AP World History period one test

In _________, Sumerian power struggle cause by...

2000 BCE, nomadic invasions

Sumerians ruled from

5400 BCE to 1750 BCE

Paleolithic lasts until...

8,000 BCE

Neolithic

New stone age

Agricultural Revolution or ____________ began in...

Neolithic Revolution/ 10,000 BCE

"Paleo"

Old

Paleolithic

Old Stone Age

The Characteristics of a Civilization

Rise of Cities, Government, Religion, Social Classes, Writing Systems, Arts and Architecture, Job Specialization, Public Works

Egyptian Book of the Dead

a book personalized to each Egyptian individuals (who could afford it) that was said to help them after death in the afterlife; this showed the ancient Egyptians religion, one of the key features of civilization

civilization

a complex culture with highly organized social order; came after and due to agriculture as large groups of people formed, the necessary characteristics of a civilization were cities (buildings, group of people in close vacinity), government (laws in order to keep control), religion, social classes (leaders on higher levels than slaves and farmers), writing systems (record-keeping, expression), art and architecture (worship, symbols of power), job specialization (craftsmen and metalworkers), and public works (structures and contributions that helped all citizens)

Fertile Crescent

a curved region stretching from the Persian Gulf to Egypt; it was the "Cradle of Civilization", very fertile soil due to the rivers within it, agriculture, writing, and all other features of civilization came from this region, also an important place, seen as the Garden of Eden, for some religions

Empire

a political entity that governs over a variety of peoples and ethnicities

State

a political entity with central authority (capital) and government

Animism

a religion in which all things are believed to be embodied by spirits; one of the earliest and most primitive religions, hunter-gatherer tribes, Egypt

Monotheism

a religion in which their is believed to be only one God; rare in early civilizations, began in the Middle East with Zoroastrianism and Judaism which influenced Christianity and Islam

Mandate of Heaven

a rule in China that those who had the divine authority (from Heaven) would rule the state; in ancient times people chose their leaders by power and those who had been "chosen by the gods" were made Kings

Ziggurat

a stepped pyramid or building with a temple on top; displayed their power, advancements and religious beliefs, important political and religious centers

pyramid

a structure with a large base and walls that slant up to a pointed top, typically made of a limestone or other stone; these were the largest ancient buildings, displayed power and advancement in places such as ancient Egypt

Theocracy (with examples)

a type of government in which leaders are chosen by divine authority meaning they were a god or chosen by gods; early government and religion, common in Ancient Egypt where the pharaoh was seen as a God, Ancient China

metalworking and metallurgy

a way of studying the properties of medals and combing them to create stronger metals; in the Bronze Age, metalworking and the combination of copper and tin created bronze which was much more durable, this again happened with Iron in the Iron Age, allowing people to have access to an even stronger medal

Prehistory

all history before writing and record-keeping; there were no record of people in this time period, people were nomadic and equal

Egalitarian

all races and genders treated equally

Bronze

alloy of copper and tin, discovered by Hittites in 3000 BCE spreads through Afro Eurasia

Neolithic Revolution

also known as the Agricultural Revolution, the time in which domestication of plants and animals was discovered; 10,000 BCE, leads to small agricultural villages which lead to civilizations and governments, turning point in the world from nomadic lifestyle to settled lifestyle

slash

and-burn- a form of agriculture in which forest are cut down and burned, the ash provides a nutrients in soil for farming for a few years before the process must be repeated;

Social Classes

as specialization and leaders arose, social classes became distinct, middle and lower tier support upper ex// Priest, Scribes, Warriors, Politicians > Crafts People > Slaves and manual laboreres

"Meso"

between

Stratification

breaking of a society into unequal levels

Religion

closer, life purpose, able to control a large population

Civilization

complex culture with highly organized social order

hunter

gatherers- people whose diet consists of meat they have preyed on and berries and nuts they have obtained from a natural forest or area/ they did not cultivate or grow their own crops or raise their own animals; humans ate this way for over 95% of their existence until roughly 10,000 BC when agriculture was discovered and the hunter-gatherer lifestyle became less popular

What were hunter

gatherers?- had a diet of meat, nuts, fruit/men hunted and women foraged/stone tools and fire harnessed/equal/first human societies

Patriarchy

government in which men benefit, men hold all power; original civilizations and still many today had these governments in which men were in charge and women had little say in politics and government, inequality

Writing Systems

kept records, communication, expression, sign of power or even magic// went from pictograms to alphabets

Mesopotamia

land between rivers (Euphrates and Tigris) also known as Fertile Crescent

Government

leadership and protection, without laws chaos would occur, ex// elder communities (wisdom) and monarchies/ theocracies were leaders were gods or had divine authority

Epic of Gilgamesh

literature from Mesopotamia telling the story of a man setting out to find eternal life; it shows Mesopotamian religious beliefs that man must die (unlike Egypt's afterlife), also shows how ancient writing was used as a form of expression

Babylonians

lived in Babylon, a territorial state that took up part of Mesopotamia; 1900-1500 BCE, showed the capital and other features of states in early time periods, known in the bible for the tower of Babel

Mutual dependence

living things now relied on humans for reproduction while humans relied on them for survival

Agricultural Conditions in Mesopotamia

low rainfall, silt from both rivers, unpredictable flooding, irrigation allows water and civilizations to reach further from rivers, no natural land barriers

Polytheism

many gods like Hindu, Greek

Public Works

mathematical and science contributions, roads, irrigation, walls, hospitals, libraries

People spread to

middle east, Europe, Asia, Russia, land bridge to Americas

The King and the State had...

military backing, territorial sovereignty (colonies, islands)

Iron

more durable than bronze and less expensive, Hittites in 1000 BCE spreads through Afro Eurasia

Sumerian Architecture

mud bricks, walls, arches, domes, ziggurats

Cities

near bodies of water, provided protection, caused by surplus which brought more people into area, larger than villages

"Neo"

new

Art and Architecture

portrayed beliefs, connection to divine// worship, symbols of power

Sumerian government

regulated economic and political activities, constant fighting between city states, conquered by Sargon (2335 BCE), states unite and are known as Sumer and Akkad, trade with Indus River Valley

Pros of Agriculture

reliable food supply, leads to specialized labor, it improves, trade, transportation, products like clay, pottery, plow, textiles, wheels, metallurgy

"Lithic"

stone

plant and animal domestication

the ability to take wild plants and grow a controlled amount, the ability to tame wild animals and breed more; this process was discovered around 10,000 BCE and it changed the human diet from the hunter-forager ways to a new controlled and reliable amount of crops and meat

Irrigation

the action of giving measured amounts of water to crops in order for them to grow more efficiently; irrigation allowed civilizations to spread out beyond rivers since they could now provide their crops with enough water, used by Mesopotamia, Egypt, Sumar

Code of Hammurabi

the laws of King Hammurabi, later written on a large stone slab, defined the punishment to crimes; these laws not only displayed one of the first codes and governments but also writing of them, two important civilization features

Paleolithic Age

the old stone age which lasted until 8,000 BCE; much human migration occurred in this time, Ice Age, and a hunter-gatherer lifestyle was widespread

Anthropology

the study of human beings and their culture and communication over time; basically, what we are studying in this chapter

Archaeology

the study of material remains left by past humans; this is how scientists determined most of the information we know about early humans especially in Prehistory

Assyrians

took up territorial state of Mesopotamia in 900-612 BCE; one of the first states (though not as old as Babylon)

iron weaponry

tools and armor made of iron which was first ever worked by the Hittites; more durable than bronze but also more available so it made military possible for all states, changed the military game (more wars occurred)

Plants and animals were cultivated and domesticated, probably discovered by

women while observing the seeds and fruits they foraged

forms of writing

writing was used as record-keeping, communication, and expression, seen as magical and powerful; Egyptian Hieroglyphics, Quipu (knots keeping records and numbers, Pictographs (Indus River Valley, China)

21: Vedic Age

• A period in Indian history, between 1500 and 500 B.C.E., when the Vedas—the primary texts of Hinduism—were recorded; Rig Veda is the first of these. • The Aryans recorded a number of literary and religious works in Sanskrit; the earliest works, the Vedas ("knowledge" or "wisdom"), a collection of songs, hymns, and prayers honoring Aryan gods, were handed down by Brahmin priests. • The Vedas also provide a view of early Aryan society in India. • In this period, the Aryans and Dravidians frequently fought among themselves—there was no common centralized government. • Hundreds of chiefdoms based on herding communities and agricultural villages were established. • Permanent communities, relying more on agriculture than herding, were established into a regional kingdom c. 1000-500 B.C.E. • Social hierarchy, based on caste, maintained order and stability; the Aryans also constructed a gender hierarchy based on a strong patriarchal society.

10: Nile River Civilization

• Agricultural settlements emerged as early as 5500 B.C.E., but Egyptian history begins when King Menes united Upper (southern) and Lower (northern) Egypt. • Society was ruled by a pharaoh, considered an incarnation of the sun god, who controlled access to the Nile. • Many cities were built during the Middle and New Kingdom periods, and an economic network developed. • Women were responsible for handling household finances and educating children. • A woman had the right to divorce, receive alimony, own property, manage a business, and become a priestess. • Hatshepsut, female pharaoh of Egypt. • Elaborate polytheistic religion based on concept of life after death—subject of religious text the Egyptian Book of the Dead. Chief deity, Re, sun god. • Worshipping dead led to mummification and the building of tombs/pyramids. • Achievements: written language (hieroglyphics), papermaking, field irrigation, bronze tools and weapons, 365-day calendar, monumental architecture (pyramids, temples).

6: Neolithic Era—Culture

• Agriculture allowed for a food surplus, which in turn led to an increase in population. • Permanent villages appeared as people turned to farming and away from hunting and gathering. • Jericho, in modern-day Israel, was one of the world's first Neolithic villages. • Village life encouraged the development of specialized labor—everyone was no longer dedicated to food production. • Early industries developed in pottery, metallurgy, and textiles. • Specialized labor encouraged the accumulation of wealth and eventually led to the emergence of social classes. • Sedentary agricultural societies saw the role and status of women diminish compared with that of hunting and gathering societies.

1: Hominids

• Appeared 3 to 4 million years ago in southern and eastern Africa. • Humanlike creatures called primates. • Mary and Louis Leakey excavated hominid fossils in the Great Rift Valley. • "Lucy," an Australopithecine fossil, found in 1974. • Three major differences from earlier primates: bipedalism (gives ability to walk upright), a sizable brain (enables abstract thought and fine motor control), and a larynx (allows for complex speech). • Thought-processing ability led to alteration of the natural environment to suit human needs.

14: Patriarchal Society

• Basis of Mesopotamian and Egyptian societies—men made decisions about the division of household chores among family members, and they arranged marriages. • Men dominated public life: They ruled as kings and pharaohs and made decisions about public policy. • Evidence of patriarchal society seen in Hammurabi's Code, which entrusted men with all major decision making and judgment, and in Confucian society with the five relationships. • Women were punished for adultery by drowning; men could engage in consensual sexual relations outside of marriage without penalty. • A man could sell his wife and children into slavery to pay off debt.

3: Paleolithic Era—Economy

• Called Old Stone Age (c. 10,000 to 2.5 million years ago). • Greatest concerns were steady and plentiful food supply and clothing. • Stone and bone tools included spears, bows, arrows, fishhooks, harpoons, clay pots. • Humans were nomadic hunters and gatherers. • Predates agricultural societies.

29: Chavín

• Chavín cult began after 1000 B.C.E., peaked in popularity 900 to 800 B.C.E., spread through Peru, and vanished approximately 300 B.C.E. • Cult probably arose when maize became an important crop in South America; it was needed to support a large population. The cult may have been designed to promote fertility and abundant harvests. • Achievements include large temple complexes, elaborate works of art, fishing nets, experimentation with minerals, techniques of gold, silver, and copper metallurgy used in the creation of jewelry, and small tools.

15: Origins of Writing

• Cuneiform, the earliest known writing, originated in Mesopotamia. • Record keeping for trade purposes became necessary as society became increasingly more complex. • Sumerians developed a writing system based on pictures (pictographs) in which symbols were made on wet clay and then baked. • Egyptians developed hieroglyphs—symbols that represent sounds and ideas. • One example of job specialization was the scribe, who prepared legal and other documents (developed as an occupation).

23: Caste System

• Developed over time as the Aryans established settlements in India. • Four main varnas (social classes), originally formed around skin color. • Priests (Brahmins); warriors and aristocrats (Kshatriyas); cultivators, artisans, merchants (vaishyas); landless peasants and serfs (shudras); and later, untouchables, who performed unpleasant tasks (butchering animals, handling dead bodies). • Occupation determined a person's jati, or subcaste. • Castes and subcastes had a major impact on development of Hindu society, with rules for interaction and intermarriage; severely limited social mobility. • Although the Indian Constitution has outlawed caste-based discrimination, and barriers have been broken down in urban areas, the caste system continues to influence social practices of Hindus throughout rural India.

19: Indo-European Languages-

• During the 18th and 19th centuries, similarities between the languages of Europe, Persia, and India were noticed. • Ancient languages demonstrating these similarities are Sanskrit (sacred language of Aryan India), Old Persian, Greek, and Latin. • Explanation for similarities: Speakers of Indo-European languages were all descendants of ancestors who spoke a common tongue and migrated from their original homeland. • Development of individual communities—and lack of communication between them—explains the evolution of different languages and dialects.

5: Neolithic Era—Origins

• Earliest evidence of sedentary agriculture dates to between 10,000 and 8000 B.C.E. • Called New Stone Age (8000-5000 B.C.E.), the origins of agricultural society. • Domestication of animals and cultivation of crops. • The earliest method of cultivation was slash-and-burn agriculture. • Earliest agricultural societies appeared in southwestern Asia and spread to India, Europe, and Asia; Mesoamerica and East Asia most likely developed agricultural techniques independently. • People settled down and developed complex societies.

25: Shang Dynasty

• Earliest recorded dynasty (1750-1027 B.C.E.); rise and success based on technology, especially bronze. • Shang controlled production of bronze by monopolizing mines and employing craftsmen. • Using a well-armed military, the Shang extended control to northeastern China. • Kings controlled surplus agriculture, as well as an extensive network of as many as 1,000 local towns. • Built extensive and lavish tombs for emperors. • Practiced ancestor worship, used oracle bones to divine the future.

11: Hammurabi's Code

• Established high standards of behavior and stern punishments for violators (c. 1792-1750 B.C.E.) in the city-state of Babylon. • Death penalty for murder, theft, fraud, false accusations, sheltering of runaway slaves, failure to obey royal orders, adultery, and incest. • Civil laws regulated prices, wages, commercial dealings, marital relationships, and the conditions of slavery. • Relied on the lex talionis ("law of retaliation") and social standing; upper classes were favored. • Concept of a consistent written set of rules to govern society, rather than arbitrary rulers, impacted later civilizations.

27: Mandate of Heaven

• Events on Earth and in Heaven are directly connected. • Power to rule comes from heavenly powers; this "Mandate of Heaven" is granted to an individual who is deserving, known as the "son of Heaven." • Ruler, a link between Heaven and Earth, has duty to maintain order and dispense justice; as long as things go smoothly, he will remain in power; if he fails, the Mandate of Heaven will be bestowed upon a more deserving candidate; this idea was often used to justify rebellions and revolts. • Relates to European concept of divine right. • First used by Zhou to justify their takeover of the Shang.

13: Iron Metallurgy

• Experimentation began as early as the fourth millennium B.C.E. • Mesopotamians manufactured effective iron and bronze tools and weapons by 1000 B.C.E. • Craftsmen added carbon to iron to increase strength and produce harder and sharper edges. • Iron metallurgy spread from Mesopotamia to Anatolia, Egypt, North Africa, and other regions (example of cultural diffusion). • Assyrians used iron tools to conquer Mesopotamia.

12: Assyrian Empire

• Government consisted of a combination of administrative techniques (first used by Hammurabi) and a powerful and intimidating military machine. • Officers in charge of standardized military units were appointed on the basis of merit, skill, and bravery rather than noble birth and family connections. • Used horse-drawn chariots to conquer standing armies. • At its height (8th and 7th centuries B.C.E.), the Assyrian Empire covered much of what is now Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, as well as much of Anatolia and most of Egypt.

2: Homo sapiens

• Homo sapiens, modern humans, emerged 100,000 to 200,000 years ago. • Earliest variant, the Neanderthal, appeared 100,000 to 250,000 years ago. • More advanced was Cro-Magnon, appeared 60,000 to 100,000 years ago during the Paleolithic Age. • Both used advanced tools, wore clothing, created semi-permanent or permanent dwellings, and organized into social groups. • Spread from Europe to Africa and Asia.

24: Yellow River Civilization—Xia Dynasty

• Huang He means Yellow River and refers to the light-colored loess soil that it picks up and deposits on the riverbank. • Unpredictable flooding led to its nickname, China's Sorrow. • Regular rains and fertile soil eliminated the need for an extensive irrigation system and, instead, water-control systems were developed. • Xia dynasty first attempted to organize public life on a large scale—it established the precedent for hereditary monarchial rule in China. • Legendary founder, Yu, initiated flood-control projects, organized large-scale public works, and set up formal government.

17: Phoenicians

• Lived between eastern Mediterranean Sea and Lebanon; earned a reputation as seafaring traders in the first millennium B.C.E. • Establishment of city-states throughout the Mediterranean allowed them to dominate trade in the Mediterranean basin. • Developed a writing system of twenty-two symbols representing sounds that aided in their long-distance commercial activities. • Their alphabet spread throughout the region as they traded products such as glass, textiles, and timber. • The Latin and Greek alphabets emerged out of the Phonetic alphabet.

9: Mesopotamia

• Located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in modern Iraq. • Knowledge of irrigation led to an increase in food supply and in population, and by c. 5000 B.C.E. Sumer was established. • The world's first cities emerged in this region, including Ur and Babylon. • Sumerian achievements included the development of the first form of writing—cuneiform. • Sumerians were polytheistic and built ziggurats, pyramid-like temples, to please their gods. • Sumer was organized into a series of city-states and each worked to maintain peace and stability. • Large public-works projects, such as canals and bridges, were undertaken to meet the needs of society.

8: Bronze Age

• Metallurgy originated with the use of copper. • In the Neolithic era, copper was combined with tin to create bronze. • Bronze tools and weapons were first used in Mesopotamia c. 4000-3000 B.C.E. • By c. 1500-1000 B.C.E. craftsmen in Mesopotamia developed iron tools and weapons; this technology diffused throughout southwestern Asia over time.

7: Bantu Migrations

• Movement of Africans across the continent of Africa (3000 B.C.E.-500 C.E.). • Niger-Congo related languages, and compilations, spoken by Kru, Wolof, Ibo, Mande, and Yorba, all part of the Bantu family of languages. • Possession of iron metallurgy; tools were used to clear land for agriculture (basis for society) and herding throughout Africa. • Bantus reached their limits by 1000 B.C.E.; established decentralized governments—"segmentary societies"—that governed through family and kinship groups. • Each village (usually 100 people) was ruled by a council, made up of male heads of families, and a village chief; a group of villages formed a district (usually the highest form of government). • Increased conflict among Bantus led to the formation of organized militaries and formal government institutions.

16: Hebrews

• Nomads who originally settled between Mesopotamia and Egypt. • Developed the world's first monotheistic religion—the worship of Yahweh. • Hebrew Bible contains experiences and practices of Israelites during this period. • About 1300 B.C.E., led by Moses, went to Palestine, where they established a kingdom, under David and Solomon. It extended from Syria to the Sinai Peninsula. • Used Mesopotamian law and politics as a guide—however, devotion to Yahweh, religious texts, and righteousness distinguished Hebrews from others. • Ten Commandments: Religious teachings that also serve as an ethical code of behavior.

20: Aryans

• Originally pastoral nomads who spoke Indo-European languages. • Migrated south through the Hindu Kush mountain range c. 1500 B.C.E. and established small communities in the northern India; replaced Harappan civilization. • Limited agriculture, depended on pastoral economy—prized herds of cattle. • Domesticated horses as means of transportation and devastating war machine when attached to chariots. • Literary and religious texts were memorized and passed down as oral histories. • Over time developed a complex caste system, in large part influenced by contacts with indigenous peoples and invaders.

18: Indus River Civilization

• Originated in the Indus River valley c. 2500 B.C.E. • Two main cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, provide archaeological evidence of this society's history. • The cities were well planned, fortified, and uniformly constructed. Brick size was uniform throughout the Indus Valley—indicates use of standardized weights and measures. • Extensive evidence of long-distance trade—Indus Valley pottery has been found in Egypt; products from Sumer, such as olive oil, were traded in the region. • Speculation as to why this civilization declined continues because the written language remains untranslated.

26: Zhou Dynasty

• Ruled by proclamation; military forces and allies disseminated laws and justice. • Allied with Shang, adopted customs and culture, and then overthrew Shang king. • All power and loyalty transferred to Zhou dynasty. • Zhou theory of politics: Events of Heaven and Earth are closely related (see Mandate of Heaven) • Zhou cultural achievements: poetry, history, rituals, political essays, morals, religion, and philosophy. • Most writings lost, but Book of Songs preserved early Zhou literature.

28: Silk Production

• Silk was first produced during the Shang dynasty (1750-1027 B.C.E.). • Silk was produced by raising silkworms on mulberry trees. • By the time of the Han dynasty (206 B.C.E.-220 C.E.), silk was a luxury product in high demand, and thus its production was a highly guarded imperial secret. • In the late 500s, Byzantine monks visiting China smuggled silkworms back to their empire and soon Byzantine craftsmen were producing silk textiles.

4: Paleolithic Era—Society

• Social groups: Extended families grew into clans; clans mixed with neighboring groups to form tribes with sophisticated organization, including chiefs, leaders, and religious figures. • Organized warfare with weapons: rocks, clubs, knives, spears, axes, and bows and arrows. • Worship of deities; religious rituals included sacrifices to gods, goddesses, and spirits. • Expression through art and music; examples include cave paintings and flutes. • Division of labor assigned by gender: men hunted, women gathered.

22: Vedas

• Vedas, the primary text of Hinduism, is a collection of hymns, songs, prayers, and rituals honoring various Aryan gods. • There are four Vedas—most important is the first, Rig Veda; with 1,028 hymns, it was compiled between 1400 and 900 B.C.E. • Passed down orally until 600 B.C.E., when all four were recorded in Sanskrit. • Veda means "wisdom" or "knowledge" and refers to the knowledge priests need to carry out their tasks. • Vedas reveal a great deal about early Aryan society.

Job Specialization

expertise other than farming, caused by surplus because people had a safe chance of survival

For ______ of human time, we were hunter

gatherers- 95%

Earliest States

Mesopotamia and Egypt (3000 BCE), Indus Valley (2000 BCE), China (1800 BCE), Mesoamerica (100 BCE), Peru (300 CE)

job specialization

people can take on expertises other than agriculture like craftsmanship; agricultural surplus allowed people to take jobs other than farming without fear for survival, led to civilizations and further discoveries

Nubians

people of Nubia, on the Nile but bellow Egypt; traded with Egypt and were conquered by Egypt showing importance of military

Earliest known form of writing

cuneiform

"Out of Africa" theory

current humans came from Africa and then migrated to other parts of the world; all early humans and use of fire and tools originated from Africa and then spread to Eurasia and Mesoamerica

Pastoralism

domestication of plants and animals

Homo sapiens migrated from _______ because...

eastern Africa because of heat and humidity (climate change) and resources

Agricultural Villages were the first _______ and ________ systems.

economic, social

Cons of Agriculture

overused soil, deforestation, overgrazing, animals suited to needs/dependent, fighting over land