Raven Biology
t/f The mushroom is the complete fungus; the hyphae act as roots to anchor the mushroom into the soil.
f
Fossil evidence of eukaryotes dates back to
1.5 bya
What is a Hfr cell?
A cell that has incorporated the genes for a F pilus into its genome
How does a viroid differ from a virus?
A viroid is a infectious particle that consists of just a single closed strand of RNA
Lichens are -
Associations of fungi and photosynthetic organisms
Which of the following species of fungi is NOT associated with diseases in humans? Pneumocystis jiroveci Aspergillus flavus Candida albicans Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
Protease inhibitors are used in HAART. How do they prevent viral replication?
Blocking assembly of viral peptides
The proteobacteria Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacterplay a critical role in terrestrial ecosystems by converting atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into nitrite and nitrate. This process generates energy for the cell and makes nitrogen available for plants. This is an example of the type of metabolism called
Chemolithoautotrophism
Which is most likely the ancestor of animals? Trypanosomes Diplomonads Ciliates Choanoflagellates
Choanoflagellates
Which protist is the closest common ancestor to animals?
Choanoflagellida
How is chytrid sexual reproduction different from that of other fungal groups?
Chytrid spores are wind dispersed
Based on physical characteristics, the represent the most ancient phylum of fungi
Chytridiomycota
A fishery biologist discovers a huge mass of dead fish washing ashore on a beach. The water is analyzed and an unusually high concentration of biologically derived toxins is found. Which protist may have caused this mass die off?
Dinoflagellates
T/F Viruses are considered living things, but they use the cells' machinery to synthesize new viral particles.
F
Which group of protists has calcium carbonate shells called tests? The tests are used as geological markers and form thick limestone deposits.
Foraminifera
What is the function of the integrase enzyme found in HIV?
Fusing the viral genome with the host's genome
You went camping with your friends but you forgot to pack drinking water and you drink water from a nearby stream. You now are feeling very nauseated and have a severe case of diarrhea and cramps. What is currently wreaking havoc in your intestines?
Giardia lamblia
the early evolution of terrestrial plants was made possible by mycorrhizal relationships with the
Glomeromycota.
Paramecia and other ciliates can reproduce asexually via mitosis but occasionally engage in conjugation. Why do they do this?
Increases genetic diversity
Protists in the genus Trypanosoma cause tropical diseases such as sleeping sickness, Chagas disease, and Leshmaniasis. What group do these belong to?
Kinetoplastids
Cyanobacteria are photoautotrophs. What does this mean?
Light provides energy and CO2 provides carbon
What is the name of the life stage of the sporozoan protist Plasmodium that is injected into the blood stream by a female Anopheles mosquito?
Merozoite
Fungi reproduce by -
Nuclear exchange
Lipopolysaccharides are found
On the outer surface of a gram-negative cell wall
The mass migration of Irish people into the United States in the 1840's was due in large part to the influence of
Oomycetes
Plants grown in sterile soils often have much lower productivity that plants grown in normal soils. Why is this the case?
Plants in the sterile soils don't have the mycorrhizal fungi to aid in nutrient absorption
If a bacterium acquired a copy of an R plasmid, what would it now be able to do?
Resist certain antibiotics
The reverse transcriptase enzyme is active in which class of viruses? Positive-strand RNA viruses Double-stranded DNA viruses Retroviruses Negative-strand RNA viruses
Retroviruses
What is the function of the drug AZT?
Reverse transcriptase inhibitor
Which of the following is NOT part of a virus? Capsid Ribosomes Genetic material All of the choices are found in viruses.
Ribosomes
Prions are
Self-replicating proteins
Mycorrhizae are -
Symbiotic fungi that are found associated with plant roots
HIV is a retrovirus. What does this mean?
The RNA is copied into DNA
Fungal mitosis is different from animal and plant mitosis because -
The nuclear envelope does not break down
If a leukocyte had a mutation that changed the conformation of its CD4 receptors, how would this affect the HIV infection cycle?
The virus could not bind to the host cell
Intravenous drugs are often subjected to a LAL test before being distributed to healthcare providers. The test uses a protein extracted from horseshoe crab blood that coagulates in the presence of lipopolysaccharides. Why is this test done?
To test for gram negative bacterial contamination
Why are AIDS patients and pregnant women advised against cleaning out the cat's litter box?
Toxoplasmosis can be transmitted in cat feces
Phage conversion occurs when
Viral genes are incorporated into the host cell's genome
A researcher is trying to decide if a bacteria or virus causes a particular disease. The researcher extracted serum from an infected mouse, passed it through a filter where the pore size was 120 nm, and injected the filtered serum into a mouse. If the newly injected mouse develops the particular disease, does this indicate a viral pathogen?
Yes, because no bacterium could fit through the filter
Which of the following would be an example of a biomarker? A microfossil found in a meteorite A hydrocarbon found in an ancient rock layer An area that is high in carbon-12 concentration in a rock layer A newly discovered formation of stromatolites
a hydrocarbon found in a ancient rock layer
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a fungus? Cell walls made of chitin A form of mitosis different from plants and animals Ability to conduct photosynthesis Filamentous structure
ability to conduct photosynthesis
What do diatoms, rhodophyta, chlorophyta, and euglenoids have in common?
all are photosynthetic
Symbiotic relationships occur between the fungi and plants. bacteria. animals. All of the choices are correct.
all of the choices are correct
Choose all of the following that exhibit an alternation of multicellular generations. Dinoflagellates Brown algae Red algae Diatoms
brown and red algae
A mycologist studies the hyphae of a particular fungus and notices that they are dikaryotic. Which of the following is true? a. The hyphae are diploid b. The fungus is a basidiomycote c. The fruiting body is about to be formed d. The fungus is toxic e. The fungus is a lichen
c
The dental plaque forming on the surface of unbrushed teeth is due to the bacterial
capsule
Prokaryotes participate in the global cycling of
carbon and nitrogen
The disease tuberculosis is
caused by a bacterial pathogen.
Carrageenan and agar, two products extracted from red algae, have widespread commercial uses. These polysaccharides are part of the algae's
cell wall
When food is scarce, cells of this organism communicate with each other to form a multicellular slug.
cellular slime molds
An F- cell has been converted into a F+ cell. What has happened?
conjugation
The horizontal transfer of DNA using a plasmid is an example of
conjugation
Which part of the following is the protein coating that protects the genetic information in the virus? a.Protease b.Single strand of RNA c.Double strand of DNA d. Capsid e.Bacteriophage
d
Choose all of the following that are photosynthetic. Diatoms Ciliates Apicomplexans Dinoflagellates
diatoms and dinoflagellates
Harmless strains of Vibrio cholerae become pathogenic if infected by the CTX phage. How does this occur? a. The CTX phage is lysogenic b. The genes for the cholera toxin are of viral origin c. The viral genes are incorporated into the bacterial genome d. Phage conversion enables the bacteria to produce the toxin e. All of the above are correct.
e
Lichens are often one of the first species to colonize a new habitat. Why? a. Lichen soredia are windborne b. Lichens can survive without soil c. Lichens can produce their own carbohydrates d. Some lichens can self-fertilize e. All of the above are correct
e
Which of the following groups contains species that exist as a multinucleate mass of cytoplasm that engulfs and digests organic matter? a. Ciliates b. Kinetoplastids c. Diatoms d. Green algae e. Plasmodial slime molds
e
Which of the following is NOT a fungal phylum? a. Chytridiomycota b. Zygomycota c. Ascomycota d. Basidiomycota e. All of the above are fungal phyla
e
Which of the following is an attribute that fungi share with plants? a. Composition of the cell wall b. Method of obtaining energy c. Type of chlorophyll in cells d. Use of flowers to attract pollinators e. None of the above
e
Which of the following is correct? a. Bacteria have cell walls b. Bacteria have circular DNA c. Bacteria lack membrane-bound organelles d. Bacteria use ribosomes to synthesize proteins e. All of the above are correct.
e
How could a person get Kuru?
eating the brain of an effected person
DNA is not found in this organelle
endoplasmic reticulum
A stress-resistant dormant form of a bacterium is called a(n)
endospore
Which of the following is common in animal viruses but NOT in bacteriophage? DNA Capsid Envelope Icosahedral shape
envelope
Which of the following characteristics is unique to the archaea? A fluid mosaic model of plasma membrane structure The use of an RNA polymerase during gene expression Ether-linked phospholipids A single origin of DNA replication
ether-linked phospholipids
t/f A thick peptidoglycan layer forms a gram-negative cell wall.
f
t/f Blue cheese, wine, soy sauce, and bread are all made with help from fungi.
f
t/f The flagella observed in prokaryotic cells have the same structure and function as eukaryotic flagella.
f
Prior to entry, the glycoprotein of the HIV virus recognizes the receptor on the surface of the macrophage.
gp120; CD4
A fungal cell that contains two genetically different nuclei would be classified as
heterokaryotic.
Which of the following would NOT be part of the life cycle of a lytic virus? Macromolecular synthesis Attachment to host cell Assembly of progeny virus Integration into the host genome
integration into the host genome
If a cell contains a pellicle,
it can change shape readily
Trypanosomes are examples of
kinetoplastids
The endosymbiotic theory concerns the evolution of the
mitochondria
The USDA recommended safe cooking temperature for ground beef is 160 °F (71°C), but prions have been shown to be stable at temperatures exceeding 150 °C (302 °F). Is properly cooking ground beef good enough to denature prion proteins?
no it is not
Where could a virologist find hemagglutinin and neuroaminidase?
on the surface of an influenza virus
Candida causes yeast infections in human females. What type of relationship is this?
parasitism
The function of the apical complex in apicomplexans is to
penetrate host tissue
A process by which a virus may change a benign bacteria into a virulent strain is called
phage conversion
A cell that can use energy from the sun, and CO2 as a carbon source is a
photoautotroph
A slide in a microbiology lab reads "Gram-negative coccus". What should the microbiology students be looking for under the microscope?
pink spheres
The use of multiple drugs in HAART to treat AIDS has
reduced the viral level in the bloodstream to undetectable levels.
What are the names of the divisions that separate monokaryotic hyphae?
septa
Stramenopila are
small hairs on flagella
t/f Binary fission involves the replication of DNA, elongation of the cell, and dividing the cell in half.
t
t/f Genetic variation is necessary for evolutionary adaptation. The two major sources of genetic variation in bacterial cells are mutations and the incorporation of foreign genetic material into the genome.
t
t/f Many antibiotics are derived from fungal secondary metabolites because fungi and bacteria are the main decomposers in most ecosystems and are often in direct competition with each other.
t
t/f The kingdom Protista is not monophyletic and more of a convenient grouping of organisms that are hard to classify than a real kingdom with clear evolutionary relationships between its members. They only thing that all protists share is that they are eukaryotic.
t
Why is alcohol produced in a sealed wine barrel?
the alcohol is a by-product of fermentation and is toxic to the yeast cells
What happens to the host bacterium at the end of the lytic cycle of the T-4 phage?
the cell ruptures
Gram-positive (+) and gram-negative (‒) bacteria are characterized by differences in
the cell wall: gram+ have a thick layer of peptidoglycan and gram-have an outer membrane.
Paramecium has two nuclei. Which one is exchanged during conjugation?
the micronucleus
When a bacterium picks up DNA from the environment it is termed
transformation
The products of budding are
two cells, one of which is smaller than the other
Which of the following groups of fungi is NOT monophyletic? Zygomycota Basidiomycota Glomeromycota Ascomycota
zygomycota
Both diplomonads and parabasalids
have multinucleate cells.
t/f All protists are unicellular.
f
What is a mass of hyphae called?
mycelium