Psych 100 Exam 2 (PSU Crosby)
trichromatic theory
3 types of cones. When we see various colors, it depends on which cones are firing, and how fast they're firing
opponent process theory
4 primary colors arranged in pairs. If one is firing, the other is inhibited
Adaptive theory
Animals and humans evolve sleep patterns to avoid predators
Punishment
Any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again
Reinforcement
Any event that increases the probability that a particular response will occur.
Sleep terrors
Attacks of extreme fear that the victim has while sound asleep. (Non-REM)
Nightmares
Bad dreams arousing feelings of horror, helplessness, extreme sorrow, etc. (occurs during REM sleep)
Tritanopia
Blue/yellow color deficiency. No functioning blue cones
visual accommodation
Change in thickness of the lens as the eye focuses on things
Cones
Colors, bright vision
Retina
Contains photoreceptor cells. Last stop for light in the eye. 3 layers
Monocular cues
Cues for perceiving depth based on one eye
Non-REM sleep
Deep, restful sleep. 3 steps of non-REM sleep
conditioned taste aversion
Development of a nausea or averse response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association
Extinction
Disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the absence of the UCS
top down processing
Drawing from past experiences.
REM sleep
Eyes move under eyelids, increase in body functions, 90% of dreaming, REM paralysis
ratio schedule
Focus on number of responses
interval schedule
Focus on time
Pain
Gate control theory: pain must pass through a gate located in the spinal cord
Rods
Greys, blacks, whites, dim vision
Stage 3
Growth hormones released, hard to wake up
Insomnia
Inability to fall asleep, stay asleep, or get good quality sleep
unconditioned response
Involuntary response to an unconditioned response. Ex: salvation
classical conditioning
Learning to make an involuntary (reflex) response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex
Stage 1
Light sleep, hypnic jerk, hypnagogic images
absolute threshold
Lowest level of energy that a person can reliably detect (50% is reliable)
REM behavior disorder
Mechanism that typically blocks the movement of voluntary muscles fails, allowing the person to thrash around and get up and act out nightmares
Perception
Method by which the sensations experienced at any given moment are interpreted and organized in some meaningful fashion
bottom up processing
Most closely related to sensation.
Iris
Muscle that controls the size of the pupil (colored part)
unconditioned stimulus
Naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response (not learned) Ex: food
Sleepwalking
Occurs during deep sleep (stage 3). Moving around or walking in ones sleep
Monochrome color blindness
People who have no cones, or no functioning cones
Growth
People who sleep less have a higher chance of being obese or overweight
Illusions
Perceptions that don't correspond to reality
sleep apnea
Person stops breathing for short periods of sleep
Sensation
Process that occurs when special receptors in the sense organs are activated, allowing outside stimuli to become neutral signals in the brain
Dreams
Provide access to the unconscious. Include manifest and latent content
memory consolidation
REM sleep helps us to sort out what is important, and what needs to be kept as memories
Protanopia
Red/green color deficiency. No functioning red cones
primary reinforcer
Reinforcer meeting a basic biological need or drive (food, water, etc.)
secondary reinforcer
Reinforcing via pairing with a primary reinforcer
negative reinforcement
Removal of aversive stimulus (taking away chores as a reward)
negative punishment
Removal of pleasurable stimulus (taking car away)
Partial Reinforcement
Response is reinforced after some, but not all correct responses
Convergence
Rotation of the eyes to focus on a single object
Afterimages
Sensations that linger after the stimulus is removed.
altered state of consciousness
Shift in quality or pattern of mental activity (increases or decreases)
Creative thinking/problem solving
Sleep helps create solutions to problems
restorative theory
Sleep is necessary to the physical health of the body
conditioned stimulus
Stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus. Ex: Bell after conditioning
B.F. Skinner
Studied observable, measurable behavior (reinforcement)
Insight Learning
Sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly
Step 2
Temperature, breathing, and heart rate decrease, sleep spindles
biological preparedness
Tendency of animals to learn certain associates with only one or a few pairings due to the survival value of learning
learned helplessness
Tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past
size constancy
Tendency to interpret an object an object as being the same size regardless of how close, or how far you are from it
shape constancy
Tendency to interpret the shape of an object as constant, even as what we see changes
color constancy
Tendency to perceive the apparent color of an object the same, even when light conditions change
Perceptual expectancy
Tendency to perceive things a certain way because previous experiences or expectations influence those perceptions
Manifest content
The actual content of the dream
Latent content
The hidden meaning of the dream
operant conditioning
The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant
spontaneous recovery
The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred
vestibular senses
The sensations of movement, balance, and body position
just noticeable difference
The smallest difference between 2 different things that is detectable 50% of the time
Continuity
The tendency to perceive things as simply as possible with a continuous pattern rather than a complex, broken up pattern
Contiguity
The tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related
Stimulus discrimination
The tendency to stop making a generalized response, because the similar stimulus is never paired with the UCS
Pupil
Where light enters the interior of the eye
circadian rhythm
a cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over a 24-hour period
positive reinforcement
addition of pleasurable stimuli (money for good grades)
Lens
changes shape to bring objects into focus
binocular cues
cues for perceiving depth based on both eyes
Conditioned response
learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus. Ex: dogs salivating to bell
latent learning
learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful
Narcolepsy
person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning
Shaping
reinforcement of simple steps, leading to a desired, more complex behavior
continuous reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
kinesthetic sense
sense of the location of body parts in relation to the ground and each other
stimulus generalization
tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus
depth perception
the ability to perceive the world in three dimensions
Closure
the tendency to complete figures that are incomplete
proximity
the tendency to perceive objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping
figure-ground
the tendency to perceive objects, or figures, as existing on a background
Similarity
the tendency to perceive things that look similar as being part of the same group
Consciousness
A person's awareness of everything that is going around him or her at any given time. - Used to organize behavior
Learning
A relatively permanent change in behavior (or thought) brought about by experience or practice
positive punishment
Addition of something unpleasant (soap in mouth)
