AP1 chapter 6

thick skin

-palms of hands, soles of feet -no hair follicles or sebaceous glands -stratum lucidum present

three main variations in the epidermis

-thickness -colorations -skin markings

where does the process of kerantinization begin

a layer in the epidermis called the stratum granulosum

an open comedo

blackhead

in the first step of wound healing, cut blood vessels release ______ into the wound

blood

location of mammary glands

breats

the cells of stratum corneum contain large amounts of the protein....

keratin

what lubricates the epidermis and hair helps make the integument water resistant

sebum

aprocrine sweat glands are classified as _______ glands

simple, coiled, tubular

also called stratum germinativum due to mitosis

stratum basale

waterproof protective covering composed of sebum and sloughed off cells

vernix caseosa

stimuli detected by sensory receptors of the skin

-cold -vibration -pressure

normal skin color results from a combination of colors of .....

-hemoglobin -melanin -carotene

3 cell types found in stratum basale

-keratinocytes -melanocytes -merkel cells

skin cells types

-keratinocytes -melanocytes -merkel cells -dendritic cells

overall, keratinocytes are present for about ______ fllowing their formation

1 month

main functions of the subcutaneous layer

acts as an energy reservoir protects the body provides thermal insulation

recessive condition; nonfunctional enzyme for melanin production characterized by white hair, pale skin, pink irises

albinism

location of sebaceous glands

associated with hair follicles over much of the skin

the net effect of vasoconstriction of the dermal blood vessels is a shunting of blood _______ from the periphery of the body to ________ heat

away conserve

location of apocrine glands

axillary, anal areolar, and pubic regions

components of the dermis (7)

blood vessels sweat glands sebaceous glands hair follicles nail roots sensory nerve endings smooth muscle tissue

overexposure to UV rays is the primary factor in the development of almost all skins _______

cancers

plays a role in vitamin a production and normal vision as well as improved immunity

carotene

keratinocytes in the epidermis produce __________ when exposed to UV radiation

cholecalciferol

lines of cleavage in the skin relate to the predominant orientation of ______ fiber bundles

collagen

the predominant type of protein fiber found in the dermis is...

collagen

when the skin is stretched beyond its capacity some ______ fibers are torn and result in stretch marks, which are called ______

collagen striae

stratum corneum living or dead

dead - corneum

stratum lucidum living or dead

dead - lucidum

stratum basal is the ...

deepest layer

Because an entire portion of skin has been lost, and water cannot be retained in the area, a major concern with third degree burns is ______.

dehydration

the two layers of integument

dermis and epidermis subcutaneous layer- hypodermis (Not part of skin)

location of merocrine glands

distributed throughout the body

an intermediate product in the process of keratin maturation

eleidin

the kerantinocytes within the stratum lucidum are flattened and filled with the protein _________

eleidin

kerantinized stratified simple squamous

epidermis

location of ceruminous glands

external acoustic meatus

cerumen, together with tiny hairs on the ear canal, helps trap __________ and _____________ keeps them from reaching the eardrum

foreign particles small insects

________ is an area of excessive melanocyte activity

freckle

located on the fingers, palms, soles, and toes are formed from large folds and valleys on both the dermis and the epidermis

friction ridges

-scattered among k'cytes -produce and store pigment in response to UV light

melanocytes

the ultraviolet rays in sunlight are prevented from penetrating to the deeper dermis layer by specialized cells called...

melanocytes

tactile cells are also called

merkel cells

the most numerous and widely distributed sweat glands in the body are

merocrine sweat glands

layer of embryonic cells that develop into the dermis

mesenchyme

nevus

mole

________ is caused by an increase in melanocyte numbers

nevus

similar to a pustule, but extending into the deeper skin layers

nodule

skin color

normal color due to hemoglobin, melanin, carotene

layers of cells covering the development embryonic epithelium _______

periderm

which layer of the dermis of the skin forms the deeper, major portion of the dermis and extends from the papillary layer to the underlying subcutaneous layer?

reticular layer

sebaceous glands are activated primarily by ___________ during puberty in both sexes

sex horomones

integument

skin

integumentary system contains

skin, hair, nails sweats glands, and sebaceous glands

As an individual ages the skin repair processes takes longer to complete because of the reduced number and activity of ------ cells

stem

as an individual ages, the skin repair process takes longer to complete because of the reduced number and activity of _____ cells

stem

as a result of the ageing process hair follicles can actually _______ production of hairs

stop

attached to basement membrane

stratum basale

deepest layer of epidermis

stratum basale

deepest layer of the epidermis

stratum basale

the two types of general exocrine glands

sweat glands sebaceous glands

what stimulates production of melanin

uv light

if the body is too warm the dermal blood vessels _____ so more blood can travel _______ to the surface and excess can be lost

vasodilate close

-dermal blood vessels increase in diameter -so more blood can travel through them

vasodilation

the skin is described as

waterproof

reticular means "network" and refers to the

weblike meshwork of collagen fibers

a closed comedo

whitehead

what contains the capillaries that supply nutrients to the cells of the epidermis?

dermal papillae

nerve fibers in the skin monitor sensory receptors in the.....

dermis and epidermis

the major functions of merocrine sweat glands are

secretion protection thermoregulation

epidermal dendritic cells are found in what parts of the strata?

spinosum granulosum

- hornlike layer - most superficial layer - has 20-30 layers of dead, interlocking keratinized cells

stratum corneum

-has 2-5 layers of k'cytes -granular layer -where kerantinization begins

stratum granulosum

- has 2-3 cell layers - clear layer - found only in thick skin

stratum lucidum

in thick skin, the layers of the epidermis that contain dead keratinocytes are the.....

stratum lucidum and stratum corneum

nondividing k'cytes attached to desmosomes

stratum spinosum

epidermal dendritic cells are found in

stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum

the ________ of the integument has immune cells

stratum spinosum/dermis

drugs are often injected into the...

subcutaneous layer

skin cancer can develop in people of any age T/F

true

the _____ and _______ together secrete and absorb materials and play a role in immunity

dermis epidermis

friction ridges assume the shapes of complex arches and whorls in the .....

thick skin

stratum basale living or dead

living - basale

stratum granulosum living or dead

living - granulosum

stratum spinosum living or dead

living - spinosum

as an individual ages skin repair processes takes ________

longer

migration of keratinocytes from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum takes about ________

2 weeks

the dead, keratinized cells usually remain in the exposed corneum layer for an additional ______

2 weeks

how many layers of kerantinocytes comprise the stratum granulosum

3-5

ceruminous glands are modified sweat glands located only in the

External acoustic meatus

-bright red color when oxygenated -seen most easily in fair skin -more visible if blood vessels dilate

hemoglobin

sabaceous glands are classified as __________ glands that discharge an oily, waxy secretion called _________

holocrine gland sebum

largest organ, contains all 4 tissue types, protects internal structures

integument

Why are drugs often injected into the subcutaneous layer?

its extensive vascular network promotes rapid absorption

skin cell types (4)

kerantinocytes melanocytes merkel cells dendritic cells

-protein that strengthens epidermis -makes skin almost waterproof

keratin

-most abundant cells in epidermis -found in all layers -divide to generate new cells -old cells shed at surface

keratinocytes

melanin is transferred to..

keratinocytes

mammary glands only become functional in which of the following conditions

lactating females pregnant females