AP2 Ch 18
Calculate the cardiac output if heart rate (HR) is 90 beats per minute, stroke volume (SV) is 110 ml/beat, end diastolic volume (EDV) is 140 ml, and end systolic volume (ESV) is 30 ml. A) 9.9 L/min B) 14.0 L/min C) 20.0 L/min D) 34.0 L/min
A) 9.9 L/min
Which of the following functions as the electrical connection between the atria and ventricles? A) AV bundle B) SA node C) AV node D) Purkinje fibers
A) AV bundle
___________ Delay(s) occurs here while atria contract A) AV node B) AV bundle C) SA node
A) AV node
Identify the correct sequence for blood flow through the heart. A) right atrium, coronary sinus, right ventricle, pulmonary valve B) right ventricle, through pulmonary valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries C) pulmonary arteries, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle D) left ventricle, trabeculae carneae, aortic valve, aorta
B) right ventricle, through pulmonary valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries
The volume of blood pumped out from one ventricle with each beat is called __________. A) end systolic volume (ESV) B) stroke volume C) heart rate D) cardiac output
B) stroke volume
_____________: the volume of blood per heart beat pumped out by one ventricle A) cardiac output B) stroke volume C) beginning diastolic volume
B) stroke volume
____________ pericardium is the outermost layer; dense fibrous tissue that extends to sternum and diaphragm A) dense B) fibrous C) thin
B) fibrous
____________: the number of heart beats per minute A) heart rhythm B) heart rate C) cardiac output
B) heart rate
During a 100-meter race, which of the following two mechanisms increase cardiac output? A) increased heart rate and increased afterload B) increased sympathetic activity and increased preload C) increased parasympathetic activity and increased contractility D) increased contractility and decreased heart rate
B) increased sympathetic activity and increased preload
______ ______ pumps blood into systemic circuit A) right ventricle B) left ventricle
B) left ventricle
The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the A) brain. B) lungs. C) liver. D) heart. E) intestines.
B) lungs.
________ ______ pumps blood into pulmonary circuit A) left ventricle B) right ventricle
B) right ventricle
Which of the following is greater during left ventricular systole? A) the peak pressure in the aorta B) the peak pressure in the ventricle C) Neither is greater.
B) the peak pressure in the ventricle
An equivalent term for epicardium is A) endocardium. B) visceral pericardium. C) myocardium. D) parietal pericardium. E) None of the answers is correct.
B) visceral pericardium.
You are jogging to class. Your heart rate is 150 beats per minute. Your heart's stroke volume is 90 milliliters per beat. What is your cardiac output? A) 2.5 L/min B) 6.0 L/min C) 13.5 L/min D) 15.0 L/min
C) 13.5 L/min (HR x SV/1000=CO)
Compute Joe's stroke volume if his end-systolic volume (ESV) is 40 mL and his end-diastolic volume (EDV) is 125 mL. A) 500 mL B) 5000 mL C) 85 mL D) 45 mL E) 165 mL
C) 85 mL (SV=EDV-ESV) 125-40 = 85sv
____________ are Electrical link(s) between atria and ventricles A) SA node B) AV node C) AV bundle
C) AV bundle
Which of these structures conduct(s) action potentials the slowest? A) AV bundle B) Bundle branches C) AV node D) Purkinje fibers
C) AV node
Which part of the intrinsic conduction system delays the impulse briefly before it moves on to the ventricles? A) bundle branches B) AV bundle (bundle of His) C) AV node D) SA node E) Purkinje fibers
C) AV node
________ _______ receives blood from pulmonary circuit A) left atrium B) right atrium
left atrium
Pericardium is the outer fibrous pericardium (dense fibrous tissue) and 2-layered serous pericardium (mesothelium and underlying areolar tissue) [true/false]
true
cardiac muscle cells have a single, centrally located nuclei (true/false)
true
Compare arteriosclerosis with atherosclerosis. A) Arteriosclerosis is any thickening and toughening of arterial walls; atherosclerosis is a type of arteriosclerosis characterized by changes in the endothelial lining and the formation of fatty deposits (plaque) in the tunica media. B) Arteriosclerosis is a partial blockage of coronary circulation usually caused by atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is characterized by changes in the endothelial lining and the formation of fatty deposits (plaque) in the tunica media. C) Arteriosclerosis is a type of atherosclerosis characterized by changes in the endothelial lining and the formation of fatty deposits (plaque) in the tunica media. Atherosclerosis is any thickening and toughening of arterial walls. D) Arteriosclerosis is a plaque that narrows the passageways in coronary arteries and reduces blood flow. Atherosclerosis is a blood clot that narrows the passageways in coronary arteries and reduces blood flow. E) Arteriosclerosis is a blood clot that narrows the passageways in coronary arteries and reduces blood flow. Atherosclerosis is a plaque that narrows the passageways in coronary arteries and reduces blood flow.
A) Arteriosclerosis is any thickening and toughening of arterial walls; atherosclerosis is a type of arteriosclerosis characterized by changes in the endothelial lining and the formation of fatty deposits (plaque) in the tunica media.
Which of the following statements most accurately defines what is happening during the second phase of ventricular systole of the cardiac cycle? A) Blood is being ejected from the ventricles through open semilunar valves. B) Pressure in the ventricles is rising but not enough to open the semilunar valves. C) Due to the pressure generated by the contracting ventricles, the second sound of the heart can be heard. D) All four valves of the heart are closed.
A) Blood is being ejected from the ventricles through open semilunar valves.
Jane gets up from the couch and walks again toward the bathroom, increasing her heart rate from 75 beats per minute to 104 beats per minute. What command would you give the sympathetic division in order to increase Jane's heart rate to 104 beats per minute? A) Increase B) Decrease C) Make no change as it is not possible alone
A) Increase
You are sitting on a couch. Since you are at rest, your heart rate is 75 beats per minute, your heart's stroke volume is 70 milliliters per heart beat, and your cardiac output is 5.25 liters per minute. Suddenly, a satellite crashes on the roof. Your heart rate increases to 110 beats per minute. This will cause your cardiac output to: A) Increase B) Decrease C) Stay the same
A) Increase
______________ Set(s) the pace for the entire heart A) SA node B) AV node C) bundle branches
A) SA node
How does the presence of pacemaker cells affect the electrical activity of the cardiac contractile cells? A) The pacemaker cells are able to stimulate action potentials in the cardiac contractile cells. B) The pacemaker cells increase the frequency of normally occurring action potentials in the cardiac contractile cells. C) The activity of the pacemaker cells cancels out the action potentials of the cardiac contractile cells.
A) The pacemaker cells are able to stimulate action potentials in the cardiac contractile cells.
How would properly functioning valves prevent varicose veins? A) Valves prevent backward flow of blood B) Valves contain cardiac muscle tissue to push blood against gravity C) Valves have fenestrations that allow excess blood fluids to escape the vessel D) Valves communicate with the sympathetic nervous system to restrict blood flow in damaged veins
A) Valves prevent backward flow of blood
Veins are more prone to inappropriate stretching and twisting than arteries, because A) Veins have thinner walls than arteries B) Veins generally operate under much higher pressure than arteries C) Unlike arteries, the walls of veins have elastic membranes D) Veins lack a tunica externa
A) Veins have thinner walls than arteries
___________ is the groove marking boundaries between the two ventricles A) anterior interventricular sulcus B) gap junction C) cerebral sulcus
A) anterior interventricular sulcus
Which valve(s) close(s) during ventricular contraction? A) both AV valves B) only the mitral valve C) both semilunar valves D) only the aortic valve
A) both AV valves
A slower-than-normal heart rate is called A) bradycardia. B) premature contractions. C) fibrillation. D) tachycardia. E) None of the answers is correct.
A) bradycardia.
The first heart sound ("lubb") is associated with A) closing of the mitral valve. B) opening of the mitral valve. C) opening of the aortic valve. D) closing of the aortic valve. E) closing of the pulmonary valve.
A) closing of the mitral valve.
____________: the volume of blood in one ventricle before contraction A) end diastolic volume B) beginning diastolic volume C) cardiac output
A) end diastolic volume
The atrioventricular valves permit blood flow A) in one direction only. B) in both directions. C) in opposite directions on the right and left. D) in many directions. E) None of the answers is correct.
A) in one direction only.
Which of the following would decrease heart rate? A) increased parasympathetic stimulation of nodal fibers. B) decreased parasympathetic stimulation of nodal fibers C) increased levels of norepinephrine and/or epinephrine D) increased sympathetic stimulation of SA node E) faster depolarization of the pacemaker potential
A) increased parasympathetic stimulation of nodal fibers.
Which heart chamber receives blood from the lungs? A) left atrium B) left ventricle C) right ventricle D) right atrium
A) left atrium
_____________ is the middle layer of the heart. It has concentric layers of cardiac muscle and supporting blood vessels and nerves. It is the wall of the heart. A) myocardium B) pericardium C) endocardium
A) myocardium
What does the ECG wave tracing represent? A) contraction of the heart B) electrical activity in the heart
B) electrical activity in the heart
_____________: the volume of blood in one ventricle after contraction A) cardiac output B) end systolic volume C) end diastolic volume
B) end systolic volume
____________ is the innermost layer of the heart where simple squamous epithelial and areolar tissue are present. It is the shiny surface on the inside of the heart A) epicardium B) endocardium C) pericardium
B) endocardium
As part of a blood drive on campus for the American Red Cross, you and your friends have just donated 500 ml of blood. You are now relaxing at the student lounge, waiting for A&P lab to begin. Unfortunately, even though you are thirsty, you haven't bothered to buy yourself a drink. Other than a little soreness of the skin and tissue around your median cubital vein, you feel fine. How has your 500 ml decrease in blood volume most likely affected your cardiac output, heart rate, and stroke volume? A) no change in cardiac output, increased heart rate, decreased stroke volume B) decrease in cardiac output, decreased heart rate, decreased stroke volume C) increase in cardiac output, increased heart rate, increased stroke volume D) no change in cardiac output, decreased heart rate, increased stroke volume
A) no change in cardiac output, increased heart rate, decreased stroke volume
__________ cavity is the space between serous layers and contain fluid secreted from serous membrane A) pericardial B) endocardial D) epicardial
A) pericardial
___________ receives blood from systemic circuit A) right atrium B) left atrium
A) right atrium
__________ pericardium (2 layers); outer parietal layer lines fibrous pericardium; inner layer covers surface of the heart A) serous B) fibinogen C) endothelial
A) serous
Blood flowing into the heart from the venae cavae flows next through the ________ valve. A) tricuspid B) aortic semilunar C) pulmonary semilunar D) bicuspid E) mitral
A) tricuspid
A patient is given a drug that decreases stroke volume, but does not affect heart rate. If the patient's cardiac output is initially 6.75 liters per minute, how will the drug affect cardiac output? The drug will cause the patient's cardiac output to: A) Increase B) Decrease C) Stay the same
B) Decrease
Jane, whose resting heart rate is 75 beats per minute, suddenly walks toward the bathroom. As her autonomic nervous system, you need to tell her heart to pump more blood! What command would you give the parasympathetic division in order to increase heart rate to 104 beats per minute? A) Increase B) Decrease C) Make no change as it is not possible alone
B) Decrease
Given the description of Tran's varicose veins, what is the name of one of the affected vessels in his legs? A) Femoral Artery B) Great Saphenous Vein C) Common Iliac Vein D) Femoral Vein
B) Great Saphenous Vein
The portion of the tracing of an electrocardiogram, ECG, that represents ventricular depolarization is the __________. A) P-R segment B) QRS complex C) P wave D) T wave E) Q wave
B) QRS complex
Which part of the conduction system initiates the depolarizing impulse, which spreads throughout the heart? A) AV node B) SA node C) Purkinje fibers D) AV bundle (bundle of His)
B) SA node
Which part of the intrinsic conduction system initiates the depolarizing impulse and normally sets the pace for the entire heart? A) AV bundle B) SA node C) Purkinje fibers
B) SA node
_____________: the volume of blood per minute pumped out by one ventricle A) stress number B) cardiac output C) end diastolic volume
B) cardiac output
______________ is visible on the posterior surface of the heart and it returns blood from myocardium to right atrium A) visceral sinus B) coronary sinus D) nasal sinus
B) coronary sinus
__________________ is the grove separating atria and ventricles A) gap junction B) coronary sulcus C) tight junction
B) coronary sulcus
intercalated discs are attached by __________ and ____________ from cell to cell A) fibers; gap junctions B) desmosomes; gap junctions C) desmosomes; fibers
B) desmosomes; gap junctions
Which event does NOT happen during ventricular diastole? A) Blood is pushed into the ventricles by the contracting atria. B) Blood flows from the atria into the ventricles. C) Atrioventricular valves close because of the contracting ventricles. D) The second sound of the heart is heard.
C) Atrioventricular valves close because of the contracting ventricles.
Contraction of the atria is triggered by electrical activity that is recorded on the ECG tracing as the __________. A) T wave B) QRS complex C) P wave D) A wave
C) P wave
Contraction of the atria results from which wave of depolarization on the ECG tracing? A) QRS complex B) T wave C) P wave
C) P wave
In an ECG recording, which of the following coincides with ventricular repolarization? A) P-R interval B) QRS complex C) T wave D) P wave
C) T wave
Why is the left ventricle more muscular than the right ventricle? A) The left ventricle supplies blood to the brain and vital organs so it must be more reliable than the right ventricle which supplies blood to the limbs. B) The left ventricle pumps a higher volume of blood to the systemic circuit than the volume of blood the right ventricle pumps to the pulmonary circuit. C) The left ventricle must generate enough force to propel blood through the systemic circuit, whereas the right ventricle must generate only enough force to propel blood the short distance from the heart to the lungs in the pulmonary circuit. D) The left ventricle began forming earlier in development so it grew larger than the right ventricle. E) The left ventricle is supplied with more coronary vasculature so it hypertrophies over time, whereas the right ventricle receives less blood so it atrophies over time.
C) The left ventricle must generate enough force to propel blood through the systemic circuit, whereas the right ventricle must generate only enough force to propel blood the short distance from the heart to the lungs in the pulmonary circuit.
Which pathology is described as a thickening and toughening of arterial walls? A) thrombosis B) atherosclerosis C) arteriosclerosis D) embolism
C) arteriosclerosis
an _______ is an expandable pouch and is an extension of the atrium A) ridge B) semilunar valve C) auricle
C) auricle
________ _______ Convey(s) the impulse down the interventricular septum A) AV node B) purkinje fibers C) bundle branches
C) bundle branches
Increased parasympathetic stimulation has what effect on heart rate (HR)? A) no change in HR B) increased HR C) decreased HR
C) decreased HR
__________ is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium A) endocardium B) pericardium epithelial C) epicardium
C) epicardium
Gap junctions in intercalated discs allow potentials to spread cell to cell and allows interconnected cells to function together as a single unit and is called a ____________ A) functioning group B) cell link C) functional syncytium
C) functional syncytium
________ are branching interconnections between cells in cardiac muscle. Also is an electrical path between cells A) fibers B) electrons C) intercalated discs
C) intercalated discs
_________ _________ are Link(s) between the SA node and AV node A) purkinje fibers B) AV bundle C) internodal pathways
C) internodal pathways
_____________________ fibrous remnant of fetal connection between aorta and pulmonary trunk A) auricle B) ventricle C) ligamentum arteriosum
C) ligamentum arteriosum
____________ is the space or region in thorax between the lungs A) abdominopelvic B) thoracic C) mediastinum
C) mediastinum
The muscle layer of the heart is the A) epicardium. B) visceral pericardium. C) myocardium. D) endocardium. E) parietal pericardium.
C) myocardium.
storage points in the heart that store oxygen is called _________ A) heme B) iron C) myoglobin
C) myoglobin
The specialized cardiac cells of the SA node are most precisely known as __________. A) intrinsic cells B) atrial cells C) pacemaker cells D) contractile cells
C) pacemaker cells
_____________ is the sac-like structure wrapped around the heart (outermost part of the heart) A) endocardium B) myocardium C) pericardium
C) pericardium
As blood leaves the right ventricle, it passes through the ________ and then into the pulmonary trunk. A) pulmonary veins B) inferior vena cava C) pulmonary valve D) superior vena cava E) aorta
C) pulmonary valve
____________ Convey(s) the impulse throughout the ventricular walls A) AV bundle B) SA node C) purkinje fibers
C) purkinje fibers
Analyzing of the electrocardiogram can reveal all of the following except the A) potential. B) heart rate. C) stroke volume. D) effects of drugs and poisons. E) condition of the conducting system.
C) stroke volume.
_______________: the volume of blood per minute flowing into one atrium A) vena cava B) cardiac output C) venous return
C) venous return
What does the QRS complex represent in the ECG wave tracing? A) ventricular repolarization B) atrial depolarization C) ventricular depolarization D) atrial repolarization
C) ventricular depolarization
Which of the following characteristics of the intrinsic conduction system best explains why atrial contraction finishes before ventricular contraction begins? A) Pacemaker cells are autorhythmic. B) Purkinje fibers have the slowest rate of spontaneous depolarization. C) The SA node initiates electrical impulses. D) Action potentials are delayed at the AV node.
D) Action potentials are delayed at the AV node.
Define autorhythmicity. A) Autorhythmicity is the ability of the heart to relax after each contraction. B) Autorhythmicity is the ability of the heart to contract with hormonal stimulation. C) Autorhythmicity is the ability of the heart to contract with neural stimulation. D) Autorhythmicity is the ability of the heart to contract without neural or hormonal stimulation. E) Autorhythmicity is the ability of the heart to respond to sympathetic stimulation.
D) Autorhythmicity is the ability of the heart to contract without neural or hormonal stimulation.
Which of the following statements is correct concerning the cardiac cycle? A) The event of the cardiac cycle that completes ventricular filling is ventricular systole. B) The backflow of blood towards the ventricles causes the semilunar valves to open. C) The first event of ventricular systole is ventricular ejection. D) In late ventricular diastole, all chambers are relaxed and filling to about seventy percent of their capacity. E) At the beginning of the cardiac cycle, the atria are relaxed and the ventricles are contracting.
D) In late ventricular diastole, all chambers are relaxed and filling to about seventy percent of their capacity.
Which ECG event demonstrates the depolarization of the atria? A) T wave B) QRS complex C) Q wave D) P wave
D) P wave
Depolarization of the ventricles is represented on an electrocardiogram by the A) T wave. B) PR complex. C) P wave. D) QRS complex. E) S wave.
D) QRS complex.
Which part of the intrinsic conduction system normally initiates the depolarizing impulse that causes a heartbeat? A) AV node B) AV bundle C) Internodal pathway D) SA node
D) SA node
In the non-exercising heart, which event of the cardiac cycle lasts the longest? A) ventricular systole B) ventricular diastole C) atrial systole D) atrial diastole
D) atrial diastole
Most of the middle layer in the heart wall is composed of A) chondrocytes. B) epithelial cells. C) smooth muscle cells. D) cardiac muscle cells. E) fibrocytes.
D) cardiac muscle cells.
What do we call the amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minute? A) end systolic volume (ESV) B) stroke volume C) heart rate D) cardiac output
D) cardiac output
An increase in sympathetic stimulation of the heart would increase stroke volume by increasing __________. A) heart rate B) end systolic volume C) end diastolic volume D) contractility
D) contractility
Sympathetic stimulation of the heart primarily increases stroke volume by increasing __________. A) heart rate B) end systolic volume C) ventricular filling time D) contractility
D) contractility
Arteriosclerosis can lead to all of the following except A) hypertension. B) stroke. C) coronary artery disease. D) diabetes.
D) diabetes.
David suffers from a prolapsed mitral valve. This condition would cause A) increased effort by the right ventricle. B) regurgitation. C) increased effort by the left ventricle. D) increased effort by the left ventricle and regurgitation. E) increased effort by the right ventricle and regurgitation.
D) increased effort by the left ventricle and regurgitation.
By what mechanism would an increase in venous return increase stroke volume? A) increased heart rate B) increased afterload C) increased contractility D) increased preload
D) increased preload
The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a contraction is called the A) end-systolic volume. B) cardiac reserve. C) end-diastolic volume. D) stroke volume. E) cardiac output.
D) stroke volume.
The phase in the cardiac cycle when the mitral valve is closed and the aortic valve is open is the A) late diastolic filling phase. B) dicrotic phase. C) early diastolic filling phase. D) ventricular ejection of ventricular systole. E) atrial systole.
D) ventricular ejection of ventricular systole.
The first heart sound is heard when the A) AV valves open. B) semilunar valves close. C) blood enters the aorta. D) atria contract. E) AV valves close.
E) AV valves close.
The ________ valve prevents backward flow into the left atrium. A) pulmonic B) semicaval C) semilunar D) tricuspid E) bicuspid
E) bicuspid
The entire space between the pleural cavities containing only the heart, great vessels, thymus, trachea and esophagus is called the A) abdominopelvic cavity. B) anterior cavity. C) pericardial cavity. D) thoracic cavity. E) mediastinum.
E) mediastinum.
