon

May-Fourth movement

Resistance to Japanese encroachment a in China began on this date in 1919, spawned movement of intellectuals aimed at transforming China into a liberal democracy, rejected Confucianism

Filial Piety

Respect for one's parents; was a key Confucian concept

Lesotho

Southern African state that survived mfecane, not based on the Zulu model, less emphasis on military organization, less authoritarian government

sati

Ritual in India of immolation surviving widows with tho bodies of their deceased husbands

seppuku

Ritual suicide or disembowelment in Japan, commonly known in the West as hara-kiri, demonstrated courage and a means to restore family honor

Nguyen

Rival Vietnamese dynasty that arose in southern Vietnam to challenge traditional dynasty of Trinh in north at Hanoi, kingdom centered on Red and Mekong rivers, capital at Hue

Indus River Valley

River sources in Himalayas to mouth in Arabian sea; location of Harappan civilization

Khartoum

River town that was the administrative center of Egyptian authority in Sudan

Julius Caesar

Roman general, conquered Gaul; Brought army back to Rome and overthrew republic; Assassinated in 44 BCE by conservative senators

Themistocles

Rose to power in the new Athenian democracy. Had the support of the lower class. Had Athens expand its navy and helped Greece win the war.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Rose within the French army during the wars of the French Revolution, eventually became a general, led a coup that ended the French Revolution, established the French Empire under his rule, defeated and deposed in 1815

Romanesque Cathedrals

Rounded arches, barrel vaults, thick walls, darker, more simplistic interiors, and small windows that were usually placed at the top of the wall.

Yang Guifei

Royal concubine of Tang emperor Xuanzong; introduction of relatives into administration led to revolt.

audiencia

Royal court of appeals established in Spanish colonies of the New World with 10 in each viceroyalties, part of the colonial administrative system, staffed by professional magistrates

Romanov Family

Royal family that ruled Russia for over 300 years that was overthrown and killed by Lenin

Carolingians

Royal house of Franks after 8th century until their replacement in 10th century.

Monarchy

Rule by kings or queens that typically follows a line or dynasty. Sparta had two dual kings.

Tyranny

Rule by someone who takes power and keeps it by force. Greek tyrannies took power with help from the poor and promised them jobs, food, etc. Athenian government was overthrown by a tyrant named Pisistratus.

Aristocracy

Rule by the best. Rich families who vie with each other and work with each other to keep and maintain power.

Democracy

Rule by the people. People could serve on juries and judge their peers and leader. The people could vote on things instead of having a few people pick all the laws and whatnot.

Philip II of Macedon

Ruled from 359-336 BCE; Founder of centralized kingdom; Later conquered rest of Greece, which was subjected to Macedonian authority

Vladimir I

Ruler of Kiev; converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity.

Lee Knan Yew

Ruler of Singapore from independence in 1959 through 3 decades, established tightly controlled authoritarian government, ruled through People's Action party to suppress political diversity

Hulegu

Ruler of the Ilkhan khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad in 1257

Pachacuti

Ruler of the Inca society from 1438 to 1471 CE, launched a series of military campaigns that gave Incas control of the region from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca

Tangut

Rulers of the Xi Xia kingdom of northwest china; one of the regional kingdoms during the period of Southern Song; conquered by Mongols in 1226.

Southern Song

Rump state of the Song Dynasty from 1127 to 1279; carved out of the much larger domains of the Tang and northern Song; Culturally, one of the most glorious reigns in Chinese history.

haciendas

Rural estates in Spanish colonies in the New World, produced agricultural products for consumers in America, basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy

intelligentsia

Russia term denoting articulate intellectuals as a class, 19th-century group bent on radical changes in the Russian political and social system, of teen wished to maintain a Russian culture distinct from that of the West

Triple Entente

Russia, France, Great Britain

battle of kulikova

Russian army victory over the forces of the Golden Horde; helped break Mongol hold over Russia.

Aleksandr Solzhrnitsyn

Russian author critical of the Soviet Union regime but also of Western materialism, published trilogy on the Siberian prison camps, The Gulag Archipelago (1978)

third rome

Russian claim to be successor state to Roman and Byzantine empires; based in part on continuity of Orthodox church in Russia following fall of Constantinople in 1453.

Russian Orthodoxy

Russian form of Christianity brought from the Byzantine Empire.

Vladimir Lenin

Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924)

Boyars

Russian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts.

Boris Yeltsin

Russian leader who stood up to coup attempt in 1991 that would have displaced Gorbachev, president of the Russian republic following dissolution of Soviet Union

Sergei Witte

Russian minister of finance from 1892 to 1903, economic modernized responsible for high tariffs, improved banking system, encouraged Western investors to build factories in Russia

old believers

Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov (17th century); many exiled to Siberia or southern Russia, where they became part of Russian colonization.

Sanskrit

Sacred and classical Indian language

Isfahan

Safavid capital under Abbas the Great, planned city laid out according to shah's plan, example of Safavid architecture

Abbas the Great

Safavid ruler from 1587 to 1629, extended Safavid domain to greatest extent, created slave regiments based on captured Russians, who monopolized firearms within Safavid armies, incorporated Western military technology

Benefits of Roman citizenship

Safe from the death penalty, right to vote, right to make contracts, right to contract a legal marriage, and right to serve in the army.

Universal Education

Schooling for everyone

Vikings

Seagoing Scandinavian raiders from Sweden, Denmark, and Norway who disrupted coastal areas of western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries.

Gestapo

Secret police in Nazi Germany, known for brutal tactics

white lotus society

Secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty in China; typical of peasant resistance to Mongol rule. Led a revolt against Qin Dynasty because of discontent with taxes.

Coptic Christianity

Sect in Egypt, later tolerated after Islamic takeover

Sikhs

Sect in northwest India, early leaders tried to bridges differences between Hindu and Muslim, but Mughal persecution led to anti-Muslim feelings

General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Seized power in Mexico after the collapse of empire in Mexico in 1824, after brief reign of liberals, seized power in 1835 as caudillo, defeated by Texans in war for independence in 1836, defeated by the United States in the Mexican-American War in 1848, unseated by liberal rebellion in 1854

Battle of Manzikert

Seljuk Turk victory in 1071 over Byzantium; resulted in loss of the empire's rich Anatolian territory.

Republic of Korea

Southern half of Korea sponsored by US following WWII, headed by nationalist Syngman Rhee, developed parliamentary institutions but maintained authoritarian government, defended by UN forces during Korean War, underwent industrialization and economic emergence after 1950s

Franco-Prussian War

Set up by Otto Von Bismarck, war was declared July 19, 1870. In January 1871, Palace of Versailles was captured and Wilhelm I was named Kaiser. This empire was called the Second Reich.

Hussein

Sherif of Mecca from 1908 to 1917, used British promise of independence to convince Arabs to support Britain against the Turks in World War I, angered by Britain's failure to keep promise, died in 1931

Demographic transition

Shift to low birth rate, low infant death rate, stable population; first emerged in western Europe and United States in late 19th century

Indian Trade

Silk roads connected India with China through Central Asia which spread ideas and technology. Sailors mastered monsoon winds. Main goods included cotton and black pepper

Chaldrian

Site of a battle between The Safavids and Ottomans in 1514, Safavids were severely defeated by the Ottomans, checked western advance of the Safavid Empire

Teotihuacan

Site of classic culture in central Mexico; urban center with important religious functions; supported by intensive agriculture in surrounding regions; population of as much as 200,000

Harappa

Site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization of the third millennium B.C.E. It was located on the northwest frontier of the zone of cultivation (in modern Pakistan), and may have been a center for the acquisition of raw materials, such as metals and precious stones, from Afghanistan and Iran.

Marathon

Site of the famous battle fought between the armies of Persia and the outnumbered Athenians. Athens was victorious and a messenger was sent to run the 26 miles back to the city with the news.

Middle Passage

Slave voyage from Africa to the Americas, generally a traumatic experience for black slaves, although it failed to strip Africans of their culture

Mindanao

Southern island of Philippines, a Muslim kingdom that was able to successfully resist Spanish conquest

Cape of Good Hope

Southern tip of Africa, first circumnavigated in 1488 by Portuguese in search of a direct route to India

Francis Xavier

Spanish Jesuit missionary, worked in India in the 1540s among the outcaste and lower caste groups, made little headway among elites

Cordoba/Moors

Spanish Muslims who tried to invade into the Holy Roman Emperor and were held off.

caravels

Slender, long-hulled vessels utilized by Portuguese, highly maneuverable and as to sail against the wind, key to development of Portuguese trade empire in Asia

Amulet

Small charm meant to protect the bearer from evil. Found frequently in archaeological excavations in Mesopotamia and Egypt, amulets reflect the religious practices of the common people.

Debasing of currency

So much money was coming into Rome and they were making so much that it was worth less and they made it with less good materials so its value was less.

revisionism

Socialist movements that at least tacitly disavowed Marxist revolutionary doctrine, believed social success could be achieved gradually through political institutions

Culture

Socially transmitted patterns of action and expression. Material culture refers to physical objects such as dwellings, clothing, tools, and crafts. Culture also includes arts, beliefs, knowledge, and technology.

Civilization

Societies with reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and job specialization, existence of non farming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups

Indulgences

Sold by the church. Were said to lessen or completely get rid of your stay in purgatory. The other three steps for salvation were overlooked.

Nadir Khan Afshar

Soldier-adventurer following the fall of the Safavid dynasty in 1722, proclaimed himself shah in 1736, established a short-lived dynasty in reduced kingdom

Akbar

Son and successor of Humayan, oversaw building of military and administrative systems that became typical of Mughal rule in India, pursued policy of cooperation with Hindu princes, attempted to create new religion to bind Muslim and Hindu populations of India

Pedro I

Son and successor of Joao VI in Brazil, aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822, became constitutional emperor of Brazil

paper currency

Song dynasty - 1023 Kublai Khan First true Circulation

civil service exam system

Song system, produced loyal/talented officials, key to social mobility, tests were ridiculously hard, expensive to study for, reinforced state Confucianism

capitaincies

Strips of land along Brazilian coast granted to minor Portuguese nobles for development, enjoyed limited success in developing the colony

Juan Manuel de Rosas

Strongman leader in Buenos Aires, took power in 1831, commanded loyalty of gauchos, restored local autonomy

Megaliths

Structures and complexes of very large stones constructed for ceremonial and religious purposes in Neolithic times.

Athenian Assembly

The law-making body of Athens. 6,000 men needed to be present to pass a law. Speakers would need to shout to be heard and the crowd would often boo those they disagreed with.

purgatory

The layer below heaven and above hell where most people go. After serving time here you would go to heaven. You could get out faster if your family prayed for you.

Atila

The leader of the Huns, a Germanic Tribe. He died on his wedding night and after his death the Hun army fell apart as they fought for a new leader.

La Reforma

The liberal rebellion of Benito Juarez against the forces of Santa Anna

Radishev

The Russian radical and nobleman who urged the abolition of serfdom during the reign of Catherine the Great

Germanic Tribes

The Saxons invaded Britian during the time of Roman occupation. After the Romans left, they settled in Britian. The Angles came north from Germany and Denmark.

Jurchen (Jin Empire)

The Song was forced to retreat into southern China by these nomadic tribes

Tangguts

The Tangut identified with the state of Western Xia were traditionally thought of as a Qiangic-speaking people who moved to northwestern China sometime before the 10th century CE

Delian League

The alliance of many Greek city-states under Athens. Money, meetings, etc. took place on the island of Delos. Still gave Athens a lot of power over the rest of Greece.

Hellenistic Synthesis

The blending of Greek and local cultures on the territories conquered by Alexander the Great's armies; as a result a distinct new culture emerged

Varnas of India

The caste system: Brahmins (scholars and priests), Ksatriyas (ruling and warrior class), Vaisyas ( merchants, farmers, craftsman), and Shudras (servants). No social mobility

Pharaoh

The central figure in the ancient Egyptian state. Believed to be an earthly manifestation of the gods, he used his absolute power to maintain the safety and prosperity of Egypt.

Agricultural Revolutions

The change from food gathering to food production that occurred between ca. 8000 and 2000 B.C.E. Also known as the Neolithic Revolution.

Genocide

The deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, racial, political, or cultural group.

Greek Climate

The location of Greece caused the country to have widely differing amounts of rainfall. The type of climate is Mediterranean. Hot/dry summers, cool/wet winters. Did not have the seasons as we know them.

Yuan Shikai

Warlord in northern China after fall of the Qing dynasty, hoped to seize imperial throne, president of China after 1912, resigned in the face of Japanese invasion in 1916

Augustus Caesar

The first empreror of Rome, the adopted son of Julius Caesar, help Rome come into Pax Romana, or the Age of Roman Peace

grand jury/trial jury

The grand jury consisted of 16-24 people who heard the most important crimes. The circuit court traveled from town to town.

tropical dependencies

The greater portion of the European empires consisting of Africa, Asia, and the South Pacific where small numbers of Europeans ruled large populations of non-Western peoples

Acropolis

The highest point in a city-state. Was a fortress/treasury that could be easily defended.

Stone Age

The historical period characterized by the production of tools from stone and other nonmetallic substances. It was followed in some places by the Bronze Age and more generally by the Iron Age.

encomendero

The holder of a grant of Indians who were required to pay a tribute or provide labor, responsible for their integration into the church

Homo Sapiens

The humanoid species that emerged as most successful at the end of the Paleolithic period

Green Revolution

The improved seeds, pesticides, mechanical equipment and farming methods introduced in the developing world beginning in the 1950's. Only large land owners could afford this. This led to cheap crops which put smaller farms out of business.

Babylon

The largest and most important city in Mesopotamia. It achieved particular eminence as the capital of the Amorite king Hammurabi in the eighteenth century B.C.E. and the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar in the sixth century B.C.E.

Pheidippides

The man who ran to Sparta for help. Inspired the marathon.

Agora

The marketplace and meeting place of the city. Men shopped, discussed business, and conducted their politics in the one, central place.

Zhou

The people and dynasty that took over the dominant position in north China from the Shang and created the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. The Zhou era, particularly the vigorous early period (1045-771 B.C.E), was remembered in Chinese tradition as a time of prosperity and benevolent rule.

Sumerians

The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium B.C.E. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture, such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions, taken over by their Semitic successors.

total war

Warfare of the 20th century, vast resources and emotional commitments of belligerent nations were marshaled to support miliatary effort, resulted from impact of industrialization on the military effort reflecting technological innovation and organizational capacity

Mother Teresa

The population boom and labor saving methods of the Green Revolution led millions of rural families to migrate to cities. But overcrowded cities like Calcutta and Bombay could not provide enough jobs. To help the urban poor, Teresa, a Roman Catholic nun founded the Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta. This group provided food and medical care to thousands.

Irish Potato famine

The potato crops in Ireland became diseased and the Irish starved. Set off the immigration to the U.S.

Kievan Rus

The predecessor to modern Russia; a medieval state that existed from the end of the 9th to middle of the 13th century; its territory spanned parts of modern Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia

Ashikaga Shogunate

The second of Japan's military governments headed by a shogun (a military ruler). Sometimes called the Muromachi Shogunate.

History

The study of past events and changes in the development, transmission, and transformation of cultural practices.

Neolithic revolution

The succession of technological innovations and changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture, 8500 BCE-3500 BCE

The Moors

The term Reconquista refers to the efforts of the Spanish to expel these longtime Muslim occupiers of the Iberian Peninsula

Lepidus

The third member of the Second Triumvirate, he was given North Africa. He was the least important member and died soon after.

Three estates

The three social groups considered most powerful in Western countries; church, nobles, and urban leaders.

Claudius

The uncle of Caligula, and one of the better Emperors, he was found in a closet cowering. He had a problem in life that caused him to have a floppy appearance, shaking head, and stammering speech. He had a problem with drinking, gambling, and women - his last marriage was to his niece.

Scholastic Theology

The use of philosophical methods to better understand revealed truth. The goal of scholastic theology is to present the understanding of revealed truth in a logical and systematic form.

ayan

The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule

the Vikings

They came from Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden) in the 9th century, attacking villages and towns and defeating small armies along the coasts of Europe. They were great warriors, shipbuilders, and sailors. Their ships were the best of the period.

Monks & Nuns

They chose a simple life of prayer and work by taking religious vows.

al-Mahdi

Third of the Abbasid caliphs attempted but failed to reconcile moderates among Shi'a to Abbasid dynasty; failed to resolve problems of succession

Mahmud of Ghazni

Third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression.

Constantinople (Byzantium, Istanbul)

This capital was strategically located on the Bosporus Strait, for trade and defense purposes.

Marie Curie

This female scientist proved that radio-activity, when properly applied, was an effective treatment of some diseases.

The Byzantine empire

This government Ivan the great claimed to have succeeded as the "third Rome"

New Deal

U.S president Franklin Roosevelt's economic reform program designed to solve the problems created by the Great Depression

Duchy of Moscow

This political center served as the focal point for the Russian liberation from the Mongols

Baltic

This sea became critical in the development of Russian power during the reign of Peter the Great

Mikhail Gorbachev

USSR premier after 1985, renewed attacks on Stalinism, urged reduction in nuclear armament, proclaimed policies of glasnost and perestroika

catherine the great

This was the empress of Russia who continued Peter's goal to Westernizing Russia, created a new law code, and greatly expanded Russia

Jinshi

Title granted to students who passed the most difficult Chinese examination on all of Chinese literature; became immediate dignitaries and eligible for high office

asantehene

Title taken by the ruler of the Asante Empire, supreme civil and religious leader, authority symbolized by a golden stool

Edo

Tokugawa capital city, modern day Tokyo, center of Tokugawa Shogunate

Quetzalcoatl

Toltec deity, Feathered Serpent, adopted by the Aztecs as a major god

Antony

Took his army to Gaul and besieged a city. Meanwhile, Octavian spread propaganda against him. He later engaged in an affair with Cleopatra and declared war against Octavian. He later killed himself when they couldn't win.

Assyrians

Took over Mesopotamia in 911BCE

Gamal Abdul Nasser

Took power in Egypt following a military coup in 1952, enacted land reforms and used state resources to reduce unemployment, ousted Britain from the Suez Canal Zone in 1956

Chandragupta Maurya

Took power in India after Alexander of Macedonia left. Set up a bureaucratic administrative system to rule his empire

Shrivijaya

Trading empire centered on Malacca Straits between Malaya and Sumatra; controlled trade of empire; Buddhist government resistant to Muslim missionaries; fall opened up southeastern Asia to Muslim conversion.

Hadiths

Traditions of the prophet Muhammad

Boer Republics

Transvaal and Orange Free State in southern Africa, established to assert independence of Boers from British colonial government in Cape Colony in the 1850s, discover of diamonds and precious metals caused British migration into the Boer area in the 1860s

Russo-Japanese War

War between Japan and Russia (1904-1905) over territory in Manchuria, Japan defeated the Russians largely because of its naval power, Japan annexed Korea in 1910 as a result of military dominance

Russo-Japanese War

War between Russia and Japan; Japan wins and takes parts of Manchuria under its control. Hurt Russia's moral becasue they lost to such a small country

Lateen

Triangular sail attached to the masts of dhows by long booms, or yard arms, which extended diagonally high across the fore and aft of the ship

Koguryo

Tribal people of northern Korea, established an independent kingdom in the northern half of the peninsula in 37 BCE, adopted cultural Sinification

sepoys

Troops that served the British East India Company, recruited from various warlike peoples of India

emancipation of serfs

Tsar Alexander II ended rigorous serfdom in Russia in 1861, serfs obtained no political rights, required to stay in villages until they could repay aristocracy for land

Nicholas II

Tsar of Russia 1894-1917, forcefully suppressed political opposition and resisted constitutional government, deposed by revolution in 1917

Ottomans

Turkic people who advanced from strongholds in Asia Minor during the 1350s, conquered large parts of the Balkans, unified under Mehmed I, captured Constantinople in 1453, established empire from the Balkans that included most of the Arab world

muhammad shah II

Turkic ruler of Muslim Khwarazm kingdom; attempted to resist Mongol conquest; conquered in 1220

Ghazni Empire

Turkish Muslim Empire established in Afghanistan in 10th century; people living in Ghazni raided northern India annually

Benazir Bhutto

Twice prime minister of Pakistan in the 1980s and 1990s, first ran for office to avenge her father's execution by the military clique then in power

Vivaldis

Two Genoese brothers who attempted to find a Western route to the "Indies," disappeared in 1291, precursors of the thrust into the southern Atlantc

viceroyalties

Two major divisions of Spanish colonies in the New World, one based in Lima and the other in Mexico City, direct representation of the king

Cixi

Ultraconservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Qing dynasty, supported Boxer Rebellion in 1898 as a means of driving out Weaterners

homelands

Under apartheid, areas in South Africa designated for ethno-linguistic groups within the black African population, such as areas tend to be overpopulated and poverty-stricken

Ivan III

Under this Russian ruler, a large part of Russia was freed from Mongol control in the 15th century

Babylonian Empire

Unified all of Mesopotamia ca. 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion ca. 1600 B.C.E.

Alexander Graham Bell

United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922)

Eli Whitney

United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)

Pearl Harbor

United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Attacked on December 7, 1941.

Tang

United all of northern China and reconquered southern China

letrados

University-trained lawyers from Spain in the New World, juridical core of Spanish colonial bureaucracy, exercised both legislative and administrative functions

Sino-Japanese War

War fought between Japan Qing China between 1894 and 1895, resulted in Japanese victory, frustrated Japanese imperial aims because of Western insistence that Japan withdraw from the Liaodong peninsula

Spanish-American War

War fought between Spain and the United States beginning in 1897, centered on Cuba and Puerto Rico, permitted American intervention in the Caribbean and the annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines

Spanish Civil War

War putting authoritarian and military leaders in Spain against republicans and leftists between 1936 and 1939, Germany and Italy supported the royalists, the Soviet Union supported the republicans, led to victory of the royalist forces

Battle of the river Zab

Victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital

Sigmund Freud

Viennese physician who developed theories of the workings of the human subconscious, argues that behavior is determined by impulses, lived 1856-1939

Ionic columns

Volute capitals, elaboately molded base; slimmer shafts than Doric; deeper fluting than Doric.

Battle of the Coral Sea

WWII Pacific battle, US and Japanese forces fought to a standoff

Midway Island

WWII Pacific battle, decisive US victory over powerful Japanese carrier force

Atlantic Conference of 1941

WWII alliance agreement between the US and Britain, included a clause that recognized the right of all people to choose the form of government under which they live, indicated sympathy for decolonizaton

Gempei Wars

Waged for five years from 1180 CE on the main island of Honshu between the Taira and Minamoto families, resulted in the destruction of Taira

Opium War

War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China.

daimyos

Warlord rulers pf 300 small states following the civil war and disruption of the Ashikaga Shogunate, holdings consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states

F.W. de Klerk

White South African prime minister in the late 1980s and early 1990s, helped to dismantle the apartheid system and opened the way for a democratically elected government that represented all South Africans for the first time

Creoles

Whites born in the New World, dominated local Latin American economies and ranked just beneath peninsulares

Jiang Qing

Wife of Mao Zedong, one of Gang of Four, opposed pragmatists and supported Cultural Revolution of 1965, arrested and imprisoned for life in 1976

Mary Shelly

Wife of Percy, writer of Frankenstein

Mumtaz Mahal

Wife of Shah Jahan, took an active political role in the Mughal court, entombed in Taj Mahal

religious tolerance

Willingness to let others practice their own beliefs

Muhammad Ali

Won power struggle in Egypt following the fall of the Malmuks, established mastery of all Egypt in 1811, introduced effective army based on Western tactics and supply and a variety of other reforms, by 1830s was able to challenge Ottoman government in Constantinople, died in 1848

shah-nama

Written by Firdawsi in late 10th and early 11th centuries; relates history of Persia from creation to the Islamic conquests

The Tale of Genji

Written by Lady Murasaki, first novel in any language, relates life history of prominent and amorous son of the Japanese emperor, evidence for the mannered style of Japanese society

Kamasutra

Written by Vatsayana during Gupta era; Offered instructions on all aspects of life for higher-caste males including grooming, hygiene, etiquette, wife selection, and love-making

Mandate of Heaven

Zhou Dynasty; power to rule was governed by heaven. Bad signs from the gods such as floods and peasant rebellions meant a new ruler was in order.

Bedouin religion

______________ was for most clans a blend of animism and polytheism or worship of many gods and goddesses.

Munich Conference

a 1939 meeting of representatives from Britain, France, Italy, and Germany at which Britain and France agreed to allow Nazi Germany to annex part of Czechoslovakia in return for Adolf Hitler's pledge to respect Czechoslovakia's new borders

Midway

a 1942 sea and air battle in which American forces defeated Japanese forces from the Pacific island of Guadalcanal

Battle of the Bulge

a 1944-1945 battle in which Allied forces tured back the las major German offensive of WWII

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

a 1948 statement in which the United Nations declared that all human beings have rights to life, liberty, and security

Cultural Revolution

a 1966-1976 uprising in China, led by the Red Guards, with the goal of establishing a society of peasants and workers in which all were equal

Gulf War

a 1991 conflict in which UN forces defeated Iraqi forces that had invaded Kuwait and threatened to invade Saudi Arabia

Edict of Nantes

a 1598 declaration in which the French king Henry IV promised that Protestants could live in peace in France and could set up houses of worship in some French cities

Russo-Japanese War

a 1904-1905 conflict between Russia and Japan, sparked by the two countries' efforts to dominate Manchuria and Korea

30 Years War

a European conflict over religion, over territory, and for power among ruling families lasting from 1618 to 1648

Capetian Dynasty

a Frankish dynasty founded by Hugh Capet that ruled from 987 to 1328

National Assembly

a French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate on June 17, 1789, to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people

Apartheid

a South African policy of complete legal separation of the races, including the banning of all social contracts between blacks and whites

Marshall Plan

a U.S program of economic aid to European countries to help them rebuild after WWII

Containment

a U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the Late 1940's in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances

Monroe Doctrine

a U.S. policy of opposition to European interference in Latin America, announced by President James Monroe in 1823

Guadalcanal

a battle in World War II in the Pacific (1942-1943)

Great Purge

a campaign of terror in the Soviet Union during the 1930's in which Joseph Stalin sought to eliminate all the Communist Party members and other citizens who threatened his power

Cotton Gin

a machine that separates the seeds from raw cotton fibers

Scientific Revolution

a major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500's, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs

Romanesque architecture

a style of architecture developed in Italy and western Europe between the Roman and the Gothic styles after 1000 AD

Coup d'etat

a sudden seizure of political power in a nation

Indirect Rule

a system of colonial government under which the governor and a council of advisers developed laws for the colony but local rulers were given the opportunity to exert some degree of authority.

Bureaucracy

a system of departments and agencies formed to carry out the work of the government

three field system

a system of farming developed in medieval Europe, in which farm land was divided into three fields of equal size and each of these was successively planted with a winter crop, planted with a spring crop, and left unplanted.

Federal System

a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and a number of individual states

Communism

an economic system in which all means of production (land, mines, factories, railroads, and businesses) are owned by the people, private property does not exist, and all goods and services are shared equally

Command Economy

an economic system in which the government makes all economic decisions

Trojan Wars

a war, fought around 1200 B.C., in which an army led by Mycenaean kings attacked the independent trading center of Troy in Anatolia.

Constitution

a written plan of government

Czar Nicholas

abdicated his throne because russia was suffering and then he and his family were shot and killed

Mobilization

act of assembling and putting into readiness for war or other emergency: "mobilization of the troops"

Liberalism

an economic theory advocating free competition and a self-regulating market and the gold standard

Emperor Qin Shihuangdi

adopted legalism; 1st emperor of the Qin dynasty; ended era of Warring States

Lend-Lease Act

allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S

Spanish-American War

an 1898 conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the United States supported Cubans' fight for independence

Enlightenment

an 18th century European movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of society

Westernization

an adoption of the social, political, or economic institutions of the Western (especially European or American) countries

Allies

an alliance of nations joining together to fight a common enemy

Italian Unification

at first, italy was not considered a country, but a bunch of city-states owned by families; from 1859-1919, the Italian Unification was meant to bring italy together

Olmec ball games

ball game in which losers are executed or sacrificed

Siffin

battle fought in 657 between Ali and the Umayyads; led to negotiations that fragmented Ali's party.

Ottoman Turks

captured Constantinople in 1453 and rename it Istanbul; as a result the Byzantine people flee to Italian City-States which becomes a catalyst for the expansion of language and art

wazir

chief administrative official under the Abbasids

American Civil War

civil war in the United States between the North and the South

Umayyad

clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty.

Operation Torch

codename for allied invasion of North Africa from Novermber 1942 to September 1943

Corinthian columns

columns that are very fancy at the top; with acanthus leaves, etc

Products of late industrial revolution

combustion engine, electricity, steel for iron, telephone

Communal cities

communal cities emphasizes cities' uniqueness as they represent the cultures of the territories around them, mostly illustrated in Europe.

Alexander the Great

conquered Persian by 300 BCE and conquered most of the northwest regions of the Indian subcontinent. Left behind the Hellenistic Empire and Era

Japanese expansion in late 19th century

copied imperialist western approach,to obtain source raw materials,inexpensive labor,markets for manufactered goods, to korea,taiwan

Thomas Aquinas

creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of several Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God

hoplites

heavily armed Greek infantrymen who marched and fought in close ranks; most of the recruits were middle-class citizens

"Dance of Death"

death so closely surrounded life that it invaded all aspects of the civilization, including art, where skeletons were represented as dancing

Reasons for imperialism

desire for military strength, thirst for new markets, belief in cultural superiority

Bubonic Plague (Black Death)

devastating series of plagues that killed 1/3 of europe's population; spread easily by the heavy concentration of people in dirty, unsanitary cities; rats and fleas on trade routes spread the disease

prophesies

divine communication through a human agent, variously defined depending on whether the emphasis is placed on prediction, emotional preaching, social protest, religious enlightenment, or charismatic endowment

Iron Curtain

during the Cold War, Winston Churchill's term for the boundary separating the Communist nations of Eastern Europe from the mostly democratic nations of Western Europe

Abbasids

dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad.

Mu'awiya

first Umayyad caliph; his capital was Damascus.

time of troubles

followed death of Ivan IV without heir early in 17th century; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613.

Sunnis

followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads.

Dictatorship

form of government in which the leader has absolute power and authority

Karl Marx

founder of modern communism

Vassals

lesser lords who pledged their service and loyalty to a greater lord -- in a military capacity (essentially, supplied knights, later to become Crusaders)

Taliban

fundamentalist Muslim group, gained power, restored order, but imposed an extreme form of Islam on Afghanistan, supported al-Qaeda

Ahura Mazda

god of Zorastrianism

Megasthenes

greek ambassador that gives us the written history of the Maurya

Nelson Mandela

had first mobilized S. Africans to peacefully resist apartheid laws. Eventually he called for armed struggle against the white minority government. In 1960 he was arrested and condemned to life in prison. In the 1980's demands for an end to apartheid and Mandela's release increased. In 1994, every race was allowed to vote= Mandela

Principle of intervention

idea that great powers have the right to send armies into countries where there are revolutions to restore legitimate governments.

Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer)

illegitimate son of Pepin II (that is why he is not called Pepin III), fearless military leader, organized cavalry, defeated the Moors, kept the Muslims out of Europe

"Lucy"

incomplete skeleton of female found in eastern Ethiopia in 1974

Benefits of colonial rule

industrial revolution, schools, hospitals

chabi

influential wife of Kubilai Khan; promoted interests of Buddhists in China; indicative of refusal of Mongol women to adopt the restrictive social conventions of the cxhines; died c.1281

Al-Qaeda

is a global militant Islamist organization founded by Osama bi Ladin in Pakistan 1989 with its origins being traceable to the Soviet War in Afghanistan. It has been designated as a terrorist organization by the United Nations Security Council, NATO, the European Union, the UK, the US, India and various other countries. Al-Qaeda has attacked civilian and military targets in various countries, including the 9/11 attacks, 1998 US embassy bombings and the 2002 Bali bombings. The US government responded to the 9:11 attacks by launching the War on Terror. With the loss of key leaders, culminating in the death of Osama bin Laden.

Sudanic States

kingdoms that developed during the height of Ghana's power, from the Senegal river to the Niger River. The states were ruled by a patriarch or council of elders. There was a core territorial area and then surrounding subordinate ones. The rulers of sudanic states were considered sacred and separate from their subjects. when islam spread to this area, only Royals practiced it and it was not spread to the people.

shaykhs

leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually possessed large herds, several wives, and many children.

Soviets

local representative councils formed in Russia after the downfall of Czar Nicholas II

Nationalism

love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it

Checks and Balances

measures designed to prevent any one branch of government from dominating the others

slave mercenaries

murdered the reigning caliph and placed one of his sons on the throne. The mercenaries also became a major force for violent social unrest, often the catalyst for the food riots that broke out periodically in the capital and other urban centers. Assassinated and poisoned caliphs.

Developing Nations

nations in which the process of industrialization is not yet complete

Developed Nations

nations with all the facilities needed for the advanced production of manufactured goods

longships

naval vessels made and used by the Vikings used of commerce, exploration, and warfare. Long and skinny made of wood. Bow and stern had pointed tips that pointed upward.

Collective Bargaining

negotiations between workers and their employers

bedouin

nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats.

Hausa States

people of northern Nigeria formed these states; formed following the demise of the Songhay Empire & combined Muslim & pagan tradition

martyrs

people who die for their beliefs

Priests

people who performed religious ceremonies

Black Death

plague that struck Europe in 14th century; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure

New weapons of World War 1

poison gas machine guns tanks airplanes submarines

State Confucianism

political basis of the Han dynasty, combined Legalism and Confucianism

Anti-Semitism

prejudice against Jews

Anti-semitism

prejudice against Jews

Pope Innocent VIII

preoccupied with worldly affairs; ruled like a prince; appointed the thirteen year old grandson of Lorenzo de Medici as Cardinal; accepted a yearly payment from the Ottoman sultan in place of a crusade

Marquis of Pombal

prime minister of Portugal from 1755 to 1776; acted to strengthen royal authority in Brazil; expelled Jesuits; enacted fiscal reforms and established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy.

Natural selection

process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest

Pablo Picasso

prolific and influential Spanish artist who lived in France (1881-1973)

Free Market System

pure capitalism, in which all economic decisions are made without government intervention.

mass consumerism

refers to the spread of deep interest in acquiring material goods and services spreading below elite levels, along with a growing economic capacity to afford some of these goods, developed most clearly in western Europe, from the 18th century onward

New jobs of the late industrial revolution

receptionist, new office workers, sales clerks, teachers, nurses

Ka'ba

revered pre-Islamic shrine in Mecca; incorporated into Muslim worship.

Royal Road

road system that included 1,677 miles which facilitated trade within the empire

Trans-Saharan trade

route across the sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading

batu

ruler of the golden horde; one of Chinggis Khan's grandsons; responsible for the invasion of Russia beginning in 1236.

Fujiwara clan

ruling family in Heian Japan, gained permanent custody over chancellorship and imperial family

Bosporus Strait

separates the Black & Mediterranean seas; can control who goes into either sea

apprentice system

someone who learns a trade by working for someone in that trade for a certain period of time. He would live in the home of a master artisan.

Alexander the Great

son of Philip II; received military training in Macedonian army and was a student of Aristotle; great leader; conquered much land in Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and Mesopotamia; goal was to conquer the known world

Olympic Games

started in Greece to display athletic superiority

Onin War

struggle between rival heirs of Ashikaga shogunate (1467-1477); led to warfare between rival headquarters and Kyoto and destruction of old capital.

Axum/ Ethiopia

surrounded by mountains, king lalibela, christianity, jewish holidays

Direct Rule

system of colonial government in which the imperialist power controlled all levels of government and appointed its own officials to govern the colony.

zakat

tax for charity obligatory for all Muslims.

jizya (head tax)

tax paid by Christians and Jews who lived in Muslim communities to allow them to continue to practice their own religion

Jewel of the Crown

the British Colony of India-so called because of its importance in the British Empire, both as a supplier of raw materials and as a market for British trade goods

Third Reich

the Third German Empire, established by Adolf Hitler in the 1930s

Literacy

the ability to read and write

Syncretism

the blending of native ideas and foreign ideas ex. Hinduism and Buddhism

Glorious Revolution

the bloodless overthrow of the English king James II and his replacement by William and Mary

Kaifeng

the capital of the Song Dynasty that was threatened by the Qidan in the 900s

Shari'a

the code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed

Appeasement

the making of concessions to an aggressor in order to avoid war

Otto Van Bismark

the man credited with the unification of Germany; he believed in "militarism"

Central Powers

the nations of Germany and Austria-Hungary along with the other nations that fought on their side

Allies

the nations of Great Britain, France, and Russia, along with other nations that fought on their side

five pillars

the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims: confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca).

The Vatican

the palace in Rome in which the Pope lives; the control center of the Roman Catholic Church

Peace of Westphalia

the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648

Reign of Terror

the period (from mid-1793 to mid-1794) when Maximilien Robespierre ruled France nearly as a dictator and thousand of politcal figures and ordinary citizens were executed

Era of Division

the period of political disorder and chaotic warfare that followed the Qin-Han era is referred to as the

proto-globalization

the phase of increasing trade links and cultural exchange that characterized the period immediately preceding the advent of so-called 'modern globalization' in the 19th century

Scorched-Earth Policy

the practice of burning crops and killing livestock during wartime so that the enemy cannot live off the land

usury

the practice of lending money at exorbitant rates

Eastern Front

the region along the German-Russian border where Russians and Serbs battled Germans, Austrians, and Turks

Western Front

the region of northern France where the forces of the Allies and Central Powers battled each other

Russian Revolution

the revolution against the Czarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917

Universal male suffrage

the right of all males to vote in elections

Suffrage

the right to vote

Ground Zero

the site of the World Trade Center before it was destroyed

Cold War

the state of diplomatic hostility between the United States and the Soviet Union in the decades following WWII

Caliph

the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community.

Buddhism

the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth

excommunication

the ultimate weapon of the Church; made it so the Sacraments could not be served

Terrorism

the use of force or threats to frighten people or governments to change their policies

Valhalla

the viking version of heaven: a hall of heroes and those who died in battle. They get to feast until ragnarok

ayan

the wealthy landed elite that emerged under the Abbasids

Quran

the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam.

Uthman

third caliph; his assassination set off a civil war within Islam between the Umayyads and Ali.

ogedei

third son of CHinggis Khan; succeeded Chinggis Khan as khagan of the Mongols following his father's death

Nubia/ Kush

this city was under Egyptian control for many centuries; however, it freed itself becoming the independent state of Kush. Kush developed along the southern part of the Nile River in what is now Sudan.

romanov dynasty

this dynasty favored the nobles, reduced military obligations, expanded the Russian empire further east, and fought several unsuccessful wars, yet they lasted from 1613 to 1917.

Romanov

this family was selected in 1613 to est. a new ruling dynasty in Russia

GDP or Gross Domestic Product

total value of all goods and services produced within a country in a given time period

Medina

town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar.

Costs of colonial rule

treated terribly, like second class in their own country

Koguryo

tribal people of northern Korea; established an independent kingdom in the northern half of the peninsula; adopted cultural Sinification

Industrial Capitalism

type of capitalism occurring during the Industrial Revolution when capitalists were involved in producing and manufacturing goods themselves , often using mechanized and industrialized methods of production

Doric columns

very simple, plain columns that are round and square at the top

Ridda

wars following Muhammad's death; the defeat of rival prophets and opponents restored the unity of Islam.

industrial working class

worked 16 hours a day 6 days a week, low pay, women and children usually worked this, and not much food.

The Wealth of Nations

written by Adam Smith, promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics

Aristotle

wrote on biology, physics, astronomy, politics, and ethics. Considered the father of logic