AP2: Immune System 5
Class I MHC proteins are recognized by which of the following cell types (that are destined to become T cells)?
CD8
What type of cell is a precursor to the cytotoxic T cell?
CD8 cell
Which major class of lymphocytes become cytotoxic T cells?
CD8 cells
Edema
Caused by excess blood flow to the injured area; helps to dilute harmful substances and brings in excess oxygen
__________ is the final step of phagocyte mobilization.
Chemotaxis
____________ is the final step of phagocyte mobilization. Leukocytosis Chemotaxis Margination Diapedesis
Chemotaxis
Select the correct statement about the function of antibodies
Complement fixation is the main mechanism by which antibodies provide protection
Complement proteins work in what way?
Complement usually works with antibodies in the "classical pathway" to open pores in the target cell membrane.
The process that begins when a helper T cell binds to a class II MHC protein on a displaying cell is known as what?
Costimulation . Costimulation is activation of both cells.
Activated T cells and macrophages release ________ to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area.
Cytokines
Cancer cells would be attacked by which of the following cells?
Cytotoxic T cells
Which of the following is a characteristic of a secondary immune response?
- A secondary immune response lasts longer than a primary immune response.
Which cells phagocytize antigen-bearing cells and bind them to their MHCs?
- Antigen presenting cells
________ are substances that can trigger the adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response.
- Antigens
This type of disease results from the inability of the immune system to distinguish self from non-self antigens.
- Autoimmune disease
In the list below, which type of cell is involved in adaptive immunity?
- B cells
Which of the following is NOT an innate defense mechanism of the body? - fever - skin - inflammation
- B lymphocytes
Which cell does NOT have a direct role in phagocytosis? - Eosinophil - Macrophage - Neutrophil - Kupffer cell
- Basophil
Which of the following is the hallmark of the humoral immune response?
- Binding of antibody to the antigen.
What is the second step of T cell activation?
- Co-stimulation
Which of the following is NOT a surface barrier to pathogen influx? - Saliva and tears - Skin secretions - Mucous membranes
- Complement cascade
Which is correctly matched?
- Cytotoxic T cells: activated by antigens bound to MHC I
Which cells of the innate immune response are responsible for detecting and destroying parasites?
- Eosinophils
Which of the following is not a sign of inflammation?
- Fever
Which of the following is mismatched? - B cells: can be activated to produce antibodies - Cytotoxic T cells: carry out cellular immune responses - Regulatory T cells: release inhibitory cytokines to dampen the immune response
- Helper T cells: directly target and kill cancer cells
Which of the following is NOT a property of interferons (IFNs)? -- IFNs have antiviral activity. - IFNs activate macrophages. - IFNs have an anticancer role.
- IFNs stimulate B cells to produce antibodies.
This type of antibody binds to mast cells and basophils, thus invoking inflammation.
- IgE
A graft that is transplanted from one person to a genetically identical individual (i.e., to an identical twin) is an example of a(n) __________.
- Isograft
Which of the following does NOT apply to the specific defensive system? - It has memory. - It is specific. - It is systemic.
- It is immediate.
Which statement below is characteristic of a secondary humoral response?
- It occurs much more rapidly than a primary response.
Saliva and lacrimal fluids contain this enzyme that destroys bacteria.
- Lysozyme
Which of the following is a nonspecific barrier defense?
- Mucous membranes
Which of the following is NOT one of the cardinal signs of inflammation? - Pain - Redness - Heat - Swelling
- Opsonization
These molecules are secreted by leukocytes and macrophages and result in a fever.
- Pyrogens
________ is the property of lymphocytes that prevents them from attacking the body's own cells.
- Self-tolerance
Lymphocytes that develop immunocompetence in the thymus are
- T lymphocytes.
In the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restrictive process
- T-lymphocytes with self-antigens go through negative selection.
All of the following are names of antigen-presenting cells EXCEPT - macrophages. - B-lymphocytes.
- T-lymphocytes.
Which of the following statements is FALSE about natural killer cells? - They attach infected or cancerous cells that lack self-surface receptors. - They are large granular lymphocytes. - They are not specific for each antigen.
- They destroy cells by phagocytosis.
Which of the following statements about infectious granulomas is FALSE? - The tuberculosis bacillus can cause them. - They contain a central region of infected macrophages. - They appear as tumor-like growths.
- They provide life-long protection to the host against the causative pathogen.
Which of the following is a primary lymphoid organ? - Spleen - Peyer's patch - Lymph node - Tonsil
- Thymus
Humoral immunity is provided by:
- antibodies.
MHC II proteins are found on:
- antigen-presenting cells.
A "foreign" molecule which can invoke the immune response is called a(n)
- antigen.
Antigen is a contraction of
- antigenic determinants.
A vaccination works to establish:
- artificial active immunity.
Which of the following processes is most similar to complement fixation?
- blood clotting
Self-reactive B cells are eliminated in the:
- bone marrow.
The primary mechanism of antibody action is
- complement activation.
The process that begins when a helper T-cell binds to an MHC class II protein on a displaying cell is known as
- costimulation.
Which hypersensitivity is caused by T-lymphocytes?
- delayed
Leukotrienes cause
- dilation of the small blood vessels in an injured area.
Complement proteins work by
- forming pores in the membranes of target cells.
In the respiratory burst, _____________ are released, which have potent cell-killing ability.
- free radicals
When a localized area exhibits increased capillary filtration, hyperemia, and swelling, this is an indication that
- inflammation is occurring.
The classical and alternate pathway for complement fixation converge at
- insertion of the membrane attack complex.
All of the following are functions of interferon EXCEPT that - it mobilizes natural killer cells. - it interferes with viral replication in affected cells. - it is not viral specific.
- it only occurs naturally.
Toll-like receptors are found on
- macrophages.
The immune cell that allows for subsequent recognition of an antigen resulting in a secondary response is called a(n) -
- memory cell.
Interferons can be used to treat all of the following EXCEPT - cancer. - Hepatitis C. - viral infections.
- muscular dystrophy.
Gene guns are used to shoot
- naked "DNA" viral vaccines into the skin.
Which of the following does NOT originate from a monocyte? - microglia - Kupffer cells - free macrophages
- natural killer cells
Antibodies are produced in cells called
- plasma cells.
Which of the following inflammatory chemicals is derived from arachidonic acid?
- prostaglandin
The ability of a phagocyte to adhere to a particular particle depends on its ability to
- recognize the carbohydrate signature of the particle.
Which of the following steps is the first step in an inflammatory response?
- release of leukocytosis inducing factor
All of the following are examples of autoimmune disorders EXCEPT - Grave's disease. - systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) - Myasthenia gravis - rheumatoid arthritis.
- sickle cell anemia.
Somatic recombination refers to
- the shuffling of genetic fragments within each lymphocyte as it becomes immune competent.
T-lymphocytes that bind to an antigen before co-stimulation takes place will cause
- these lymphocytes to become tolerant to that antigen.
Cytotoxic T cells kill target cells
- through insertion of perforins into the target's membrane.
The first step in inflammation is:
- tissue injury.
All of the following are examples of characteristics of adaptive defenses EXCEPT - they have memory. - they are systemic. - They are usually initiated in a lymph node. - they are specific.
- we are born with them.
Which of the following minerals needed for bacterial reproduction does both the liver and spleen sequester during a fever? - zinc
- zinc
Binding of an eosinophil to an antibody-coated parasitic worm involves binding of the antibody's stem region to a(n) ______.
...plasma membrane protein on the eosinophil's surface
Which letter represents the adhesion of the phagocyte to the pathogen? Select from letters A-D.
A
What do leukotrienes cause in blood vessels?
Dilation of the small blood vessels in an injured area.
IgA
Dimeric antibody found in body secretions; milk, antibody found in blood and secretions, made more than any other isotype, most abundunt in the tears, sweat, saliva and mucosa.
Choose the true statement regarding the primary versus the secondary immune response.
A primary response results when naïve lymphocytes are activated, while a secondary response is a result of activating memory cells.
Complement
A system of proteins that lyses cell membranes.
Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity.
Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies
What branch of the immune system are defenses we gain through life experiences and exposure to antigens?
Adaptive
What do plasma cells secrete?
Antibodies
IgE
Antibody that mediates some allergies; allergic reactions. Secreted by the plasma cells in the skin, mucosae of the GI and respiratory tracts, and tonsils
A given pathogen will provoke either a cell-mediated response or an antibody-mediated response but not both.
False
Adaptive immunity is provided only by lymphocytes that secrete antibodies.
False
Both T cells and B cells must accomplish double recognition: They must simultaneously recognize self and nonself to be activated.
False
Virus infected cells secrete complement to "warn" other cells of the presence of virus
False
In addition to cell lysis, complement activation may invoke neutralization, precipitation, and inflammation. T/F?
False. Complement proteins enhance inflammation, promote phagocytosis, and can cause cell lysis, but do not play a role in neutralization or precipitation.
Delayed hypersensitivity reactions are caused by the cross-linking of antibodies to mast cells or basophils. T/F?
False. Delayed hypersensitivity involves T cells
Interleukin 1 (IL-1) is released by helper T cells to stimulate bound T cells. T/F?
False. IL-1 is released by an APC.
Immunocompetence refers to the ability of the immune system to form antibodies and killing compounds. T/F?
False. Immunocompetence refers to a lymphocyte's ability to recognize its one specific antigen.
Plasma cells are responsible for "remembering" and responding to a pathogen that has already invaded the body. T/F?
False. Memory cells are primed to respond with a secondary response to a pathogen that has already invaded the body. Plasma cells produce antibodies.
Neutrophils respond to infection by releasing antibody proteins into the blood. T/F?
False. Neutrophils may release chemicals at the site of infection, but those chemicals are not antibodies. They are also voracious phagocytes.
T cells represent a small portion of the lymphocytes in the circulatory system. T/F?
False. T cells account for 75% of the blood-borne lymphocytes.
Which of the statements below does not describe antigens?
Antigens only come from microbes
What type of disease results from the inability of the immune system to distinguish self- from nonself-antigens?
Autoimmune disease. Multiple sclerosis and lupus are good examples of autoimmune disease.
Which letter represents the formation of a phagolysosome resulting from the fusion of a lysosome with the phagocytic vesicle? Select from letters A-D.
C
In the respiratory burst, __________ are released, which have a potent cell-killing ability.
free radicals
Allografts
grafts transplanted from individuals that are not genetically identical but belong to the same species
Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called ________.
haptens
The primary immune response ________.
has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
Which cell of the immune system is absolutely required for an adaptive immune response in that it helps activate both humoral and cellular immune responses?
helper T cell
Which of the following cells is the most critical cell in immunity?
helper T cell
What do helper T cells coordinate?
humoral and cellular immune responses
What type of immunity can be transferred by bodily fluids from one person to another, thus conferring immunity to the recipient?
humoral immunity
active natural immunity?
immunity gained from being exposed to the pathogen and developing the illness
passive artificial immunity?
immunity gained from injections of clonal antibodies to fight off a current pathogen invasion
passive natural immunity?
immunity gained from transport of antibodies across the placental membrane or through the mother's milk
Delayed hypersensitivities ________.
include allergic contact dermatitis
Which defense mechanism results in redness, heat, pain, and swelling?
inflammation
Tears and mucus membranes would be a part of which defense system?
innate external defenses
Phagocytotic cells such as macrophages identify a variety of enemies by recognizing markers unique to pathogens. They would be classified as which type of defense system?
innate internal defenses
What constitutes the body's first line of defense against disease?
intact skin and mucous membranes
Interferons ________.
interfere with viral replication within cells
Which antimicrobial protein is produced by a virus-infected cell?
interferon
Which of the following innate internal defenses work by interfering with viral replication?
interferons
What protein can be released by infected cells to help protect cells that have not yet been infected?
interferons (IFNs)
Septic
is a dangerous condition where the cytokines are released unchecked, making the capillaries very leaky and thus depleting blood fluids.
Immunocompetence ________.
is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it
Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following except ________.
juvenile diabetes. Can diagnose pregnancy, hepititus, and rabies.
Which of the following is not a complement activation pathway?
lactate pathway
When do neutrophils enter the blood from the red bone marrow, in response to leukocytosis-inducing factors?
leukocytosis
Phagocyte mobilization involves ________.
mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas
What are B and T cells called that have not yet been exposed to an antigen?
naive
Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by ________.
natural killer cells
Which of the following do NOT serve as antigen-presenting cells (APC)?
natural killer cells
What is the specific target of interferons?
nearby healthy cells
What type of phagocytes will migrate to the site of an infection within a few hours?
neutrophils
With what does our immune system coat pathogens to facilitate their capture and accelerate phagocytosis?
opsonins
Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed ________.
opsonization
Which of the following is an effect of complement activation?
opsonization
Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?
passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus
Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms?
phagocytes
Innate immune system defenses include ________.
phagocytosis
What cells make antibodies?
plasma B cells
What types of antigen are recognized by T cells?
processed fragments of protein antigens displayed on surfaces of body cells
B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by ________.
producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells
Fever ________.
production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting
What is the role of interferon in defense against disease?
protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses
Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens?
reactivity with an antibody
What is the first step in an inflammatory response?
release of leukocytosis-inducing factor
Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response?
replaces injured tissues with connective tissue
Clonal selection of B cells ________.
results in the formation of plasma cells
IgD
Found on the B cell surface; functions as a Bcell antigen receptor (as does IgM
Pathogens
Harmful microorganisms
What type of cells bind to antigen-presenting cells to begin the process of co-stimulation?
Helper T cells
Which cells stimulate both arms of the immune response?
Helper T cells. Without helper T cells, there is no immune response.
Which of the following is a role of interferons (IFNs)?
IFNs help the body combat viral infections.
Antibody found in body secretions such as milk, saliva, and sweat?
IgA
Which immunoglobulin class is attached to the external surface of B cells and acts as an antigen receptor of the B cell?
IgD
Levels of which antibody are greatly elevated during severe allergic responses?
IgE
Most abundant antibody found in the plasma?
IgG
________ is the most abundant class of antibodies in plasma.
IgG
__________ is the most abundant class of antibodies in plasma.
IgG
Large antibody released by plasma cells in a primary response?
IgM
Which is mismatched? AIDS: T helper cells are destroyed by a virus Severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID): genetic defect resulting in a shortage of B and/or T cells Multiple sclerosis: autoimmune disorder
Immediate hypersensitivity: allergic contact dermatitis
Hyperemia
Increased blood flow due to vasodilation of blood vessels entering the injured area
When a localized area exhibits increased capillary filtration, hyperemia, and swelling, what is is an indication of?
Inflammation. Inflammation usually occurs when histamine or complement is mobilized.
What branch of the immune system are barrier and chemical defenses?
Innate
Cytotoxic T cells kill target cells by doing what?
Insertion of perforins into the target's membrane; causes cell lysis.
How do interferons protect against infection in healthy cells?
Interferons block viral reproduction in healthy cells through the production of antiviral proteins
What do interferons turn on in antiviral proteins?
Interferons turn on genes for antiviral proteins.
Which type of molecule is produced by virus-infected cells to communicate to non-infected cells the presence of a virus?
Interferons. They turn on genes for antiviral proteins.
Which of the following is not characteristic of the adaptive immune system?
It is specific for a given organ.
Which of the following does NOT describe the adaptive immune response? It is specific. It has memory. It is systemic.
It occurs immediately after the body is challenged by foreign material.
Which of the following statements does NOT describe the adaptive immune response?
It occurs immediately after the body is challenged by foreign material.
How does stomach mucosa contribute in the immune response?
It produces HCl and enzymes that kill bacteria.
IgM
Large pentamer shaped antibody;, The class of immunoglobulin having μ heavy chains. It is the first immunoglobulin to appear on the surface of B cells and the first antibody secreted during an immune response. It is secreted in pentameric form.
What disease is characterized by high numbers of neutrophils?
Leukocytosis
How does a lymphocyte become immunocompetent?
Lymphocytes must be able to recognize their one specific antigen by binding to it.
Saliva and lacrimal fluids contain what enzyme that destroys bacteria?
Lysozyme lyses the cell wall and membrane of bacteria.
Name a common APC
Macrophage
What are derived from circulating monocytes?
Macrophages
Which of the following cells predominate at the sites of chronic infections?
Macrophages
What can be treated with interferons?
Many viral infections.
What cells invoke inflammation when IgE cross-links to them
Mast cells
What cells are capable of mounting a rapid attack against the same antigen in secondary immune responses?
Memory B cells
What type of immune cell is able to respond quickly after any subsequent encounter with the same antigen?
Memory cells. They can circulate for years and respond quickly after any subsequent encounter with the same antigen.
IgG
Most abundant class of antibodies; the main antibodyof both secondary and late primary responses; protects against bateria, viruses, and toxins circulating in bloos and lymph; accounts for 75-85% of circulating antibodies.
Which of the following statements regarding natural killer cells is a false or incorrect statement?
NK cells are a type of neutrophil.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Natural Killer (NK) cells?
NK cells recognize abnormal or cancer cells by a specific antigen on their cell membrane.
A small subgroup of lymphocytes that will attack cancerous cells?
NK cells.
Which nonspecific defense cells specialize in attacking cancer cells and virus-infected cells?
NK cells. Natural killer cells are not phagocytic.
Which of the following does not serve as an antigen-presenting cell? Macrophages B cells Dendritic cells
Natural killer cells
__________ immunity protects a baby who is fed breast milk.
Natural passive
___________ immunity protects a baby who is fed breast milk.
Natural passive
What is the main event of chemotaxis?
Neutrophils and other WBCs migrate up the gradient of chemotactic agents to the site of injury.
Diapedesis
Neutrophils squeeze through walls of capillaries into the tissues
Does a primary response occur more rapidly than a secondary defense?
No. A secondary response, triggered by memory cells, occurs much more rapidly than a primary response.
Is complement a surface barrier to pathogen influx?
No. Complement is a system of internal proteins.
Mucus membranes are what type of defense?
Nonspecific barrier defense.
Where are toll-like receptors found?
On macrophages
Select the correct statement about antigens
One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody
What is the name of the process that encourages phagocytosis?
Opsonization
Which of the following determine(s) what specific foreign substances our adaptive immune system will be able to recognize and resist?
Our genes
What cells produce immunoglobulins?
Plasma cells
What are gamma globulins a class of?
Plasma proteins
Immunoglobulins
Proteins that attach to the antigen
What molecules are secreted by leukocytes and macrophages and result in a fever?
Pyrogens. They target the hypothalamus and raise the body's temperature above normal.
Treatment of an abscess often requires that it be surgically drained because ______.
the wall of the abscess prevents neutrophils from entering the pus and attacking the pathogens
T cells achieve self-tolerance in the _______.
thymus
Exudate
Seeps from the capillaries and contains clotting factors and antibodies
Active artificially acquired immunity is a result of
vaccination; Usually, dead or attenuated pathogens are used.
Which of the following best illustrates artificially acquired active humoral immunity?
vaccines
Which cells mature in the thymus?
T cells
Which of the following is (are) NOT a part of the innate immune defenses?
T cells
Which of the following is NOT a nonspecific internal defense against disease? NK cells inflammation phagocytes
T cells
Which of the following is/are not a part of the innate immune defenses? Fever Inflammation Natural killer (NK) cells
T cells
Cellular immunity is attributed to the action of:
T cells.
________ are lymphocytes that directly kill virus infected cells.
T cytotoxic cells
_______ are lymphocytes that coordinate cellular and humoral immune responses.
T helper cells
Antigens bound to MHC II activate: macrophages.
T helper cells.
Without __________ there is no adaptive immune response.
T lymphocytes
Lymphocytes that develop immunocompetence in the thymus are called what?
T lymphocytes. T cells get their name from the fact that they develop in the thymus.
What occurs if a T cell binds to an antigen and the T cell does NOT receive a co-stimulatory signal?
The T cell enters a state of anergy
How do phagocytes recognize foreign cells or bacteria?
The phagocytes recognize molecules on pathogens not normally found on body cells
Chemotaxis
The process by which white blood cells are attracted to the site of an injury
What is the goal of inflammation?
To increase blood flow to infected tissues.
Select the correct statement about the prevention of immune attack on "self."
Tolerance is developed during fetal life.
A transfusion reaction is a subacute hypersensitivity to foreign red blood cells
True
Anaphylactic shock can result from an immediate hypersensitivity where the allergen enters the blood.
True
Antibodies can act both intracellularly and extracellularly.
True
It is our genes, not antigens, that determine what specific foreign substances our immune system will be able to recognize and resist
True
MHC I proteins (major histocompatibility class I proteins) are found on most cells of the body.
True
Soluble proteins secreted by plasma cells are called antibodies.
True
Some immunocompetent cells will never be called to service in our lifetime.
True
The classical complement pathway involves antibodies.
True
The directional movement of cells in response to chemicals is called chemotaxis
True
The respiratory burst produced by some macrophages releases free radicals.
True
If a person with type A blood is given a unit of type B blood, the type B RBCs are destroyed. T/F?
True. A person with type A blood has type B agglutinins.
Dendritic cells are important antigen-presenting cells. T/F?
True. Because dendritic cells are often the first phagocytic cells to encounter antigen, they are the primary APCs.
Binding of a helper T cell with an antigen-presenting cell and binding of a B7 protein are necessary for co-stimulation and T cell activation. T/F?
True. Both the binding of a helper T cell with an antigen-presenting cell and binding of a B7 protein are necessary for co-stimulation and T cell activation.
HIV attacks helper T cells by binding into the CD4 proteins. T/F?
True. HIV targets CD4 cells via their CD4 surface proteins.
Self-antigens are ignored by T cells. T/F?
True. If self antigens were NOT ignored, the immune system would constantly attack itself. In fact, it would cause an autoimmune disease.
The polio vaccine is an example of active artificial immunity. T/F?
True. The polio vaccine introduces virus antigens into the body.
The immune system is highly adaptive because gene coding for antibodies displays somatic recombination. T/F?
True. Through somatic recombination, the humoral immune mechanism may have the capacity to generate over a billion types of antibodies.
Autografts
tissue transplanted from one site to another on the same person
Why are children given vaccinations?
to develop antibodies against various diseases
Which class of tissue graft is the least likely to be accepted by a patient's body?
Xenograft
Which of the following mechanisms of antibody action occur when red blood cells clump due to a transfusion of mismatched blood?
agglutination
Which of the following types of cells display protein fragments produced by the cancer within them?
all nucleated cells
Isografts
transplant between identical twins
What is the name of the unique area (specific region) that a lymphocyte recognizes and binds to?
an antigenic determinant
Which of the following can act as opsonins on bacteria, thus enhancing phagocytosis?
antibodies and complement proteins
Proinflammatory signals include all of the following EXCEPT: leukotrienes. prostaglandins. histamines.
antibodies.
A "nonself" substance that can provoke an immune response is called
antigen
The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by ________.
vasodilation
Class II MHC proteins are found on which of the following cell types?
antigen-presenting cells
What mobilizes the adaptive defenses and provokes an immune response?
antigens
Which of the following exemplifies passive immunity?
antitoxin
Xenografts
are grafts taken from another animal species.
B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ________.
bone marrow
Natural killer (NK) cells ________.
can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated
If a virus attacks a cell, which type of immunity would be activated?
cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity)
Leukocytosis
chemicals released from injured tissues stimulate rapid proliferation and release of cells
The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called ________.
chemotaxis
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in phagocytosis?
chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing
Which class of MHC proteins presents exogenous antigens?
class II MHC proteins
Which of the innate defense mechanisms can lyse bacteria and mark cells for phagocytosis?
complement proteins
Which of the following is characteristic of antibodies?
composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains
What part of the antibody's structure determines its class?
constant (C) region
Antibody functions include all of the following except ________.
cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched
What type of cells attack and lyse cells that are not "self"
cytotoxic T cells
Which type of T cell will recognize antigens associated with an allograft?
cytotoxin T (TC) cell
What type of T cell can directly attack and kill other cells, such as virus-infected cells?
cytotoxin T (TC) cells
Which cells engulf antigens and present fragments of them on their own surfaces where they can be recognized by cells that will deal with them?
dendritic cells
Which of the following cells engulf antigens and present fragments of them on their own surfaces, where they can be recognized by cells that will deal with them?
dendritic cells
Neutrophils flatten and squeeze between the endothelial cells of the capillary walls during what process?
diapedesis
Which of the following is not a method by which antibodies work?
direct cell lysis
The antibody molecule is held together by ________ bonds.
disulfide
Four (or five) cardinal signs indicate inflammation. What specific sign of inflammation is the result of exudate in the tissue spaces?
edema (swelling)
Fever is one of the cardinal signs of inflammation.
false
Pyrogens induce __________.
fever
What do interferons interfere with in infected cells?
viral replication
What mineral do the liver and spleen sequester during a fever?
zinc