APES

How many units of energy do greenhouse gases contribute to the greenhouse effect

60

Which of the following is the best example of cogeneration

A coal fired power plant captures waster heat and uses it to heat adjacent buildings

Which of the following best represents the percent of water that is used for various purposes worldwide

E 70% 20% 10%

Which of the following compounds is not involved in the depletion of stratospheric ozone

carbon dioxide

a gaseous decay product of uranium this is found in rocks

radon

a leading cause of lung cancer in the US

radon

Members of an r-selected species characteristically

reach sexual maturity quickly

region where global warming is occuring

troposphere

Which of the following changes would also be expected in the pond over the same period of time.

2 only- Increased levels of heavy metals

The zone in which the greatest total mass of CO2 is absorbed from the atmosphere

B- the highest level but not attached to the shore

which of the following is the most successful solutions to the problems of fish mortality caused by dams

Building fish ladders around the dam

Marine sediments that form limestone are a major sink for this element

Carbon

Most plastics pose a special problem in the waste stream because they

Decompose slowly if at all and persist as solid waste

Which of the following would be the most likely effect of acid deposition on a northern forest

Decreased ability of trees to withstand cold weather

Of the following which is the most likely composition of the soil sample

E 10% 10% 80%

The zone in which species are adapted to the lowest light and the highest pressure

E- the lowest level

many synthetic chemicals such as PCBs act as estrogen mimics. In an ecosystem these persistent chemicals would have the greatest effect on which of the following

Secondary consumers

Which of the following problems is best addressed with contour plowing

Soil erosion

A small developing country with negligible rates of immigration and emigration is going through a demographic change. 30 years ago the crude birth rate was 44 per thousand per year and the crude death rate was 17 per thousand per year. Now the crude birth rate is 16 per thousand per year and the crude death rate is 5 per thousand per year. Which of the following statements about the country now is most likely to be true.

The country is at the industrial stage of the demographic transition

The danger from radon gas would most likely be greatest in

Well insulated homes

An effective short term remediation strategy for the pond would be

add calcium carbonate to the pond water

Factors that increase the spread of infectious diseases include all of the following except

exposure to neurotoxins, which affect the endocrine system

Salmon farming threatens the health of wild salmon stocks primarily because

farmed salmon can spread parasites and disease to wild salmon

According to the graph above, the global human population will most likely

have doubled between 1950 and 2150

paired correctly with major effects

sulfur oxides and acid deposition

A cost benefit analysis done to investigate a proposed mine site would likely take which of the following into account

1 2 and 3 The medical costs of mine worker injuries The cost of environmental restoration of sire when it is shut down the value of the ore to be extracted from the mine

Approx how many more times acidic in terms of H+ concentration is precipitation in the northeastern US as compared to precipitation in the South Pacific

10

how many units of energy return to space from earth and its atmosphere

100

How many units of energy are absorbed by Earth's surface

120

A clock draws 2.0 watts of power to operate and is in operation 8,600 hours per year. The energy usage of the clock, in kWh per year is closest to

17

In what year was the fraction of energy supplied by coal the greatest

1910

In approx what year did oil and gas become the dominant fuels for the US

1940

True statements about ozone include which of the following

2 and 3 Contact with ozone can be injurious to human health Ozone absorbs some wavelengths of ultraviolet radiation

Biological control methods for managing insect pests are effective for reasons that include which of the following

2 and 3 They generally focus on one target insect to ensure that the target insect population remains low they can lead to a self perpetuating population of control species

Correct statements about the northern spotted owl include which of the following

2 and 3 it is dependent on mature old growth forest for its habitat, it is a carnivore at or near the top of the food chain

If the population of a country is growing at a rate of 1.75% per year, the population will double in approx how many years

40

Approx how many more mammal species became extinct in the period 1901-2000 than became extinct in the period 1801-1900

90

positive vs negative feedback loops

: positive feedback (cant be undone) amplifies change while negative feedback reduces change. This means that positive feedback will result in more of a product

Which zone has the greatest biodiversity

A- the closest to the shoreline

More commonly used in the least developed countries than in highly developed countries

Biomass

In the stratosphere which of the following increases Earths albedo by reflecting solar energy back into space

Carbon dioxide

Which of the following is a primary air pollutant produced from burning coal

Carbon monoxide

Which of the following would ass the most support to the reliability of this series of experiments

Duplicate the experiment under identical conditions and get similar results

The high sea surface temperature in 1998 was most likely due to

El Nino

Contains an amendment that allows private landowners to modify their property under a habitat conservation plan

Endangered Species act

Which of the following characteristically produces non point source pollution

Erosion from ag land

Which graph best illustrates a population growing at its bionic potential

Exponential graph

Drawbacks include noise and the release of corrosive chemicals

Geothermal

For a primary producer, the main function of photosynthesis is to manufacture

Gluclose

Which best illustrates a population that was growing and has reached its carrying capacity

Growing graph that levels out

In north america native pollinators often increase the quantity and quality of crops of native plants that are insect pollinated more effectively than European honeybees do. The most likely reason for the phenomenon is that native pollinators

Have co evolved with native plant species

Which of the following is the most likely reason that the greatest number of extinctions of bird species occurred in the period 1901-2000

Increased environmental disturbances from human activities altered bird habitats

Switching from customary large-scale agricultural practices to which of the following is most likely to reduce the exposure of farmers and nearby residents to toxic chemicals.

Integrated pest management

Which of the following is not a property of water

It absorbs relatively little heat as it vaporizes

Which of the following actions would be most likely to increase the protection of ecological systems in national forests

Mandate that the government sale of logging rights in national forests be at fair market value

Addressed the issue of stratospheric ozone depletion

Montreal Protocol

Many environmentalists consider Egypt's Aswan High Damn on the Nile River to be an ecological disaster. Which of the following is the best evidence to support this viewpoint

Most of the nutrient-rich silt that the Nile annually deposited downstream is now deposited behind the dam

Requires the federal government to produce an environmental impact statement for any construction project funded by the government

National Environmental Policy Act

Which of the following is a common component of photo chemical smog and is reddish brown gas with a pungent odor

Nitrogen Dioxide

Nuclear power is a component of the line labeled "other" in the graph. Why is it impossible for nuclear energy to completely replace oil and gas in the future?

Nuclear power can supply electricity, but it cannot replace other uses of oil and gas

Of the following ecosystems, which has the lowest net primary productivity, measured as kilocalories of energy produced per square meter per year

Open Ocean

Which of the following represents a correct pairing of an ag practice with its environmental consequence

Paddy rice cultivation and methane emissions

Which of the following properties of soil sample most influences the flow of water through the sample

Permeability

Guano from fish-eating birds is a commercial source of this element

Phosphorus

Converts solar energy directly into electrical energy

Photovoltaics

Which of the following is the best example of an economic incentive that could be used to improve environmental quality and reduce resource waste

Providing tax breaks for companies that use recycled materials

The low anchovy catch in 1998 was most likely the result of

Reduced ocean upwelling along the coast

The primary cause for the decline in the use of wood as fuel in the eighteen hundreds was the

Reduced wood availability resulting from widespread deforestation

This element in pyrite contributes to acid mine drainage

Sulfur

Which of the following air pollutants is correctly paired with one of its major effects

Sulfur oxides, acid decomposition

Which two tank comparison provides the strongest evidence that the presence of UV light at natural levels inhibits photosynthesis

Tank 1 vs Tank 2

In 1986 Country X established regulations to reduce the maximum allowable concentration of chromium in industrial effluents from 37 ppm to 25 ppm. In 194 government research indicated that a chromium concentration of up to 35 ppm in effluents presented an acceptable risk in the same year that the government also discovered that a certain chemical company has been discharging effluents with chromium concentrations of 32 ppm each year since 181 based on this information which of the following statements is correct

The chemical company did not violate effluent regulations in the 1982-1985 period, but it violated them at some other time

Which of the following best describes acid mine drainage

The leakage of water containing toxic materials from coal and metal mines

Which of the following is the most valid conclusion that can be inferred from this experiment

The thinning of the Antarctic ozone layer is likely to have a dramatic effect on the entire polar food chain

Which of the following is a characteristic of tropical rain forests

Their soils are relatively poor in nutrients

Recent studies show that the decline of some tree populations in the northeastern United States is due to a combination of factors. Which of the following is the most important factor?

Toxic metals freed by acid deposition

Which of the following best describes the process of leaching

Water percolating through soil dissolving some of its materials

Atmospheric Particulates cause

asthma

West nile virus was identified in the western hemisphere during the summer of 1999 and was associated with human, equine, and avian deaths. This virus is aquired by

being bitten by an infected mosquito

the primary cause of acid precipitation in the northeastern US is

burning of sulfur containing fossil fuels to produce electricity

It has been observed that forest fires can produce up to 40 percent of the mean annual global emissions of which of the following gases

carbon dioxide

primary pollutant produced from burning coal?

carbon monoxide

which of the following is a greenhouse gas that comes only from human sources

chlorofluorocarbons

Which of the following best characterizes a population that is growing exponentially with time

doubling in size over equal increments of time

Which of the following ecological concepts includes all of the others

ecosystem

which of the following pairs of statistics would most likely indicate the highest quality of life in a country

high life expectancy and low infant morality

The release of a large amount of sewage and other organic wastes into a river would likely result in a sharp

increase in biological oxygen demand

which of the following inferences is supported by the results of this series of experiments

increased UV penetration through the Antarctic ozone hole would further depress productivity of phytoplankton

the increase in mean global temperature is likely to result in all of the following except

increased ground level ultraviolet radiation

Which of the following best illustrates a mitigation approach to climate change

increasing the proportion of commercial energy that is produced by wind farms

Which of the following is an example of an external cost

individuals pay for medical treatment of lung disease aggravated by pollution from a coal fired power plant

The activity with the health risk most likely to be overestimated by the general public in the United States

living near a nuclear power plant

this item not scored

not scored

Inversion

plays important role in air pollution

the great grasslands of the world have which of the following primary characteristics in common

seasonal cycles of temperature and precipitation produce abundant vegetative growth

A farmer observes that increasingly higher concentrations of a particular pesticide have been requires each year over the past ten years to achieve the same level of effectiveness on a specific insect pest. Which of the following best helps explain the observation?

some individual insects are more likely than others to survive and reproduce due to their inherited traits.

The crude growth rate, r, of a population is calculated by

subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate

Which of the following is most likely to reduce the United States contribution to the increase in concentration in the atmospheric CO2

switching from cars and trucks to rail for mass transit and freight movement

A laboratory study using rats showed a steady increase in physical effects as the concentration of a toxic substance in their food was increased. This suggests thats

the dose response relationship is linear

Which of the following is true about the region of the Earth's atmosphere known as the stratosphere

the highest concentration of naturally occurring ozone forms in this layer

All of the following are likely consequences of indoor air pollution EXCEPT an increase in

the risk of developing skin cancer

which of the following does not exert a major influence on Earths overall climate

the seasonal development of temperature inversions in geographical basins

Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990

they allowed power plants to buy and sell SO2 pollution allowances

the risk that many cancer causing chemicals pose to humans can be estimated using laboratory tests on rats. A significant scientific limitation of such tests that

they are banned in the US

Small populations of animals such as those typically found on islands are prone to extinction beacuse

they are more vulnerable to unpredictable events

which of the following best explains why decomposers in soils and water are important to ecosystems

they recycle nutrients

all of the following statements about invasive exotic species are true except

they tend to have a low reproductive rate

Which of the following is the best example of gray water

water that has been used for bathing and for washing clothes

in a human population, the population momentum effect is likely to occur in cases in which a larger percent of people in the population are in which age group

younger than eighteen years old