APES CH 1 & 2 Review

Which question is NOT part of the field of environmental science?

All of these questions belong to the field of environmental science

As a general rule, what percent of the original energy is available at the FINAL step for production of electricity?

Less than 10%

Which statement about the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan is NOT correct?

The Florida Everglades is a closed system that includes positive and negative feedback loops and is regulated as such

The difference between potential and kinetic energy is that

potential energy has not yet been released; kinetic energy has been released

How does paper consumption in developed and developing countries compare?

Developing countries consume slightly more paper

Assuming the devices were used correctly, and assuming we want to choose a device that accurately reflects the true concentration of lead in the water samples, which conclusion does the data support?

Device 2 is superior to device 1 because it is more accurate

Why is species diversity so important for a functioning ecosystem?

Diverse communities tend to be more stable and recover from disturbances more quickly

What is the BEST way to increase support for a particular hypothesis a scientist is investigating?

Do different types of experiments under different conditions

Impacts of fracking include I. contamination of ground water. II. increased use of coal. III. lower natural gas prices.

I and III

Pure water has a pH of 7 because

its H+ concentration is equal to its OH- concentration

Studying the effects of environmental change over space and time allows environmental scientists to ____________.

make environmental system predictions based on current human activity

A control group is

a group with the same conditions as the experimental group except for the study variable

Study the diagram below and select the concept it represents

a positive feedback loop, because more carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere result in greater permafrost thaw, which releases more carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere

______ is how close a measured value is to the actual or true value.

accuracy

Environmental indicators

all of the above

The basic building blocks of matter are known as _______.

atoms

Which is NOT a type of organic biological molecule?

salts

Which species appears to be least sensitive to the pH of rainfall across the range of exposure?

species b

Both the rate of speciation and background extinction rate are

very slow, natural processes.

The measure of the variety of genes within a species is known as

genetic diversity

Which of the following pH signifies the most acidic compound?

1

The fraction of the global human population living in developed nations is currently 17 percent. If each person in the developed world consumes on average 100 kg of meat per year, how much meat will be consumed in the developed world in 1 year?

130 billion kg

Use the figure to calculate the approximate percentage change in world grain production per person between 1950 and 2000.

20 percent

How many hectares of land is a 500-acre park? (1 acre = 0.40 ha)

200 ha

Sarah is currently spending $100 per month on electricity. She pays $0.20 per kWh. Her space heater is responsible for 10 percent of her electricity consumption. How many kilowatt-hours does her space heater use in a month? Assume a month is 30 days.

50 kWh

If the average adult woman consumes approximately 2,000 kcal per day, how long would she need to run in order to utilize 25 percent of her caloric intake, given that the energy requirement for running is 42,000 J per minute? Recall that 1 kcal 5 4184 joules.

50 min

If an energy source is 35 percent efficient, ______ percent of the energy is lost as waste heat

65

In 2015, 640,000 ha of the Amazon rainforest were cleared. Approximately how many hectares is that each hour?

73 ha

If a solar photovoltaic panel produces 1,000 watts of electrical energy and is active for 12 hours each day, how many kWh of electricity will be produced in a week?

84 kWh

Which is a factor that determines the types of organisms that can live in an environment:

All of the above

It is difficult to perform controlled experiments in nature because

Both large amounts of land are sometimes required to produce natural conditions AND animal behavior can change in captivity

In recent centuries, which factor(s) have had the most impact on natural systems?

Both population and technology

Which is an organic compound?

CH4

_____ is the adhesion of water molecules at a surface is stronger than cohesion between molecules

Capillary action

____________ is/are the sum of all the conditions surrounding us that influence life

Environment

Why are forests included as a contributor to the human ecological footprint?

Forests provide wood and wood products, which are renewable resources

Overall, which represents the most efficient system?

House C

Which of these characteristics are used to determine what constitutes a species? I. Physically distinct from other groups of organisms II. Can interbreed with others from the same group III. Shares the same habitat as other groups of organisms

I and II

Which of the following events has increased the impact of humans on the environment? I. advances in technology II. reduced human population growth III. use of tools for hunting

I and III

Which scenario would be most appropriate to study using a natural experiment? I. the effects of an herbicide on human health II. the influence of sleep on exam performance III. the effects of an earthquake on blood pressure

I and III

What is the likely primary reason for why this occurred? I. the low genetic diversity of the population II. the reduced ecosystem diversity of the forest III. greater contact with humans, who passed on the

I only

Which represents a system in steady state? I. The birth of chameleons on the island of Madagascar equals their death rate. II. Evaporation from a lake is greater than precipitation and runoff flowing into the lake. III. The steady flow of the Colorado River results in more erosion than deposition of rock particles.

I only

Which of the following measures is used to determine how closely two species are related? I. Body shape II. Behavior III. Genetic similarity

I, II, and III

Which of the following statements is correct?

If more efficient automobiles are built, consumption of gasoline will decrease

Environmental scientists study the steady state of systems to determine if inputs equal outputs. Using the bucket example from the text, which is NOT in steady state?

Input: 12 L/sec; Output 1.2 L/sec

Which are NOT biological molecules, macromolecules?

Isotopes

Which statement about atoms and molecules is correct?

Isotopes are the result of varying numbers of neutrons in atoms of the same element

Environmental scientists must overcome several challenges when studying the Earth. What is the biggest challenge facing them?

Lack of results from a "control" Earth for comparison

To change the ecological footprint in highly developed countries to sustainable levels:

Not one individual factor will result in a sustainable level of consumption

What are the correct order of steps in the scientific method?

Observe, hypothesize, collect data, interpret results, and disseminate findings

Which does NOT demonstrate the law of conservation of matter?

PbO + C → 2 Pb + CO2

Which statement about environmental systems is NOT true?

Smaller systems do NOT make up larger systems

Based on the graph below, which is the best interpretation of the data?

The input of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere is greater than the output from the atmosphere

A wooden log that weighs 1.00 kg is placed in a fireplace. Once lit, it is allowed to burn until there are only traces of ash, weighing 0.04 kg, left. Which best describes the flow of energy?

The potential energy of the wooden log was converted into the kinetic energy of heat and light

Which is NOT true about ecosystems?

They include no human components

True or False? As a result of the law of conservation of matter, the chemical elements that compose all matter can cycle indefinitely in ecosystems.

True

Which is not true of unicellular organisms?

Unicellular organisms do not contain organelles

Which is NOT a sustainable practice?

Watering the lawn during a rain shower

Which statement regarding a global environmental indicator is NOT correct?

World grain production has increased fairly steadily since 1950, but worldwide production of grain per capita has decreased dramatically over the same period

Which is the BEST way to study the effects of the pesticide DDT on fish embryo survival?

a controlled experiment

Environmental justice

a social movement and field of study that works toward equal enforcement of environmental laws and the elimination of disparities

Which of the following will be most likely to return to steady state after a disturbance?

a system with mostly negative feedback loops

The following figure shows atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations over time. The measured concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is an example of

an environmental indicator

The chemical bond that forms from the attraction of sodium ions and chlorine atoms in table salt (NaCl) is called

an ionic bond

A terminal lake like Mono Lake is an example of

an open system with both inputs and outputs

Which of the following is NOT a contributor to an ecological footprint?

area of land set aside for critical wildlife habitat

Which has the highest pH?

bleach

The Earth's climate is regulated by _____ feedback loops

both positive and negative

As described in this chapter, environmental indicators

can be used to analyze the health of natural systems

An example of decreased entropy is

clean up your lab station

Challenges in the study of environmental science include all of the following EXCEPT

dangers of studying natural systems

Earth's systems cannot function, and organisms cannot survive without ____

energy

The first law of thermodynamics states that __________.

energy inputs = energy outputs

The second law of thermodynamics states that all systems move toward increased _____

entropy

What is the common goal of sustainability?

focusing on maintaining human health and prosperity, both current and future generations

All of the following would be exclusively caused by anthropogenic activities EXCEPT

forest fires

Research in the interdisciplinary field of environmental science ____________

helps us to understand and respond to the anthropogenic changes to the Earth

Which is NOT a property of water that allows it to support life?

high viscosity

Environmental metrics such as the ecological footprint are most informative when they are considered along with other environmental indicators. Which indicator, when considered in conjunction with the ecological footprint, would provide the most information about environmental impact?

human population

The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan of 2000 was based on ________

increasing water flow in the Everglades AND reducing pollutants coming in the Everglades AND developing strategies for deal with future problems of the Everglades

The National Hurricane Center studies the origins and intensities of hurricanes over the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and it attempts to forecast their tracks, predict where they will make landfall, and assess what damage will result. This systems analysis involves

inputs, outputs, and changes within an open system

Which of the following activities is sustainable?

installing solar panels on your house to heat water and provide electricity

A car traveling down the highway best represents

kinetic energy

Which of the following is NOT a correct correlation?

kinetic energy and radiation

Environmental science draws from the _____ sciences, including chemistry, physics, biology, Earth science, geology, and climatology.

natural

A _______ is a theory to which there are no known exceptions and which has withstood rigorous testing

natural law

In science, which of the following is the most certain?

natural law

If two atoms of an element are isotopes, then they have a different

number of neutrons

The first step in the scientific process is

observations and questions

Which is NOT a macromolecule?

organelles

Common global-scale environmental indicators include all of the following EXCEPT

pollution in a local stream

The data from device 1 is

precise but not accurate

The hydrogen bonding in water ____________.

protects organisms from rapid temperature changes

Which is an abiotic component?

rock

Monitoring the five key global environmental indicators, helps us determine the health of the planet and work towards ____________

sustainability

People who study systems often conduct a ____________, in which they determine inputs, outputs, and changes in the system under various conditions

systems analysis

What is the MOST important aspect of research or data collection, to ensure its integrity?

taking careful measurements and accurately recording and managing data

The field of environmental science studies

the interactions among human systems and those found in nature

An ecosystem is composed of

the interactions of abiotic and biotic components at a particular location on Earth

A person's ecological footprint is

the land needed to support all of a person's activities

Entropy is

the randomness of a system

The concept of energy efficiency is used to quantify

the second law of thermodynamics

Each of the following is an example of how humans have negatively affected the environment EXCEPT

the use of fire to create the Great Plains

Greenhouse gases

trap heat near the Earth's surface