APES
How many units of energy do greenhouse gases contribute to the greenhouse effect
60
Which of the following is the best example of cogeneration
A coal fired power plant captures waster heat and uses it to heat adjacent buildings
Which of the following best represents the percent of water that is used for various purposes worldwide
E 70% 20% 10%
Which of the following compounds is not involved in the depletion of stratospheric ozone
carbon dioxide
a gaseous decay product of uranium this is found in rocks
radon
a leading cause of lung cancer in the US
radon
Members of an r-selected species characteristically
reach sexual maturity quickly
region where global warming is occuring
troposphere
Which of the following changes would also be expected in the pond over the same period of time.
2 only- Increased levels of heavy metals
The zone in which the greatest total mass of CO2 is absorbed from the atmosphere
B- the highest level but not attached to the shore
which of the following is the most successful solutions to the problems of fish mortality caused by dams
Building fish ladders around the dam
Marine sediments that form limestone are a major sink for this element
Carbon
Most plastics pose a special problem in the waste stream because they
Decompose slowly if at all and persist as solid waste
Which of the following would be the most likely effect of acid deposition on a northern forest
Decreased ability of trees to withstand cold weather
Of the following which is the most likely composition of the soil sample
E 10% 10% 80%
The zone in which species are adapted to the lowest light and the highest pressure
E- the lowest level
many synthetic chemicals such as PCBs act as estrogen mimics. In an ecosystem these persistent chemicals would have the greatest effect on which of the following
Secondary consumers
Which of the following problems is best addressed with contour plowing
Soil erosion
A small developing country with negligible rates of immigration and emigration is going through a demographic change. 30 years ago the crude birth rate was 44 per thousand per year and the crude death rate was 17 per thousand per year. Now the crude birth rate is 16 per thousand per year and the crude death rate is 5 per thousand per year. Which of the following statements about the country now is most likely to be true.
The country is at the industrial stage of the demographic transition
The danger from radon gas would most likely be greatest in
Well insulated homes
An effective short term remediation strategy for the pond would be
add calcium carbonate to the pond water
Factors that increase the spread of infectious diseases include all of the following except
exposure to neurotoxins, which affect the endocrine system
Salmon farming threatens the health of wild salmon stocks primarily because
farmed salmon can spread parasites and disease to wild salmon
According to the graph above, the global human population will most likely
have doubled between 1950 and 2150
paired correctly with major effects
sulfur oxides and acid deposition
A cost benefit analysis done to investigate a proposed mine site would likely take which of the following into account
1 2 and 3 The medical costs of mine worker injuries The cost of environmental restoration of sire when it is shut down the value of the ore to be extracted from the mine
Approx how many more times acidic in terms of H+ concentration is precipitation in the northeastern US as compared to precipitation in the South Pacific
10
how many units of energy return to space from earth and its atmosphere
100
How many units of energy are absorbed by Earth's surface
120
A clock draws 2.0 watts of power to operate and is in operation 8,600 hours per year. The energy usage of the clock, in kWh per year is closest to
17
In what year was the fraction of energy supplied by coal the greatest
1910
In approx what year did oil and gas become the dominant fuels for the US
1940
True statements about ozone include which of the following
2 and 3 Contact with ozone can be injurious to human health Ozone absorbs some wavelengths of ultraviolet radiation
Biological control methods for managing insect pests are effective for reasons that include which of the following
2 and 3 They generally focus on one target insect to ensure that the target insect population remains low they can lead to a self perpetuating population of control species
Correct statements about the northern spotted owl include which of the following
2 and 3 it is dependent on mature old growth forest for its habitat, it is a carnivore at or near the top of the food chain
If the population of a country is growing at a rate of 1.75% per year, the population will double in approx how many years
40
Approx how many more mammal species became extinct in the period 1901-2000 than became extinct in the period 1801-1900
90
positive vs negative feedback loops
: positive feedback (cant be undone) amplifies change while negative feedback reduces change. This means that positive feedback will result in more of a product
Which zone has the greatest biodiversity
A- the closest to the shoreline
More commonly used in the least developed countries than in highly developed countries
Biomass
In the stratosphere which of the following increases Earths albedo by reflecting solar energy back into space
Carbon dioxide
Which of the following is a primary air pollutant produced from burning coal
Carbon monoxide
Which of the following would ass the most support to the reliability of this series of experiments
Duplicate the experiment under identical conditions and get similar results
The high sea surface temperature in 1998 was most likely due to
El Nino
Contains an amendment that allows private landowners to modify their property under a habitat conservation plan
Endangered Species act
Which of the following characteristically produces non point source pollution
Erosion from ag land
Which graph best illustrates a population growing at its bionic potential
Exponential graph
Drawbacks include noise and the release of corrosive chemicals
Geothermal
For a primary producer, the main function of photosynthesis is to manufacture
Gluclose
Which best illustrates a population that was growing and has reached its carrying capacity
Growing graph that levels out
In north america native pollinators often increase the quantity and quality of crops of native plants that are insect pollinated more effectively than European honeybees do. The most likely reason for the phenomenon is that native pollinators
Have co evolved with native plant species
Which of the following is the most likely reason that the greatest number of extinctions of bird species occurred in the period 1901-2000
Increased environmental disturbances from human activities altered bird habitats
Switching from customary large-scale agricultural practices to which of the following is most likely to reduce the exposure of farmers and nearby residents to toxic chemicals.
Integrated pest management
Which of the following is not a property of water
It absorbs relatively little heat as it vaporizes
Which of the following actions would be most likely to increase the protection of ecological systems in national forests
Mandate that the government sale of logging rights in national forests be at fair market value
Addressed the issue of stratospheric ozone depletion
Montreal Protocol
Many environmentalists consider Egypt's Aswan High Damn on the Nile River to be an ecological disaster. Which of the following is the best evidence to support this viewpoint
Most of the nutrient-rich silt that the Nile annually deposited downstream is now deposited behind the dam
Requires the federal government to produce an environmental impact statement for any construction project funded by the government
National Environmental Policy Act
Which of the following is a common component of photo chemical smog and is reddish brown gas with a pungent odor
Nitrogen Dioxide
Nuclear power is a component of the line labeled "other" in the graph. Why is it impossible for nuclear energy to completely replace oil and gas in the future?
Nuclear power can supply electricity, but it cannot replace other uses of oil and gas
Of the following ecosystems, which has the lowest net primary productivity, measured as kilocalories of energy produced per square meter per year
Open Ocean
Which of the following represents a correct pairing of an ag practice with its environmental consequence
Paddy rice cultivation and methane emissions
Which of the following properties of soil sample most influences the flow of water through the sample
Permeability
Guano from fish-eating birds is a commercial source of this element
Phosphorus
Converts solar energy directly into electrical energy
Photovoltaics
Which of the following is the best example of an economic incentive that could be used to improve environmental quality and reduce resource waste
Providing tax breaks for companies that use recycled materials
The low anchovy catch in 1998 was most likely the result of
Reduced ocean upwelling along the coast
The primary cause for the decline in the use of wood as fuel in the eighteen hundreds was the
Reduced wood availability resulting from widespread deforestation
This element in pyrite contributes to acid mine drainage
Sulfur
Which of the following air pollutants is correctly paired with one of its major effects
Sulfur oxides, acid decomposition
Which two tank comparison provides the strongest evidence that the presence of UV light at natural levels inhibits photosynthesis
Tank 1 vs Tank 2
In 1986 Country X established regulations to reduce the maximum allowable concentration of chromium in industrial effluents from 37 ppm to 25 ppm. In 194 government research indicated that a chromium concentration of up to 35 ppm in effluents presented an acceptable risk in the same year that the government also discovered that a certain chemical company has been discharging effluents with chromium concentrations of 32 ppm each year since 181 based on this information which of the following statements is correct
The chemical company did not violate effluent regulations in the 1982-1985 period, but it violated them at some other time
Which of the following best describes acid mine drainage
The leakage of water containing toxic materials from coal and metal mines
Which of the following is the most valid conclusion that can be inferred from this experiment
The thinning of the Antarctic ozone layer is likely to have a dramatic effect on the entire polar food chain
Which of the following is a characteristic of tropical rain forests
Their soils are relatively poor in nutrients
Recent studies show that the decline of some tree populations in the northeastern United States is due to a combination of factors. Which of the following is the most important factor?
Toxic metals freed by acid deposition
Which of the following best describes the process of leaching
Water percolating through soil dissolving some of its materials
Atmospheric Particulates cause
asthma
West nile virus was identified in the western hemisphere during the summer of 1999 and was associated with human, equine, and avian deaths. This virus is aquired by
being bitten by an infected mosquito
the primary cause of acid precipitation in the northeastern US is
burning of sulfur containing fossil fuels to produce electricity
It has been observed that forest fires can produce up to 40 percent of the mean annual global emissions of which of the following gases
carbon dioxide
primary pollutant produced from burning coal?
carbon monoxide
which of the following is a greenhouse gas that comes only from human sources
chlorofluorocarbons
Which of the following best characterizes a population that is growing exponentially with time
doubling in size over equal increments of time
Which of the following ecological concepts includes all of the others
ecosystem
which of the following pairs of statistics would most likely indicate the highest quality of life in a country
high life expectancy and low infant morality
The release of a large amount of sewage and other organic wastes into a river would likely result in a sharp
increase in biological oxygen demand
which of the following inferences is supported by the results of this series of experiments
increased UV penetration through the Antarctic ozone hole would further depress productivity of phytoplankton
the increase in mean global temperature is likely to result in all of the following except
increased ground level ultraviolet radiation
Which of the following best illustrates a mitigation approach to climate change
increasing the proportion of commercial energy that is produced by wind farms
Which of the following is an example of an external cost
individuals pay for medical treatment of lung disease aggravated by pollution from a coal fired power plant
The activity with the health risk most likely to be overestimated by the general public in the United States
living near a nuclear power plant
this item not scored
not scored
Inversion
plays important role in air pollution
the great grasslands of the world have which of the following primary characteristics in common
seasonal cycles of temperature and precipitation produce abundant vegetative growth
A farmer observes that increasingly higher concentrations of a particular pesticide have been requires each year over the past ten years to achieve the same level of effectiveness on a specific insect pest. Which of the following best helps explain the observation?
some individual insects are more likely than others to survive and reproduce due to their inherited traits.
The crude growth rate, r, of a population is calculated by
subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate
Which of the following is most likely to reduce the United States contribution to the increase in concentration in the atmospheric CO2
switching from cars and trucks to rail for mass transit and freight movement
A laboratory study using rats showed a steady increase in physical effects as the concentration of a toxic substance in their food was increased. This suggests thats
the dose response relationship is linear
Which of the following is true about the region of the Earth's atmosphere known as the stratosphere
the highest concentration of naturally occurring ozone forms in this layer
All of the following are likely consequences of indoor air pollution EXCEPT an increase in
the risk of developing skin cancer
which of the following does not exert a major influence on Earths overall climate
the seasonal development of temperature inversions in geographical basins
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
they allowed power plants to buy and sell SO2 pollution allowances
the risk that many cancer causing chemicals pose to humans can be estimated using laboratory tests on rats. A significant scientific limitation of such tests that
they are banned in the US
Small populations of animals such as those typically found on islands are prone to extinction beacuse
they are more vulnerable to unpredictable events
which of the following best explains why decomposers in soils and water are important to ecosystems
they recycle nutrients
all of the following statements about invasive exotic species are true except
they tend to have a low reproductive rate
Which of the following is the best example of gray water
water that has been used for bathing and for washing clothes
in a human population, the population momentum effect is likely to occur in cases in which a larger percent of people in the population are in which age group
younger than eighteen years old