apes ch 5 and 6, apes ch. 7, 8, & 9

Limnetic zone

(A) a zone of open water in lakes and ponds

Profundal zone

(B) a region of water where sunlight does not reach, below the limnetic zone in very deep lakes

Littoral zone

(D) shallow zone in a freshwater habitat where light reaches the bottom and nurtures plants

The population change in a particular year can be calculated by...

(births + immigration) - (deaths + emigration).

Populations of organisms living in aquatic life zones may be limited by

.nutrient availability. .dissolved oxygen. .access to light

Inland wetlands are valuable for

.waterfowl habitat. .biogeochemical cycling of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. .recharging groundwater supplies. .recreation

Factors that affect the total fertility rate of a human population include which of the following?

1. Cultural traditions 2. Government policies and economic incentives 3. Education level and economic opportunities for females

Social factors affecting birth and fertility rates include...

1. attitudes toward large families and birth control. 2. average levels of education and affluence. 3. urbanization.

Women tend to have fewer and healthier children when they...

1. live in societies in which their individual rights are protected. 2. have access to paying jobs outside the home. 3. have access to education. 4. have access to birth control.

Countries undergoing rapid population decline may experience a rise in the proportion of the population...

1. on social security. 2. consuming a large fraction of medical services. 3. who are older people. 4. can face labor shortages.

If a country has a crude birth rate of 24 per 1,000 and a crude death rate of 8 per 1,000, the natural annual percent increase of its population is...

1.6%.

The crude birth rate is the number of live births per _____ persons in a given year.

1000.

At the beginning of a year, an island has a population of 1000. It is growing by 10% per year. How many people will be on the island at the end of the second year (assuming no one died or leaves).

1210

If the population of a country grows at a rate of approximately 5 percent per year, the number of years required for the population to double is closest to...

15 years.

The actual average replacement-level fertility for the whole is slightly higher than...

3 children per couple.

Most deserts occur at

30 degrees North and 30 degrees South

Oceans cover about ______ of the earth's surface.

70%

Which of the following would add the most people in one year?

A country of 500 million people with a growth rate of 1.5%.

By the year 2050, world population is expected to approach 10 billion. if the current population trends continue, which region of the world will most likely experience the majority of the growth?

Africa and Asia.

The climograph above represents which biome?

Arctic tundra

Boreal Forest

Area of salt loving plants that live in warm coastal areas, also known as taiga

Which of the following world regions contain the greatest area of rain forest?

Canada and the United States

Which of the following is a true statement about replacement-level fertility?

It is greater in countries with high infant-mortality rates than in countries with low infant-mortality rates.

An exponential growth curve depicting an ever-growing population is shaped like the letter ____.

J.

Ultraplankton

Photosynthetic bacteria that are no more than two micrometers

Which if the following would exhibit primary succession?

Rock exposed by a retreating glacier.

Which of the following is most likely to increase both the nutrient levels and the bacterial content of lake water?

Runoff from a nearby hog farm.

A logistic growth curve depicting a population that is limited by a definite carrying capacity is shaped like the letter ____.

S.

During El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event, which of the following best describes conditions in the eastern part of the tropical Pacific Ocean (e.g. South America, near Peru and Ecuador)?

Sea Surface Temperature HIGH, Rainfall HIGH

During which stage of the demographic transition shown above does a population experience an explosive increase in growth?

Stage 2.

Which of the following statements is false?

The rise in the size of the human population is due primarily to an increasing global birth rate.

Which of the following factors is fundamentally responsible for season on earth?

The tilt of Earth's axis of rotation

Ways to reduce population growth include reducing infant mortality rates, educating both males and females, improving the status of women, and expanding job opportunities for women.

True.

Zooplankton

Very small floating herbivores that feed on plant plankton

Which of the following typically leads to a woman giving birth to fewer children?

Women having many opportunities to participate in the workforce.

A population crash occurs when...

a population overshoots carrying capacity and environmental pressures cause effects.

Hydrothermal vents with chemosynthetic-based communities are characteristic of the

abyssal zone.

Coral is a symbiotic relationship between a polyp and a(n)

algae

Traveling southward from the Arctic regions of Canada to the topics of Panama, one passes through several biomes---tundra, coniferous forest, temperate deciduous forest, and tropical rain forest. this pattern of change in vegetation is primarily the result of

an increase in both average annual temperature and average annual precipitation.

Permafrost is characteristics of the

arctic tundra

Specialist species...

are more likely to become extinct.

Large ecological regions inhabited by certain types of life, resulting from a particular climate, are called a(n)

biomes

Infant mortality rate refers to the number of children out of 1,000 that died...

by their first birthday.

The most common pattern of population dispersion found in nature is...

clumped.

The ocean zone that covers the continental shelf is the

coastal zone

You glance up at the sky and observe a line of black clouds moving in. These clouds produce intense thunderstorms and then quickly move past your area and the storms end. You predict the arrival of a

cold front

A relationship in which one species benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed to any significant degree is best labeled...

commensalism

Trees with needle-like leaves that are kept year round are especially abundant in which biome?

coniferous forest

The term upwelling refers to the movement of

cool nutrient-rich water from the bottom to the surface.

The term greenhouse effect

describes the trapping of heat energy in the troposphere by certain gaseous molecules

The rain shadow effect refers to

dried conditions on the leeward side of mountain ranges.

Which of the following is not one of the age structure categories?

elderly.

A biologist studying biodiversity would most likely conduct research at a(n)________ lake.

eutrophic

Rapidly growing countries have an age structure that...

has a broad-based pyramid.

Based on the theory island biogeography, you would predict that large islands near the mainland would have relatively...

high immigration and low extinction rates.

Although the fertility rate for women in the united States has declined in recent years to a value below replacement level, the united States population is still increasing mostly because of...

immigration.

In a tropical rainforest, direct sunlight is strongest

in the emergent layer

Species that serve as early warnings of environmental damage are called...

indicator species.

A country with an age distribution like that shown in the figure above is most likely a country that

is experiencing negative population growth.

An r-strategist generally...

is small and short lived.

The biotic potential of a population...

is the maximum reproductive rate of a population.

A sea otter is a(n)

keystone species.

Species whose roles in an ecosystem are much more important than their abundance would suggest are called?

keystone species.

Which of the following best describes the survivorship curve you would expect to find for a human?

late loss.

The best two useful indicators of overall health in a country or region are...

life expectancy and infant mortality rate.

The fragility of life in the desert ecosystem in indicated by

long regeneration time from vegetation destruction.

Which of the following are examples of deciduous plants

maples and oaks

A rain shadow is most likely to be produced by a

mountain

Species that normally live and thrive in a particular ecosystem are known as...

native species.

All of the following are greenhouse gases except

nitrogen (N2)

Species that migrate or are accidentally introduced into an ecosystem are called...

nonnative species.

Lakes that are characterized by high water clarity and low concentrations of dissolved nutrients are classified as

oligotrophic.

Emigration is...

one-way movement of individuals out of a particular population to another area.

Which of the following factors lead to an increase in biotic potential?

optimal level of critical nutrients.

Lake overturns bring

oxygen to the lake bottom and nutrients to the surface.

Features of weather include all of the following except

ozone concentration

In your explorations as a marine biologist, you find a new species of algae floating on the surface of a coastal zone. You would most likely classify this species as

phytoplankton

A crude birth rate that is below the crude death rate will most likely result in...

population decline.

Generally, the limiting factor that has the largest impact on the vegetative character of an entire biome is

precipitation

During demographic transitions, birth rates of a population are high during the...

preindustrial and transitional stages.

The climatogram above represents which biome?

savanna

Countries that have achieved Zero Population Growth (ZPG) have an age structure that...

shows little variation in population by age.

There are _____ separate belts of moving air or prevailing winds.

six

Cone-bearing trees are characteristics of the

taiga

The most important factors in climate are

temperature and precipitation

The most populous countries in the world are China, India, and...

the United States.

In terms of biodiversity, the tropical rain forest is to a land environment as _____ is to water environments.

the coral reef

The term demographic transition refers to...

the decline in death rates followed by decline in birth rates when a country becomes industrialized.

Which of the following have the greatest built-in momentum for population growth?

the largest percentage of the population are people under age 15.

Which of the following lake zones is comparable to the coastal zone of the ocean?

the littoral zone

Carrying capacity refers to...

the maximum size of a population the environment will support.

Nights in deserts are cold because

there is a poor insulating effect from the desert's dry air.

An explorer seeking the driest place on earth should begin looking in a

tropical desert.

A mature ____ has the greatest species diversity of all terrestrial biomes.

tropical rainforest

The average number of children is expected to have in her lifetime is referred to as the total fertility rate.

true.

Which of the following is a measure of the amount of suspended material in water?

turbidity

A high infant mortality rate is most often associated with...

undernutrition.

During an El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO),

upwellings of cold, nutrient-rich water are suppressed.

Climate is the general pattern of weather over a period of

years