AP World History Unit 4
The object shown in the image is best understood in the context of which of the following developments between 1450 and 1750 ? A The introduction of Chinese religious and cultural influences in Japan B The fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate and restoration of direct imperial rule C The growth of Russian cultural influence in East Asia as a result of the Russian expansion into Siberia D The influence of European merchants and missionaries along Asian maritime trade routes
D
Which of the following was a major motivation for European maritime expansion starting in the fifteenth century? A The desire to trade directly with Africans and Asians B The desire to spread democracy C The need for suitable land to establish settler colonies D The need for industrial resources
A
The activities of Inez de Leyria's father as described in the passage best support which of the following conclusions about the period 1450-1750 C.E.? A The intensification of commercial and diplomatic activity across Eurasia was accompanied by increased missionary activity. B The arrival of Nestorian Christians along the Silk Roads introduced European missionaries to China. C Russian expansion in Asia encouraged Christian missionary activity in China.
A
An important reason for China's rapid population increase in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was A the introduction of new crops from the Americas B the end of the bubonic plague in Asia C the widespread adoption of the European three-field system D unprecedented immigration from the Mughal and Ottoman empires
A
Before 1700, Spain governed its American colonies through a system of A appointed administrators B independent merchants C written constitutions D chartered companies E elected presidents
A
During the seventeenth century, one of the reasons Africans participated in the Atlantic slave trade was A the demand for weapons among African elites B bribery of African leaders by Caribbean plantation owners C the desire of African leaders to dominate the Atlantic trade network D the ambition of African leaders to gain a foothold in the Americas
A
Some world historians have argued that the growth of European influence in the period 1450—1750 was due in large part to non-European inventions. The history of which of the following technological developments best supports this contention? A The compass B Silk weaving C Steam power D The stirrup
A
Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) primarily because they A needed to resolve their territorial disputes after the discovery of ocean routes to the Americas and the Indian Ocean B were concerned that the Western Hemisphere's native peoples be treated humanely by the European conquerors C needed to agree on the official languages for Central and South America in order to keep out English and French
A
The economic activities described in the passage contributed most directly to which of the following? A The emergence of the first truly global exchange networks B The beginning of the process of industrialization C The establishment of the first chartered and limited-liability commercial companies D The rapid growth of China's population under the Song and Ming dynasties
A
The material used to create the plaque best reflects which of the following historical situations in the Indian Ocean region in the period 1450-1750 ? A Trade networks continued to flourish and gave Europeans direct access to precious luxury goods. B European luxury goods became increasingly popular among Asian populations in the region. C Natural resources from the Americas allowed Asian producers to diversify the products they sold to European merchants.
A
The transfer of which of the following as part of the Columbian Exchange had the greatest effect on human migration patterns before 1800? A Sugarcane B Potatoes C Cattle D Tobacco
A
The trend shown on the graph above is best explained by A increased production of cash crops like sugar B growth of silver mining in New Spain C industrialized textile mills' demand for raw cotton D African slave-trading kingdoms' demand for European trade goods
A
Which of the following best describes the impact on African society of the trade depicted on the map? A Gender and family roles were restructured as the male population in West Africa diminished. B Bantu peoples increasingly migrated southwards and eastwards. C African societies became increasingly monotheistic as they adopted Islam. D African states underwent significant urbanization as rural agricultural populations diminished.
A
Which of the following claims made in the second paragraph would a historian likely cite to demonstrate how European expansion created a truly global economy in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? A The Chinese emperor could build a palace from all the silver that arrives from Peru. B Many Spanish merchants have successfully avoided paying taxes to the king of Spain. C Merchants of different ethnic groups seek to engage in trade with China.
A
Which of the following consequences of the Columbian Exchange most affected Amerindians in the sixteenth century? A Diseases caused pandemics. B Newly introduced crops replaced indigenous American crops. C The influx of African slaves displaced Amerindians. D European livestock disrupted Amerindian agriculture.
A
Which of the following historical developments most strongly contributed to the mapmaker's depiction of West Africa and the southern half of the world in Map 2 ? A Portugal's development of maritime technology and navigational skills B China's naval expeditions in the Indian Ocean basin C The limited geographical knowledge of western European mapmakers as a result of the region's commercial isolation
A
Which of the following was the most immediate effect of the Portuguese establishment of a school for navigation in the 1400s? A The development of overseas trade between West Africa and Europe B The establishment of regular trade contacts between Europe and the Americas C The decline of Venetian control of the trade in Asian luxury goods D The establishment of direct overseas trade links between India and Europe
A
Which of the following was the most important long-term effect of the European acquisition of the wealth and resources of the Americas, as alluded to in the passage? A A lasting shift in the balance of trade between Europe and Asia B The decline of feudalism in Europe C A decrease in the influence of Christianity worldwide D The end of Chinese maritime exploration in the Indian Ocean
A
Muslim maritime activities in the Indian Ocean would be most disrupted by which of the following sixteenth-century developments? A The voyages of Chinese treasure fleets led by Zheng He B The arrival of Portuguese and other Europeans C The spread of epidemic diseases D The growth of the African slave trade
B
Navarro's economic observations expressed in the passage above are best understood in the context of which of the following? A The Spanish-Portuguese colonial rivalry in the Atlantic B The influx of silver from the Americas into the Spanish economy C The practice of governments devaluing their currencies by reducing the proportion of precious metals in their coins D The beginning of large-scale importation of silver by China from Spanish mines in the Americas
B
The Portuguese presence in southern China as described in the passage was most directly enabled by which of the following? A The declining role of Muslim and Jewish merchants in transporting goods within Asia B Technological developments in cartography and navigation C Improvements in silver-mining technology D The creation of laissez-faire state policies
B
The historical trend represented by the table is most similar to which of the following? A The spread of the Black Death along the Silk Roads in the fourteenth century B The impact of the Columbian Exchange on American populations in the sixteenth century C The effects of the trans-Atlantic slave trade on West African populations in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries D The results of the development of reliable birth control methods in the twentieth century
B
The quotation above comes from a 1526 letter to a European monarch form a king located A on the eastern coast of Africa B on the western coast of Africa C on the Pacific coast of Central America D on the Pacific coast of South America E in the Pacific Islands
B
Which of the following best describes Alfred Crosby's argument in the passage above? A Various Amerindian groups did not have contact with each other before 1492. B Amerindians' long isolation from the rest of the world had placed them at a biological disadvantage. C The genetic makeup of the native population of the Americas remained unchanged until 1492. D By 1492 Amerindians generally had migrated for shorter distances than had other groups.
B
Which of the following best explains Europe's ability to gain a greater share of global trade in the early modern period? A Easing of tensions among European states B Adoption and improvement of maritime technologies by Europeans C Europeans' increased interest in foreign languages and cultures D Diffusion of European manufacturing technology and processes to Asia
B
Which of the following best explains a similarity between the earliest English and French voyages across the North Atlantic in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries? A succeeded despite receiving little support from their respective state governments. B They were often launched in the hopes of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia. C They were ended after encountering violent resistance from Portuguese and Spanish naval forces.
B
Which of the following best explains why the painting was seen as a challenge to social conventions when it was painted? A Women were rarely the subject of paintings in European art of the period. B Caribbean society was built on racial hierarchies that generally reserved elite status for people of European ancestry. C In most cultures of the period, children were not considered worthy of being portrayed in art until they reached adulthood.
B
Which of the following best illustrates the argument described in the passage above? A Spanish and Portuguese plantation owners imported large numbers of African slaves to work their fields. B Amerindians were killed in large numbers by diseases such as smallpox and measles. C Some Amerindian societies prior to European contact had high population densities and large urban centers of comparable scale to those in Europe.
B
Which of the following describes the most important cause of the demographic changes associated with the Columbian Exchange? A The spread of New World diseases to Afro-Eurasia and environmental damage in the Americas B The introduction of New World food crops to Afro-Eurasia and the spread of epidemic diseases to the Americas C Environmental degradation in Afro-Eurasia and the spread of Afro-Eurasian food crops to the Americas
B
Which of the following developments most directly accounts for the total volume of the slave trade shown in the table for the period 1676-1800 ? A A decline in the influence of guild organizations in Europe B Increased demand for sugar in European markets C The establishment of independent states in the Americas D The growing demand for Asian spices in European colonies in the Americas
B
Which of the following most directly facilitated the conquest alluded to in the passage? A Spanish control of the trans-Atlantic slave trade B Spanish advantages over native American populations in terms of technology and disease immunity C The completion of the reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula D The establishment of a cash-crop plantation economy on some of the islands in the in the Atlantic Ocean
B
Which of the following was a major change in global patterns of religious beliefs and practices in the period 1450-1750 C.E.? B Adherents of monotheistic religions such as Christianity and Islam increased both in number and in geographic scope as a result of conquest, trade, and missionary activities. C Intellectual movements such as the European Enlightenment weakened the authority of established religions and led to the growing popularity of atheism worldwide.
B
Which of the following was a major environmental effect of the European establishment of plantation agriculture in the Americas during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? A Global warming, caused by the burning of large areas of forest B Widespread deforestation and depletion of soil nutrients C Depletion of groundwater supplies caused by excessive irrigation in agricultural areas D Increases in the populations of major indigenous animal species
B
Which of the following would best support the conclusion that the Columbian Exchange involved more profound consequences than did earlier biological exchanges in world history? A Previous exchanges did not involve societies at radically different levels of technological development. B Previous exchanges did not involve the world's two hemispheres. C The Columbian Exchange involved the peaceful transfer of animals, plants, and diseases.
B
A historian could best use the passage as evidence for which of the following? A The Spanish authorities' preference for Spanish-born rather than American-born individuals in administrative appointments B The resistance encountered in the process of attempting to convert the indigenous population to Christianity C The creation of a new political and economic elite in the immediate aftermath of the European conquest
C
A historian researching the trans-Atlantic slave trade in the period 1600—1800 would find which of the following sources most useful for determining patterns in the points of origin, the destinations, and the numbers of slaves involved in the trade? A Census and tax records of European settlers in the Americas B Legal regulations pertaining to enslaved and freed Africans in British colonies C Records of the cargoes of Spanish and British ships in the trans-Atlantic trade
C
Based on the description of the discovery of silver in Zacatecas in the second paragraph, which of the following conclusions about Mota y Escobar is best supported? A He had no firsthand knowledge of Mexico. B He was an opponent of the practice of slavery. C He was critical of the motivations of the Spanish conquistadors. D He questioned the economic usefulness of silver mining.
C
In the period 1450 to 1750, the intensification of connections between the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere had which of the following effects on religious practices? A Christianity became more uniform as it spread through the Americas. B Buddhism spread widely in Africa. C Syncretic forms of religion such as Vodun developed. D Splits in Islam became less intense.
C
The ability of Portuguese merchants and explorers to communicate with the local population of Canton was most likely an effect of which of the following? A Mandarin had replaced Cantonese as the primary spoken language in southern China. B Migrations and commercial contacts led to the use of printing in southern China. C Portuguese merchants had established trading posts in southern China. D Portuguese had replaced Arabic and Persian as the language of trade in southern China.
C
The data in the table regarding Portuguese vessels in the period 1701-1800 most directly reflect trends in the plantation economy of A Cuba B Central America C Brazil D Peru
C
The existence of a sugar mill in the Mexican town in the passage indicates that the region of Mexico in which the lawsuit took place was part of which of the following? A The Manila galleon trade route B The pre-Columbian pochteca traveling-merchant network C The Atlantic trade system D The indentured-labor migration system
C
The expansion of trade routes along the coast of Africa as shown on Map 2 was most directly facilitated by which of the following? A Expanding Chinese influence as a result of maritime voyages under the Ming dynasty B Changes in fishing practices in the Indian Ocean C Improved ship designs and navigational technologies D Commercial decline in Europe as a result of the global cooling of climate known as the Little Ice Age
C
The production of the plaque in Goa is best understood in the immediate context of which of the following? A The establishment of plantation economies B The spread of printing-press technology C The development of trading-post empires D The decline of Asian states such as the Mughal Empire
C
The transformation described in the fourth and fifth paragraphs best reflects which development in the Americas from the period 1450-1750 ? A The Columbian Exchange B The growing reliance on cash crop plantation agriculture C The synthesis of African, American, and European cultures D The prevalence of racial prejudice among members of Brazil's elites
C
Which of the following accurately describes the function of the mit'a system in the Inca Empire? A To gain tribute in the form of prisoners of war for ritual sacrifice B To raise a mercenary army to fight the Aztec Empire and Maya city-states C To compel Inca subjects to work on various state projects for a fixed term each year D To replace the nuclear family as the basic social unit of Inca society
C
Which of the following best explains an effect of Spanish voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in Europe in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries? A They encouraged many governments to expand the use of coerced labor in Europe. B They led to the rapid spread of epidemic diseases such as smallpox. C They greatly increased interest in transoceanic travel and trade in other European countries. D They led to the introduction of new staple crops such as sugar.
C
Which of the following best explains the relative volume of trade to different destinations as shown on the map? A The need for labor in new mining centers B The traditional use of enslaved soldiers by the Ottoman Empire C The increasing demand for labor on cash crop plantations D The growing desire for household servants among emerging commercial elites
C
Which of the following changes best justifies the claim that the late 1400s mark the beginning of a new period in world history? A The rise of the Aztec and Inca empires B The economic recovery in Afro-Eurasia after the Black Death C The incorporation of the Americas into a broader global network of exchange D The emergence of new religious movements in various parts of the world
C
Which of the following factors would contribute most to future revisions of Map 2 ? A Western Europeans' discovery of geographical scholarship from the Mongol khanates B The experiences of European merchants transporting Asian goods in the Indian Ocean C Spanish sponsorship of trans-Atlantic and trans-Pacific maritime exploration D Qing China's resumption of maritime expeditions to expand its tribute system
C
Which of the following long-term changes in the period circa 1550-1700 best demonstrates that the actions described by de Estete in the passage failed to fully achieve their goals? A The development of a global economy based on Spanish exports of Andean silver B American foods becoming staple crops in Eurasia C The emergence of syncretic religious practices in the Americas D The growing Spanish dependence on coerced labor in the Americas
C
Which of the following represents a significant change in Africa between 1450 C.E. and 1750 C.E.? A Bantu-speaking people spread iron metallurgy to East and Central Africa. B Europeans established settler colonies in East and Central Africa. C Most enslaved Africans were transported across the Atlantic instead of the Sahara. D Islam was introduced and widely adopted in North Africa.
C
During the period 1450 to 1750, which of the following commodities was most responsible for transforming the global economy? A Salt B Tea C Opium D Silver
D
For the period circa 1650-1790, the differences between clove prices in Southeast Asia and those in Amsterdam best support which of the following conclusions? C Imperialism was undertaken mostly to prevent the expansion of rival European powers and resulted in the colonization of areas of no direct economic interest to Europeans. D Imperialism economically benefited European merchants and governments while leading to the economic decline or stagnation of Asian producers.
D
In the period 1450—1750, which of the following, produced on large plantations by slave labor, were significant commodities in the growing world market? A Grains such as wheat and barley B Tropical fruits such as bananas and oranges C Animal products such as wool and beef D Cash crops such as sugar and tobacco
D
In the period 1500 to 1750, the population of the Portuguese colony of Brazil grew rapidly and became predominantly African. Which of the following best explains these demographic changes? A The adoption of indigenous food crops by African migrants B Portuguese loss of colonial holdings in the Indian Ocean C The rapid natural increase of Brazil's early slave population D The increase in global demand for cash crops such as sugar
D
In the period after circa 1450, trade along the routes shown on the map declined in large part because of the A decrease in the demand for African manufactured goods in Europe B collapse of European economies in the wake of the bubonic plague C disruption caused by the adoption of new gunpowder weapons D increase of maritime trade along the African coast
D
The images above best provide evidence of which of the following consequences of colonial expansion in the period 1450 to 1750 ? A The extension of regional trading networks and the consolidation of centralized power B The spread of new food crops and the development of syncretic forms of religion C The restructuring of the family and the growth of the plantation economy D The transfer of wealth to new elites and the development of new gender roles
D
Which of the following best exemplifies mercantilism as it was practiced in the Atlantic trading system by 1750 ? A The belief of colonists in the Americas that free trade was desirable B Colonial government policies in Europe that prevented the private accumulation of precious metals C International agreements by European governments to protect the freedom of the seas D The protection of European merchant companies by their respective governments
D
Which of the following best explains a similar motivation behind the establishment of Portuguese trading posts in Africa and the establishment of Portuguese trading posts in Asia? C The trading posts in both regions were intended to facilitate the transfer of slaves to the Americas. D The trading posts in both regions were intended to allow the Portuguese to control access to heavily trafficked maritime routes.
D
Which of the following regions was LEAST affected by the expansion of European trade networks in the period 1450 C.E. to 1750 C.E.? A The Atlantic basin B The Mediterranean basin C The Indian Ocean D Oceania
D
Which of the following was the most important factor in enabling the Spanish to defeat the Aztec Empire? B Spanish tolerance of Aztec religion and culture weakened Aztec resistance. C The Spanish were able to exploit the poverty in the Aztec Empire which caused a revolt of Aztec farmers against the Aztec ruling class. D The Spanish were able to form military alliances with other indigenous peoples who were enemies of the Aztecs.
D
Which of the following was the most important factor in the development of new long-distance maritime commercial patterns in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? B The emergence of North America as a major grain exporting center C The abandonment of mercantilist policies in favor of free trade by most European nations D The European settlement and exploitation of natural resources in the Americas
D
Between 1450 and 1750, which of the following were produced on large plantations by slave labor for the world market? A Wheat and barley B Corn and beans C Bananas and oranges D Wool and beef E Sugar and tobacco
E
The success of European powers in penetrating the Asian trading system by 1600 can best be explained by the A Asian demand for luxury goods B European use of steam power C high demand for European agricultural produce in China and India D lower prices of European manufactured products E opening of rich silver mines in Peru and Mexico
E
