AP World History Unit 4 Progress Check

The author invokes which of the following to support his claim that smallpox's impact on European settlers was different from its impact on Native Americans?

- Ideas about the role of divine providence in human affairs Correct. Bradford credits divine providence, in other words the belief that God is protecting the English settlers who tried to care for the Native Americans stricken by smallpox.

The contents of the letter are best understood in the context of which of the following aspects of the historical situation in sub-Saharan Africa in the early 1600s?

- Political, religious, and economic rivalries shaped European colonial policies in Africa. - Correct. Just as European rivalries often contributed to European imperialistic endeavors in the Americas and Asia, in Africa competition between European states shaped European expansion into the region and provided opportunities for African leaders to play European powers against one another. The letter reflects this competition between European states in its criticism of Portuguese policies and its praise for the king of Congo's actions against the Portuguese.

The passage implies that the author was aware of smallpox being an infectious disease. Which of the following can best be cited as evidence of that claim?

- The author's statement that no English settlers fell ill, even though "many performed these favors for the Indians for weeks" - Correct. This statement shows that Bradford recognized there was risk in caring for Native Americans afflicted by smallpox because he expresses relief and gratitude that no English settlers fell ill.

Which of the following best describes the author's argument in the first paragraph?

- The demographic makeup of Barbadian society and the structure of its economy make existing punishments for slaves justified. - Correct. Labat argues in the first paragraph that White plantation owners in Barbados are justified in punishing their slaves harshly because slaves are necessary for the economic well-being of the island and because slaves constitute the majority of the inhabitants.

The report's position on the proposed transfer of Luanda to the Dutch is best understood in light of the authors' goal to...

- secure profits from the rapidly expanding trans-Atlantic slave trade - Correct. The report's mention of the fact that Luanda is "so useful to the King of Spain" because of the large numbers of slaves shipped from there to the Americas indicates that the Company's directors are seeking to convince the Dutch government that they should be more involved in the growing (and very profitable) trans-Atlantic slave trade.

The point of view expressed by the Dutch West India Company's directors in the letter can best be described as...

- seeking to steer the States General representatives into taking action that would benefit the company financially - Correct. The letter specifically states that the Dutch West India Company stood to gain financially by acquiring control over forts on the West African coast from which the company could trade for slaves from the Angola region that would be vital to the establishment of lucrative sugar-growing plantations in the Caribbean.

The author uses all of the following as evidence to support his argument about the impact of smallpox on Native American populations EXCEPT.

- the English settlers tried to help the Native Americans who were afflicted with smallpox Correct. While Bradford mentions that some English took pity on the Native Americans and tried to help them, this fact does not provide evidence about the effects of smallpox on Native American populations. Since Bradford does not use this statement as evidence to support his argument, it is the correct answer to this question.

Which of the following processes most immediately led to the global expansion of European political power in the period circa 1500 ?

Advances in shipbuilding and navigational methods Correct. European advances in navigation and shipbuilding, made possible through inventions such as the astrolabe, the lateen sail, and the caravel, allowed Europeans to explore and conquer new territories, thereby expanding their global political power.

All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which might best be used to undermine or modify the author's argument in the second paragraph?

Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire faced considerable restrictions on their religious practices, legal rights, and social freedoms. Correct. Masters argues that Christians and Jews received autonomy so that the empire might benefit economically from such minority groups, but his argument that non-Muslim subjects received "fairly wide-ranging" freedoms under Ottoman rule is modified by the fact that the restrictions imposed on non-Muslim communities were considerable.

Which of the following is an implicit argument made by the author in the passage?

Coerced labor systems have allowed a minority of the population of Caribbean colonial societies to reap enormous economic benefits. Correct. In the second paragraph, Labat describes the vast wealth that plantation owners in Barbados have accumulated, and in the first paragraph he mentions that plantation owners were always in fear of slave revolts. In Barbados and across the Caribbean, slaves of African descent constituted the large majority of the population.

Which of the following developments can be most directly attributed to Portuguese and Spanish state sponsorship of maritime exploration in the late fifteenth century?

Improvements in European geographic knowledge of Africa and the Indian Ocean Correct. Spanish and Portuguese state-sponsored maritime voyages of exploration in the late fifteenth century resulted in the discovery of Atlantic islands, the coast of West and Central Africa, and the discovery of a maritime route to India by rounding the Cape of Good Hope. These discoveries resulted in the improvement of European geographic knowledge of Africa and the Indian Ocean.

Which of the following best describes the author's claim in the second paragraph?

Despite the small size of Barbadian plantations, the landowners on Barbados are very wealthy. Correct. The second paragraph states that the plantations on Barbados are "smaller" than those on other Caribbean islands, but it also states that "nonetheless, the plantation owners are very wealthy."

The sixteenth- and seventeenth-century maritime exploration efforts by England, France, and the Netherlands were most directly connected to which of the following historical processes?

Economic competition against Spain and Portugal and a desire to find new sailing routes to Asia Correct. Early English, Dutch, and French exploration and colonization efforts in the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries were directly motivated by a desire to match and counter the growing economic prosperity and political influence of Spain and Portugal that arose from these countries' imperial expansion.

As outlined in the passage, the provisions of the agreement can best be used to illustrate which of the following aspects of state building in Eurasia in the period circa 1450-1750 ?

Local elites successfully resisted attempts at state centralization and asserted their autonomy from central rule. Correct. The agreement clearly demonstrates that Cossack leadership was able to maintain local autonomy in choosing their own leaders and maintaining their own customs.

The fact that the Russian tsar insisted in the last paragraph that some ambassadors be treated differently from others best illustrates which of the following about international politics in the period circa 1650-1750 ?

Russia had encountered significant resistance to its plans for further territorial expansion from some of the established states in eastern and southern Europe. Correct. The tsar's concerns about ambassadors from powerful established states in Europe indicates that Russia likely experienced difficulties expanding into those areas.

Which of the following would a historian most likely cite as evidence in support of the author's argument in the second paragraph of the passage?

The Ottoman millet system, an arrangement designed to utilize the economic contributions of non-Muslim groups within the empire while granting them limited autonomy to organize their communal affairs under their own religious leaders Correct. The millet system supports Masters's argument that the Ottoman Empire was willing to extend limited autonomy to minority groups for its financial benefit.

All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which would best support the author's argument in the first paragraph of the passage?

The period of Mamluk rule in Egypt saw a high number of conversions to Islam and a considerable reduction in the percentage of Coptic Christians in the overall population of Egypt. Correct. Masters argues that Christianity in the Middle East was in psychological and numerical decline, which would be supported by the fact that Coptic Christian populations in Egypt declined because of conversions to Islam.

The privileges discussed in the last two paragraphs of the passage best demonstrate that in some instances in the period 1450-1750

internal challenges to state power could lead to the establishment of new state-like structures within existing states Correct. The tsar's acceptance of Cossack requests in the final two paragraphs indicates a substate formation within the larger Russian Empire. The Cossacks were required to do certain things, like collect taxes for the tsar, but they were also granted the responsibility to administer their own affairs on a local level.