Anthro exam 3

Communisim, 2 definitions

(small c): a social system in which property is owned by the community and in which people work for the common good (large C): a political movement and doctrine seeking to overthrow capitalism and establish a form of communism such as that which prevailed in

San bushmen

Indigenous people of southern africa

Which of the following statements about irrigation is not true?

Irrigation is one of the defining characteristics of foraging societies.

Agriculture

More labour than horticulture, uses land intensively and continuously, animals, and irrigation

Generalized reciprocity

No expectation of echange

Foragers: Fictive kinship

Not biologically related

Simple Agriculture Vs intensive agriculture

Not permanently cultivated Vs. Land used continuously

Foragers

Rely on nature to make a living

Band

Small kinbased groups, egalitarian, foragers

Which of the following does not occur in moving along the cultivating continuum? Population density increases, Societies become more egalitarian, Village size increases, Villages are located closer together, Land is used more intensively.

Societies become more egalitarian.

Social structure

Some people are wealthier than others

Why do slash-and-burn cultivators stop using a plot of land every two to three years?

They do not use fertilizer; thus, their crops exhaust the soil quickly.

Modernity

Time and situations with recent past (Federalism to capitalism movement) world

Postmodernity

Time and situations with today's world

What best characterizes the intervention philosophy of the British empire?

White mans burden

What are the means, or factors, of production?

a society's major productive resources, such as land and other natural resources, labor, technology, and capital

Foragers: Social distinctions

based on age

Wallersteins theory on world systems

countries within the modern world system occupy three positions: Core, Periphery and semiperiphery

Anthropologist Susan Kent notes a tendency to stereotype foragers, to treat them all as alike. They used to be stereotyped as isolated, primitive survivors of the Stone Age. Another, more recent, common stereotype of foragers sees them as

culturally deprived people forced by states, colonialism, or world events into marginalized environments.

Negative reciprocity

dealing with outside people

Who are indigenous peoples?

descendants of tribespeople who live on as culturally distinct, colonized peoples, many of whom aspire to autonomy

The status systems of chiefdoms and states are similar in that both are based on differential access to resources. Nevertheless, a key distinction is that

differential access in chiefdoms is still very much tied to kinship.

Which is not true of core nations? They export their raw materials to other countries, consist of the strongest and most powerful states, have advanced systems of production, have complex economies, represent the dominant structural position in the world system.

export their raw materials to other countries.

What created political organization?

food production

Periphery nations

have economies that disproportionately benefit capitalists in the core.

Semiperiphery

industrialized nations that fill an intermediate position between the core and the periphery

According to Pierre Bourdieu and Michel Foucault,

it is easier and more effective to dominate people in their minds than to try to control their bodies.

In an ethnographic field study of political systems in northern Mozambique, Nicholas Kottak found that avoiding shame can be an effective control against breaking social norms. This example of how shame can be a powerful social sanction

joins the work of many other anthropologists that cite the importance of informal processes of social control, including gossip and stigma.

Which of the following statements about British colonialism is not true? It lacked an intervention philosophy, can be divided into two stages, was legitimized by the racist notion of "white man's burden.", began to disintegrate after World War II, was partly driven by business interests.

lacked an intervention philosophy.

tribe

live in villages, horticulture, pastoralism, nonintensive.

What best typifies the intervention philosophy of the French empire?

mission civilisatrice

Which of the following is not characteristic of band-level societies? an egalitarian social structure, nuclear families, the sexual division of labor, permanent villages, mechanisms of social control

permanent villages

As illustrated by a comparison between the Basseri and Qashqai, two Iranian nomadic tribes, illustrates, as regulatory problems increase,

political hierarchies become more complex.

Big man

provides his followers with protection and economic assistance, in return receiving support which he uses to increase his status.

Which of the following kinds of societies is most likely to have stratum endogamy (marriage within one's own group) A band, state, chiefdom, society with segmentary lineage organization, tribe

state

Hegemony

subordinates comply by internalizing rulers values and accepting the "naturalness" of domination

Yehudi Cohen's adaptive strategies

suggest an association between the economies of societies and their social features.

As a stark reminder that no society truly is isolated, this chapter's "Appreciating Diversity" segment describes how various levels of political regulation—local, regional, national, and international—now determine how contemporary people such as the Venezuelan Yanomami live their lives. All of the following are examples of this except that

the Yanomamis' leaders have been expelled by their own communities because of accusations of sorcery.

Core periphery

the dominant position; nations with an advanced system of production

Unlike in industrial societies, where economic alienation is common, in nonindustrial societies,

the relations of production, distribution, and consumption are social relations with economic aspects.

Ecological anthropology

the study of the relationship between people and their adaptation to enviroments

periphery

the worlds least privileged and powerful nations

According to Weber, what are the three dimensions of social stratification?

wealth, power, and prestige

Which of the following is the most important factor in determining an individual's power and prestige in a state? Personality, Ancestry, Speaking ability, Anthropomorphism, Physical size

Ancestry

4 types of political organization

Band, tribe, chiefdom, state

How does a big man increase his status?

Big men do not keep the wealth they accumulate; instead, they redistribute it to create and maintain alliances with political supporters.

The labels First World, Second World, and Third World represent a common, if ethnocentric, way of categorizing nations. First World refers to the democratic West, which is traditionally conceived of as being in opposition to a Second World ruled by

Communism

Balanced reciprocity

Exchanges between people distantly related

State

Formal government structure

Chiefdom

Formation between tribe and state. Related by kinship, marriage, descent, age, generation and gender. Social structure. agriculture

Bourdieu and Foucault

Foucault's theory of disciplinary power and Bourdieu's theory of symbolic power

Kottak prefers the term sociopolitical organization to Morton Fried's term political organization in discussing the regulation or management of interrelations among groups and their representatives because

Fried's definition is much less applicable to nonstates, in which it is often difficult to detect any public policy.

three types of reciprocity

Generalized, balanced, and negative

Pastoralists

Herders that focus on domesticated animals

Horticulture

Do not use anything intensively, slash and burn cultivation

Which of the following is a characteristic of most foraging societies?

Egalitarianism

Which of the following did not result from Christopher Columbus's voyages? The rate of violence among Native Americans markedly increased, Europeans extracted silver and gold from the land, Europeans enslaved Native Americans, Europeans offered statehood to Peru, Mexico, and Cuba, Europeans colonized New World lands.

Europeans offered statehood to Peru, Mexico, and Cuba

Handsom lake religion

Lake has visions, revels them to people: created a religion that included Iroquois religion with white Christian values

Means of production

Land, Labour, Tech, Capital

Who viewed the nation-state as an instrument of oppression and religion as a method of diverting and controlling the masses?

Marx

How are nonindustrial economic systems embedded in society?

The economic system cannot easily be separated from other systems, such as kinship.

Which of the following economic principles is generally dominant in industrial society?

The market principle

Mode of production

The means of production plus the relations of production (Property, power, between people, and work, etc)

White mans burden

The supposed or presumed responsibility of white people to govern and impart their culture to nonwhite people