APES CH 1 & 2 Review
Which question is NOT part of the field of environmental science?
All of these questions belong to the field of environmental science
As a general rule, what percent of the original energy is available at the FINAL step for production of electricity?
Less than 10%
Which statement about the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan is NOT correct?
The Florida Everglades is a closed system that includes positive and negative feedback loops and is regulated as such
The difference between potential and kinetic energy is that
potential energy has not yet been released; kinetic energy has been released
How does paper consumption in developed and developing countries compare?
Developing countries consume slightly more paper
Assuming the devices were used correctly, and assuming we want to choose a device that accurately reflects the true concentration of lead in the water samples, which conclusion does the data support?
Device 2 is superior to device 1 because it is more accurate
Why is species diversity so important for a functioning ecosystem?
Diverse communities tend to be more stable and recover from disturbances more quickly
What is the BEST way to increase support for a particular hypothesis a scientist is investigating?
Do different types of experiments under different conditions
Impacts of fracking include I. contamination of ground water. II. increased use of coal. III. lower natural gas prices.
I and III
Pure water has a pH of 7 because
its H+ concentration is equal to its OH- concentration
Studying the effects of environmental change over space and time allows environmental scientists to ____________.
make environmental system predictions based on current human activity
A control group is
a group with the same conditions as the experimental group except for the study variable
Study the diagram below and select the concept it represents
a positive feedback loop, because more carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere result in greater permafrost thaw, which releases more carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere
______ is how close a measured value is to the actual or true value.
accuracy
Environmental indicators
all of the above
The basic building blocks of matter are known as _______.
atoms
Which is NOT a type of organic biological molecule?
salts
Which species appears to be least sensitive to the pH of rainfall across the range of exposure?
species b
Both the rate of speciation and background extinction rate are
very slow, natural processes.
The measure of the variety of genes within a species is known as
genetic diversity
Which of the following pH signifies the most acidic compound?
1
The fraction of the global human population living in developed nations is currently 17 percent. If each person in the developed world consumes on average 100 kg of meat per year, how much meat will be consumed in the developed world in 1 year?
130 billion kg
Use the figure to calculate the approximate percentage change in world grain production per person between 1950 and 2000.
20 percent
How many hectares of land is a 500-acre park? (1 acre = 0.40 ha)
200 ha
Sarah is currently spending $100 per month on electricity. She pays $0.20 per kWh. Her space heater is responsible for 10 percent of her electricity consumption. How many kilowatt-hours does her space heater use in a month? Assume a month is 30 days.
50 kWh
If the average adult woman consumes approximately 2,000 kcal per day, how long would she need to run in order to utilize 25 percent of her caloric intake, given that the energy requirement for running is 42,000 J per minute? Recall that 1 kcal 5 4184 joules.
50 min
If an energy source is 35 percent efficient, ______ percent of the energy is lost as waste heat
65
In 2015, 640,000 ha of the Amazon rainforest were cleared. Approximately how many hectares is that each hour?
73 ha
If a solar photovoltaic panel produces 1,000 watts of electrical energy and is active for 12 hours each day, how many kWh of electricity will be produced in a week?
84 kWh
Which is a factor that determines the types of organisms that can live in an environment:
All of the above
It is difficult to perform controlled experiments in nature because
Both large amounts of land are sometimes required to produce natural conditions AND animal behavior can change in captivity
In recent centuries, which factor(s) have had the most impact on natural systems?
Both population and technology
Which is an organic compound?
CH4
_____ is the adhesion of water molecules at a surface is stronger than cohesion between molecules
Capillary action
____________ is/are the sum of all the conditions surrounding us that influence life
Environment
Why are forests included as a contributor to the human ecological footprint?
Forests provide wood and wood products, which are renewable resources
Overall, which represents the most efficient system?
House C
Which of these characteristics are used to determine what constitutes a species? I. Physically distinct from other groups of organisms II. Can interbreed with others from the same group III. Shares the same habitat as other groups of organisms
I and II
Which of the following events has increased the impact of humans on the environment? I. advances in technology II. reduced human population growth III. use of tools for hunting
I and III
Which scenario would be most appropriate to study using a natural experiment? I. the effects of an herbicide on human health II. the influence of sleep on exam performance III. the effects of an earthquake on blood pressure
I and III
What is the likely primary reason for why this occurred? I. the low genetic diversity of the population II. the reduced ecosystem diversity of the forest III. greater contact with humans, who passed on the
I only
Which represents a system in steady state? I. The birth of chameleons on the island of Madagascar equals their death rate. II. Evaporation from a lake is greater than precipitation and runoff flowing into the lake. III. The steady flow of the Colorado River results in more erosion than deposition of rock particles.
I only
Which of the following measures is used to determine how closely two species are related? I. Body shape II. Behavior III. Genetic similarity
I, II, and III
Which of the following statements is correct?
If more efficient automobiles are built, consumption of gasoline will decrease
Environmental scientists study the steady state of systems to determine if inputs equal outputs. Using the bucket example from the text, which is NOT in steady state?
Input: 12 L/sec; Output 1.2 L/sec
Which are NOT biological molecules, macromolecules?
Isotopes
Which statement about atoms and molecules is correct?
Isotopes are the result of varying numbers of neutrons in atoms of the same element
Environmental scientists must overcome several challenges when studying the Earth. What is the biggest challenge facing them?
Lack of results from a "control" Earth for comparison
To change the ecological footprint in highly developed countries to sustainable levels:
Not one individual factor will result in a sustainable level of consumption
What are the correct order of steps in the scientific method?
Observe, hypothesize, collect data, interpret results, and disseminate findings
Which does NOT demonstrate the law of conservation of matter?
PbO + C → 2 Pb + CO2
Which statement about environmental systems is NOT true?
Smaller systems do NOT make up larger systems
Based on the graph below, which is the best interpretation of the data?
The input of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere is greater than the output from the atmosphere
A wooden log that weighs 1.00 kg is placed in a fireplace. Once lit, it is allowed to burn until there are only traces of ash, weighing 0.04 kg, left. Which best describes the flow of energy?
The potential energy of the wooden log was converted into the kinetic energy of heat and light
Which is NOT true about ecosystems?
They include no human components
True or False? As a result of the law of conservation of matter, the chemical elements that compose all matter can cycle indefinitely in ecosystems.
True
Which is not true of unicellular organisms?
Unicellular organisms do not contain organelles
Which is NOT a sustainable practice?
Watering the lawn during a rain shower
Which statement regarding a global environmental indicator is NOT correct?
World grain production has increased fairly steadily since 1950, but worldwide production of grain per capita has decreased dramatically over the same period
Which is the BEST way to study the effects of the pesticide DDT on fish embryo survival?
a controlled experiment
Environmental justice
a social movement and field of study that works toward equal enforcement of environmental laws and the elimination of disparities
Which of the following will be most likely to return to steady state after a disturbance?
a system with mostly negative feedback loops
The following figure shows atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations over time. The measured concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is an example of
an environmental indicator
The chemical bond that forms from the attraction of sodium ions and chlorine atoms in table salt (NaCl) is called
an ionic bond
A terminal lake like Mono Lake is an example of
an open system with both inputs and outputs
Which of the following is NOT a contributor to an ecological footprint?
area of land set aside for critical wildlife habitat
Which has the highest pH?
bleach
The Earth's climate is regulated by _____ feedback loops
both positive and negative
As described in this chapter, environmental indicators
can be used to analyze the health of natural systems
An example of decreased entropy is
clean up your lab station
Challenges in the study of environmental science include all of the following EXCEPT
dangers of studying natural systems
Earth's systems cannot function, and organisms cannot survive without ____
energy
The first law of thermodynamics states that __________.
energy inputs = energy outputs
The second law of thermodynamics states that all systems move toward increased _____
entropy
What is the common goal of sustainability?
focusing on maintaining human health and prosperity, both current and future generations
All of the following would be exclusively caused by anthropogenic activities EXCEPT
forest fires
Research in the interdisciplinary field of environmental science ____________
helps us to understand and respond to the anthropogenic changes to the Earth
Which is NOT a property of water that allows it to support life?
high viscosity
Environmental metrics such as the ecological footprint are most informative when they are considered along with other environmental indicators. Which indicator, when considered in conjunction with the ecological footprint, would provide the most information about environmental impact?
human population
The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan of 2000 was based on ________
increasing water flow in the Everglades AND reducing pollutants coming in the Everglades AND developing strategies for deal with future problems of the Everglades
The National Hurricane Center studies the origins and intensities of hurricanes over the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and it attempts to forecast their tracks, predict where they will make landfall, and assess what damage will result. This systems analysis involves
inputs, outputs, and changes within an open system
Which of the following activities is sustainable?
installing solar panels on your house to heat water and provide electricity
A car traveling down the highway best represents
kinetic energy
Which of the following is NOT a correct correlation?
kinetic energy and radiation
Environmental science draws from the _____ sciences, including chemistry, physics, biology, Earth science, geology, and climatology.
natural
A _______ is a theory to which there are no known exceptions and which has withstood rigorous testing
natural law
In science, which of the following is the most certain?
natural law
If two atoms of an element are isotopes, then they have a different
number of neutrons
The first step in the scientific process is
observations and questions
Which is NOT a macromolecule?
organelles
Common global-scale environmental indicators include all of the following EXCEPT
pollution in a local stream
The data from device 1 is
precise but not accurate
The hydrogen bonding in water ____________.
protects organisms from rapid temperature changes
Which is an abiotic component?
rock
Monitoring the five key global environmental indicators, helps us determine the health of the planet and work towards ____________
sustainability
People who study systems often conduct a ____________, in which they determine inputs, outputs, and changes in the system under various conditions
systems analysis
What is the MOST important aspect of research or data collection, to ensure its integrity?
taking careful measurements and accurately recording and managing data
The field of environmental science studies
the interactions among human systems and those found in nature
An ecosystem is composed of
the interactions of abiotic and biotic components at a particular location on Earth
A person's ecological footprint is
the land needed to support all of a person's activities
Entropy is
the randomness of a system
The concept of energy efficiency is used to quantify
the second law of thermodynamics
Each of the following is an example of how humans have negatively affected the environment EXCEPT
the use of fire to create the Great Plains
Greenhouse gases
trap heat near the Earth's surface