Biostats Chapters 1-9

In PubMed, the search strategy can be narrowed by using strategies to gain more relevant results. Identify the strategy that does not narrow the search results.

Using the Clipboard to save relevant citations

Which of the following lists of products, besides food and drugs, must all be registered with the FDA prior to marketing?

Vaccines, blood products, biologics, and radiation-emitting products

A Systematic review (SR) and meta-analysis (MA) located in the Cochrane Library are considered the "gold standard" because:

a methodical process is used to locate evidence from published and unpublished sources and specific predetermined criteria for the selection of studies to include in the SR or MA.

A study performed in a laboratory to determine if the treatment is reasonably safe to allow human clinical trials is referred to as:

a pre-clinical trial.

Which of the following is an ethical principle included in the Belmont Report?

Beneficence

_____ is a style of research in which an individual is studied. His or her experiences are told to the researcher and/or investigated through documentation and archival material.

Biography

_________ is when patients and/or providers are not informed as to the allocation of which subjects are assigned either to treatment or control groups.

Blinding

_________ are types of clinical research that collect data at a single point in time.

Cross-sectional studies

Which of the following statements is true?

External validity allows findings to be generalized back to the population from which the sample was derived.

What variables interfere with the intended purpose of the investigation by introducing error to the study?

Extraneous variable and intervening variable

Scores on the chronic fatigue instrument were analyzed at baseline, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks using an ANOVA analysis. The score for 4 weeks was carried over to the 8 week time frame when participants did not return for the final measurement. This description is an example of what type of analysis?

Intention-to-treat

Identify the characteristic of research design relating to the degree to which the outcomes of the study can be contributed to the interventions.

Internal validity

Identify the condition of interest element of the following focused clinical question: "What intervention is most effective for treating overweight in a 45-year-old Hispanic male?"

Intervention

Which study design is used when both researchers and participants know to which group the subjects were assigned, meaning they know what treatment is being received by the subjects?

Open-label

A Likert scale is an example of which type of data?

Ordinal

Researchers evaluated the effect of heart rate management for patients with coronary artery disease. The primary outcome measures were quality of life and heart failure. What type of outcomes were these?

Outcomes that matter

_____ are results that patients and providers care about, such as the patient's ability to function, level of pain, or cost of care.

Outcomes that matter

_______________ are clinically relevant outcomes that provide direct measures of disease, including measures as quality of life or mortality.

Outcomes that matter

What procedure is implemented for assigning participants to intervention groups (placebo group, control group, experimental group) to ensure each group's characteristics are equal?

Randomization

After the practitioner determines the trustworthiness of evidence in the EBP process, what decision-making steps follow?

Proceed to inform the client what intervention needs to be completed, incorporate evidence with the practitioner's experience, and consider the clients' needs and preferences.

_________ are studies characterized by their forward orientation in time. They involve establishing a hypothesis or hypotheses, collection of data over a defined period of time, and then analysis of findings.

Prospective studies

What type of evidence is useful for answering PPAARE questions based on the situation of a practitioner understanding a client's experience and perceptions of a disease or condition?

Qualitative evidence

_____ is the theory, procedures and methodology by which data are summarized.

Statistics

_____ was a medication prescribed to pregnant women in the 1950s and 1960s as a treatment for morning sickness.

Thalidomide

In the following example of a search string, identify the results that will be derived from the Boolean operator ""not."" ""Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2"" AND exercise NOT (nutrition OR diet)

This search would exclude results that include the term ""nutrition"" as well as the term ""diet"" in the title or keywords.

Qualitative researchers engage in reflexivity to raise their awareness of personal perspectives and viewpoints that might influence data collection and analysis. This procedure is important to establish:

objectivity.

Incidence of three types of cardiovascular events (including nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, and death) was used in the ACCORD trial as the primary measures of effectiveness. These measures are examples of:

outcomes that matter.

In the late 1950s, the drug thalidomide was commonly prescribed to treat morning sickness and insomnia among pregnant women. The drug was later found to cause:

phocomelia

A ______ inactive substance or treatment that looks the same as, and is given in the same way as, and active drug or intervention/treatment being studied.

placebo

The highest level of evidence on the positivistic evidence pyramid is found in:

point-of-care resources.

The P=Problem in the PPAARE question related to a public or community health situation focuses on the:

population's prevalence or incidence of diseases or conditions.

Original research publications written by the authors who conducted the research are referred to as:

primary literature

A meta-synthesis is used to combine results of multiple:

qualitative studies on one phenomenon to create a higher level interpretation of the phenomenon.

Clinical practice guidelines are trustworthy when the guidelines are:

rated on the quality of evidence used to create the guideline and rated on the strength of the recommendation.

A power analysis is calculated to:

ensure the sample size was large enough to detect differences in the treatment and comparison group after data collection.

A __________ is formulated around a clinical information need, including three major elements: (1) a specific condition or outcome; (2) patient demographics; and (3) patient risk factors.

focused clinical question

The advantage of using Clinical Queries in PubMed for evidence-based practice is that it retrieves the:

highest levels of evidence.

The data for a study on blood pressure are collected by four health care practitioners. The researchers established consistent data collection methods among the four nurses related to:

inter-rater availibility

In diabetes, concentrations of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) are used as a marker for outcomes such as blindness or amputation. Other markers, such as blood pressure, lipids, albumin excretion rates, and C reactive protein have been used to predict outcomes of cardiovascular disease and to guide clinical practice in people with or without diabetes. HbA1c, blood pressure, lipids, albumin excretion rates, and C reactive protein are examples of:

surrogate outcomes.

A _________ is a type of research in which all previous studies on a specified question are brought together and analyzed collectively.

systematic review or meta-analysis

Formulating a PPAARE question before searching for evidence helps the practitioner identify the:

word or phrases and synonyms to use in the search for evidence.

Consider a patient who has Type II diabetes. Which of the following is an example of a surrogate outcome for this patient?

HbA1c (hemoglobin A1c) blood test

Which of the following is a key element of EBP?

Collaborative patient- or population-centered decisions

What is used to display the frequencies or proportions of observations in a categorical scale data set?

Bar graph

Using a research design with a control group helps control for the effects of the:

All of these are correct.

Which statement of the following types of data are true?

All three are quantitive data

In a study on insomnia, the researchers focused on patients' quality of life using a validated instrument. What type of outcome was this?

An outcome that matters

A ______ displays the progress of research participants through the study, beginning with recruitment and ending with the last data element collected from them in a positivistic study.

CONSORT diagram

In PubMed, what do you use to locate the highest level of positivistic evidence?

Change Article type to Guideline

In the following abstract, identify the primary outcome measure reported. What is the data scale for the primary outcome measure?Abstract BACKGROUND: Low-carbohydrate diets are popular for weight loss, but their cardiovascular effects have not been well-studied, particularly in diverse populations. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of a low-carbohydrate diet compared with a low-fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors .DESIGN: A randomized, parallel-group trial. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00609271) SETTING: A large academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS: 148 men and women without clinical cardiovascular disease and diabetes. INTERVENTION: A low-carbohydrate (<40 g/d) or low-fat (<30% of daily energy intake from total fat [<7% saturated fat]) diet. Both groups received dietary counseling at regular intervals throughout the trial. MEASUREMENTS: Data on weight (kg), cardiovascular risk factors, and dietary composition were collected at 0, 3, 6, and 12 months, with mean difference in change in weight being the primary outcome of interest. RESULTS: Sixty participants (82%) in the low-fat group and 59 (79%) in the low-carbohydrate group completed the intervention. At 12 months, participants on the low-carbohydrate diet had greater decreases in weight (mean difference in change, -3.5 kg [95% CI, -5.6 to -1.4 kg]; P = 0.002), fat mass (mean difference in change, -1.5% [CI, -2.6% to -0.4%]; P = 0.011), ratio of total-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (mean difference in change, -0.44 [CI, -0.71 to -0.16]; P = 0.002), and triglyceride level (mean difference in change, -0.16 mmol/L [-14.1 mg/dL] [CI, -0.31 to -0.01 mmol/L {-27.4 to -0.8 mg/dL}]; P = 0.038) and greater increases in HDL cholesterol level (mean difference in change, 0.18 mmol/L [7.0 mg/dL] [CI, 0.08 to 0.28 mmol/L {3.0 to 11.0 mg/dL}]; P < 0.001) than those on the low-fat diet. LIMITATION: Lack of clinical cardiovascular disease end points. CONCLUSION: The low-carbohydrate diet was more effective for weight loss and cardiovascular risk factor reduction than the low-fat diet. Restricting carbohydrate may be an option for persons seeking to lose weight and reduce cardiovascular risk factors.

Continuous

______ data have the following characteristics: data are ordered, the distance between each unit is equal, a definable zero point, values can be added, subtracted, or or divided and can take on any value within their intervals.

Continuous

_____ is when researchers base the sampling frame on individuals to whom they have easy access.

Convenience sampling

__________ involves selecting subjects at random from a population, separating subjects randomly into experimental and control groups, then measuring differences between them or associations between predictor and response variables while also controlling for one or more variables.

Experimental research

_____ is a style of research in which the objective is interpretation and description of a cultural or social group or system. The researcher examines the group's observable and learned patterns of behavior, customs, and ways of life. This style of research requires prolonged observation of the group.

Ethnography

What is the process of combining the best available research evidence with your knowledge and skill to make collaborative, patient- or population-centered decisions within the context of a given healthcare situation?

Evidence-based practice

A predatory online journal exhibits which characteristic?

Follows substandard peer review guidelines for publishing research reports

_________ is the concept of drawing an inference from a sample of subjects that holds true for the population represented by the sample.

Generalizability

_____ is a style of research in which researchers investigate an abstract problem and its processes. The objective of this style of research is to generate an inductive theory about a substantive area.

Grounded theory

Researchers conducting quantitative and qualitative studies need to carefully establish the characteristics of the participants they want to study. Patients must meet these characteristics; otherwise, they are not eligible to participate. This description defines what concept?

Inclusion criteria

______ make predictions about a population based on the data drawn from a sample.

Inferential statistics

A study was conducted by a pharmaceutical company to determine the safety of a medication as well as side effects and the appropriate dosage of the medication. The study was conducted in a controlled environment with a small number (n = 60) of healthy volunteers. Select the correct statement regarding this study.

It was a Phase I trial.

In the following abstract, identify the primary outcome measure. Which of the following statements is true regarding the primary outcome measure? Abstract BACKGROUND: Low-carbohydrate diets are popular for weight loss, but their cardiovascular effects have not been well-studied, particularly in diverse populations. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of a low-carbohydrate diet compared with a low-fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors. DESIGN: A randomized, parallel-group trial. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00609271). SETTING: A large academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS: 148 men and women without clinical cardiovascular disease and diabetes. INTERVENTION: A low-carbohydrate (<40 g/d) or low-fat (<30% of daily energy intake from total fat [<7% saturated fat]) diet. Both groups received dietary counseling at regular intervals throughout the trial. MEASUREMENTS: Data on weight (kg), cardiovascular risk factors, and dietary composition were collected at 0, 3, 6, and 12 months, with mean difference in change in total cholesterol being the primary outcome of interest.RESULTS: Sixty participants (82%) in the low-fat group and 59 (79%) in the low-carbohydrate group completed the intervention. At 12 months, participants on the low-carbohydrate diet had greater decreases in weight (mean difference in change, -3.5 kg [95% CI, -5.6 to -1.4 kg]; P = 0.002), fat mass (mean difference in change, -1.5% [CI, -2.6% to -0.4%]; P = 0.011), ratio of total-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (mean difference in change, -0.44 [CI, -0.71 to -0.16]; P = 0.002), and triglyceride level (mean difference in change, -0.16 mmol/L [-14.1 mg/dL] [CI, -0.31 to -0.01 mmol/L {-27.4 to -0.8 mg/dL}]; P = 0.038) and greater increases in HDL cholesterol level (mean difference in change, 0.18 mmol/L [7.0 mg/dL] [CI, 0.08 to 0.28 mmol/L {3.0 to 11.0 mg/dL}]; P < 0.001) than those on the low-fat diet. LIMITATION: Lack of clinical cardiovascular disease end points. CONCLUSION: The low-carbohydrate diet was more effective for weight loss and cardiovascular risk factor reduction than the low-fat diet. Restricting carbohydrate may be an option for persons seeking to lose weight and reduce cardiovascular risk factors.

It was a surrogate outcome.

In the following abstract, identify the primary outcome measure. Which of the following statements is true regarding the primary outcome measure? Abstract BACKGROUND: Low-carbohydrate diets are popular for weight loss, but their cardiovascular effects have not been well-studied, particularly in diverse populations. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of a low-carbohydrate diet compared with a low-fat diet on cardiovascular risk factors primarily (as represented by the ratio of total-high-density lipoprotein (\[HDL] cholesterol and triglycerides), and body weight secondarily. DESIGN: A randomized, parallel-group trial. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00609271).SETTING: A large academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS: 148 men and women without clinical cardiovascular disease and diabetes. INTERVENTION: A low-carbohydrate (<40 g/d) or low-fat (<30% of daily energy intake from total fat [<7% saturated fat]) diet. Both groups received dietary counseling at regular intervals throughout the trial. MEASUREMENTS: Data on weight (kg), cardiovascular risk factors, and dietary composition were collected at 0, 3, 6, and 12 months, with mean difference in change in total cholesterol being the primary outcome of interest. RESULTS: Sixty participants (82%) in the low-fat group and 59 (79%) in the low-carbohydrate group completed the intervention. At 12 months, participants on the low-carbohydrate diet had greater decreases in the ratio of total-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (mean difference in change, -0.44 [CI, -0.71 to -0.16]; P = 0.002), and triglyceride level (mean difference in change, -0.16 mmol/L [-14.1 mg/dL] [CI, -0.31 to -0.01 mmol/L {-27.4 to -0.8 mg/dL}]; P = 0.038) and greater increases in HDL cholesterol level (mean difference in change, 0.18 mmol/L [7.0 mg/dL] [CI, 0.08 to 0.28 mmol/L {3.0 to 11.0 mg/dL}]; P < 0.001); and greater decreases in weight (mean difference in change, -3.5 kg [95% CI, -5.6 to -1.4 kg]; P = 0.002), fat mass (mean difference in change, -1.5% [CI, -2.6% to -0.4%]; P = 0.011), than those on the low-fat diet. LIMITATION: Lack of clinical cardiovascular disease end points. CONCLUSION: The low-carbohydrate diet was more effective for weight loss and cardiovascular risk factor reduction than the low-fat diet. Restricting carbohydrate may be an option for persons seeking to lose weight and reduce cardiovascular risk factors.

It was a surrogate outcome.

_________ quantifies phenomena but does not involve the use of an intervention.

Observational research

_________ are defined as aspects of studies that reduce their generalizability.

Limitations

Identify the type of evidence that combines the statistical analyses of multiple independently conducted studies.

Meta-analysis

In which of a study's major sections do you find information about the research design?

Methods

What item tells us the most frequently occurring value in a distribution?

Mode

Researchers strive to remain unbiased, honest, and precise when making decisions regarding the planning, conducting, and reporting of a quantitative and qualitative study. The previous statement defines:

Objectivity

The external validity of a study is influenced by which extraneous variable?

Nonrandom section of the sample from the population

_______ is when researchers compare treatment groups that include only those patients who completed the treatment originally allocated.

Per-protocol analysis

Use the following abstract to answer the question below. Abstract BACKGROUND: This trial evaluated the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), safety, pharmacokinetics, and activity of volasertib, a selective Polo-like kinase 1 inhibitor that induces mitotic arrest and apoptosis, combined with cisplatin or carboplatin in patients with advanced/metastatic solid tumors. METHODS: Sequential patient cohorts (3 + 3 dose-escalation design) received a single infusion of volasertib (100-350 mg) with cisplatin (60-100 mg/m(2)) or carboplatin (area under the concentration versus time curve [AUC]4-AUC6) on day 1 every 3 weeks for up to six cycles. Sixty-one patients received volasertib/cisplatin (n = 30) or volasertib/carboplatin (n = 31) for a median of 3.5 (range, 1-6) and 2.0 (range, 1-6) treatment cycles, respectively.RESULTS: The most common cycle 1 dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) were thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, and fatigue. MTDs (based on cycle 1 DLTs) were determined to be volasertib 300 mg plus cisplatin 100 mg/m(2) and volasertib 300 mg plus carboplatin AUC6. Co-administration did not affect the pharmacokinetics of each drug. Partial responses were observed in two patients in each arm. Stable disease was achieved in 11 and 6 patients treated with volasertib/cisplatin and volasertib/carboplatin, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Volasertib plus cisplatin or carboplatin at full single-agent doses was generally manageable and demonstrated activity in heavily pretreated patients with advanced solid tumors.

Phase I

n which phase of clinical trials are post-marketing studies conducted?

Phase IV

According to the Belmont Report, __________ "incorporates at least two ethical convictions: first, that individuals should be treated as autonomous agents, and second, that persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection. The principle thus divides into two separate moral requirements: the requirement to acknowledge autonomy and the requirement to protect those with diminished autonomy." Which basic ethical principle is defined above?

Respect for persons

_____ is a practice of looking for the best available evidence subsequent to a clinical encounter.

Retrospective EBP

Qualatitive data are collected until the data from new participants are the same as the data from previously interviewed patients. This situation is known as:

Saturation

Identify the type of research conducted in this abstract. The aim of this study was to develop a valid evaluation instrument for assessing nurses as educators to improve clients' medication management. Focus groups of nurses explored desired nursing behaviors as educators in medication management. Using grounded theory, a list of behaviors was generated and categorized into themes. After the data analysis was completed, the researchers developed a questionnaire based on the list of behaviors from the focus groups. Participants rated the behaviors using Likert scale (0=not important to 7=extremely important) based on their importance to medication management and patient-centered communication.

Sequential mixed methods

__________ means using one outcome to reflect another.

Surrogate outcome

_____ are results that are based on the association of a physiologic or biologic measure with a known clinical end point, such as blood pressure, as a measure for heart disease.

Surrogate outcomes

What regulating body was created by the U.S. government in the 1970s in response to the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?

The Food and Drug Administration

Read the following abstract and select the statement that is true regarding where it belongs in the evidence pyramid. Abstract BACKGROUND: Low-carbohydrate diets are popular for weight loss, but their cardiovascular effects have not been well-studied, particularly in diverse populations. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of a low-carbohydrate diet compared with a low-fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors. DESIGN: A randomized, parallel-group trial. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00609271)SETTING: A large academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS: 148 men and women without clinical cardiovascular disease and diabetes. INTERVENTION: A low-carbohydrate (<40 g/d) or low-fat (<30% of daily energy intake from total fat [<7% saturated fat]) diet. Both groups received dietary counseling at regular intervals throughout the trial. MEASUREMENTS: Data on weight (kg), cardiovascular risk factors, and dietary composition were collected at 0, 3, 6, and 12 months, with mean difference in change in weight being the primary outcome of interest.RESULTS: Sixty participants (82%) in the low-fat group and 59 (79%) in the low-carbohydrate group completed the intervention. At 12 months, participants on the low-carbohydrate diet had greater decreases in weight (mean difference in change, -3.5 kg [95% CI, -5.6 to -1.4 kg]; P = 0.002), fat mass (mean difference in change, -1.5% [CI, -2.6% to -0.4%]; P = 0.011), ratio of total-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (mean difference in change, -0.44 [CI, -0.71 to -0.16]; P = 0.002), and triglyceride level (mean difference in change, -0.16 mmol/L [-14.1 mg/dL] [CI, -0.31 to -0.01 mmol/L {-27.4 to -0.8 mg/dL}]; P = 0.038) and greater increases in HDL cholesterol level (mean difference in change, 0.18 mmol/L [7.0 mg/dL] [CI, 0.08 to 0.28 mmol/L {3.0 to 11.0 mg/dL}]; P < 0.001) than those on the low-fat diet. LIMITATION: Lack of clinical cardiovascular disease end points. CONCLUSION: The low-carbohydrate diet was more effective for weight loss and cardiovascular risk factor reduction than the low-fat diet. Restricting carbohydrate may be an option for persons seeking to lose weight and reduce cardiovascular risk factors.

The study belongs in Level III of the evidence pyramid.

Read the following abstract and select the statement that is true regarding where it belongs in the evidence pyramid. Abstract OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of supplemental prenatal folic acid, folic acid-iron, folic acid-iron-zinc, and multiple micronutrients on maternal morbidity in rural Nepal. METHODS: A cluster-randomized double-masked controlled trial of pregnant women who received daily supplements from early pregnancy through 3 months postpartum as per the treatment allocation. Women were interviewed at birth about labor and delivery complications and for 9 days postpartum to obtain 24-hour histories of morbidity. RESULTS: A total of 3986 (97.3%) women completed an interview regarding labor and delivery; morbidity history was available for 3564 (87.0%) women. Folic acid-iron reduced the risk of postpartum hemorrhage (relative risk [RR] 0.59; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.35-0.98). Risk of dysfunctional labor increased with multiple micronutrient supplementation (RR 1.28; 95% CI, 1.01-1.60), although preterm premature rupture of membrane decreased (RR 0.40; 95% CI, 0.21-0.79). Puerperal sepsis was lower in those receiving folic acid-iron, folic acid-iron-zinc, and multiple micronutrients compared with controls (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Prenatal folic acid-iron supplementation reduced the risk of obstetric complications in this South Asian setting.

The study belongs in Level III of the evidence pyramid.

Read the following abstract and select the statement that is correct. Abstract: This critical ethnography explored the experiences of battered, immigrant, Spanish-speaking Latinas in the Midwest of the United States. It relied on Chicana and Mujerista frameworks for understanding help-seeking. Although there has been progress in documenting intimate partner violence in the United States, there is less knowledge concerning this issue with undocumented Latinas. The methodology implemented two stages: (a) observations and informal interviews and (b) formal interviews. The findings reveal multiple sides of ""el silencio."" Maintaining the silence, or breaking it, is surrounded by exchanges with the internal voice parallel to personal experiences with violence at different points in life. It is also affected by cultural expectations in home and host country.

The study is qualitative.

Read the following abstract and select the statement that is correct. Abstract BACKGROUND: Low-carbohydrate diets are popular for weight loss, but their cardiovascular effects have not been well-studied, particularly in diverse populations. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of a low-carbohydrate diet compared with a low-fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors .DESIGN: A randomized, parallel-group trial. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00609271) SETTING: A large academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS: 148 men and women without clinical cardiovascular disease and diabetes. INTERVENTION: A low-carbohydrate (<40 g/d) or low-fat (<30% of daily energy intake from total fat [<7% saturated fat]) diet. Both groups received dietary counseling at regular intervals throughout the trial. MEASUREMENTS: Data on weight (kg), cardiovascular risk factors, and dietary composition were collected at 0, 3, 6, and 12 months, with mean difference in change in weight being the primary outcome of interest. RESULTS: Sixty participants (82%) in the low-fat group and 59 (79%) in the low-carbohydrate group completed the intervention. At 12 months, participants on the low-carbohydrate diet had greater decreases in weight (mean difference in change, -3.5 kg [95% CI, -5.6 to -1.4 kg]; P = 0.002), fat mass (mean difference in change, -1.5% [CI, -2.6% to -0.4%]; P = 0.011), ratio of total-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (mean difference in change, -0.44 [CI, -0.71 to -0.16]; P = 0.002), and triglyceride level (mean difference in change, -0.16 mmol/L [-14.1 mg/dL] [CI, -0.31 to -0.01 mmol/L {-27.4 to -0.8 mg/dL}]; P = 0.038) and greater increases in HDL cholesterol level (mean difference in change, 0.18 mmol/L [7.0 mg/dL] [CI, 0.08 to 0.28 mmol/L {3.0 to 11.0 mg/dL}]; P < 0.001) than those on the low-fat diet. LIMITATION: Lack of clinical cardiovascular disease end points. CONCLUSION: The low-carbohydrate diet was more effective for weight loss and cardiovascular risk factor reduction than the low-fat diet. Restricting carbohydrate may be an option for persons seeking to lose weight and reduce cardiovascular risk factors.

The study represents the positivistic paradigm

Read the following abstract and select the statement that is correct. Abstract BACKGROUND: The effectiveness of helmets at preventing cycling fatalities, a leading cause of death among young adults worldwide, is controversial, and safety regulations for cycling vary by jurisdiction. We sought to determine whether nonuse of helmets is associated with an increased risk of fatal head injury. METHODS: We used a case-control design involving 129 fatalities using data from a coroner's review of cycling deaths in Ontario, Canada, between 2006 and 2010. We defined cases as cyclists who died as a result of head injuries; we defined controls as cyclists who died as a result of other injuries. The exposure variable was nonuse of a bicycle helmet. RESULTS: Not wearing a helmet while cycling was associated with an increased risk of dying as a result of sustaining a head injury (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3-7.3). We saw the same relationship when we excluded people younger than 18 years from the analysis (adjusted OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.4-8.5) and when we used a more stringent case definition (i.e., only a head injury with no other substantial injuries; adjusted OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.2-10.2). INTERPRETATION: Not wearing a helmet while cycling is associated with an increased risk of sustaining a fatal head injury. Policy changes and educational programs that increase the use of helmets while cycling may prevent deaths.

The study uses a quantitative approach.

Select the characteristic(s) that would be associated with a positivistic study. Select all that apply.

The style is experimental.

What is the name of the method used to avoid bias of knowing whether participants are assigned to the intervention or comparison group, when this information is withheld from the participants themselves, the researchers administering the intervention or placebo, and the researchers collecting the data?

Triple-blind

The advantage of using point-of-care resources is that the information is:

already synthesized from multiple forms of evidence and used chair-side or bedside during patient care.

In a data set with an even number of observations, the median is the:

average of the two observations at the center of the ordered observations.

When the researchers in a study are paid by the company that manufactures the drug being studied, it is important they report a potential:

conflict of interest.

By definition, a/an ___________ is a set of subjects in a trial that is used as the comparison for the treatment group.

control group

Open access evidence is important for healthcare professionals to be able to:

locate high level evidence at no cost. read full-text research reports on a 24/7 basis. share scientific information on a global basis. locate high level evidence at no cost and read full-text research reports on a 24/7 basis.

In the late 1950s, the drug ________ was commonly prescribed to treat morning sickness and insomnia among pregnant women. The drug was later found to cause phocomelia.

lysergic acid diethylamide

The trustworthiness of a research report is important to establish for:

making evidence-based decisions.

Once the qualitative data are analyzed, the analysis is verified by the participants to ensure the researcher correctly interpreted their experiences. This process is known as:

member checks.

The total number of subjects in a study is referred to as:

sample size

A traditional literature review that summarizes original research publications is an example of:

secondary literature.

EBP is defined as:

the process of combining the best available research evidence with your knowledge and skill to make collaborative, patient- or population-centered decisions within the context of a given healthcare situation.

Distilled collections of primary and secondary sources, such as text-books, dictionaries, or encyclopedias, are referred to as:

topical EBP

A qualitative research report provides rich detailed description of quotations from the participants to ensure the reader:

transfers the findings to his/her own context or personal situation.