APES Chapter 10 Questions

What component makes soil sticky, elastic, and impermeable?

Clay

What type of soil has the greatest water-holding capactiy

Clay

Organic pollutants called ________________ are showing up in many different places worldwide, far from their original source. This has led to a widespread movement to ________________.

Persistent organic pollutants; ban twelve of them in developed countries

As resistant pests evolve, there is an ever-increasing need for new and better pesticides. This is know as the....?

Pesticide treadmill

Which of the following is the BEST way to ensure soil health?

Strip farming and leaving residues on fields after harvest

Which of the following applications requires the least amount of pesticide for maintenance?

Insecticides inside a home to control pests

What of the following water erosion prevention methods would be appropriate for an area with steep slopes?

Terracing

Which of the following pesticide types is extremely toxic to workers who apply them?

Fumigants

Which of the following is the best reason to use organophosphates instead of organochlorines as a pesticide?

Less persistent in the environment than organochlorines in lower doses

The benefits of leaving crop residues on a field after harvest include all of the following EXCEPT...?

Lessening soil moisture

Pesticide resurgence is part of the problem of pesticide resistance and happens when a pest organism

Tolerant to a pest survives and produces tolerant offspring

Which of the following methods of food preparation would best reduce pesticide related to bioaccumulation?

Trim the fat from meat, chicken, and fish

Which of these is NOT a benefit found with reduced tillage farming?

decreased insects and weeds

Inorganic pesticides are generally....?

highly toxic and remain in the soil for a long time

Significant agricultural monetary losses are due to the destruction of _____ through pesticide spray drift and residues on flowers.

honeybees

The stratified horizontal layers of soils are called soil...?

horizons

The process that happens when pesticide residues evaporate from soil and water in warm areas and then condense in and precipitate in colder regions is called...?

the grasshopper effect

About what portion of world freshwater withdrawals is used for agriculture?

2/3

Approximately ..... percent of the pesticides applied with machine sprayers never reach the intended target?

90

Which of the following usually have the MOST intensive use of pesticides?

A golf course

Topsoil

A horizon

Which of the following is the most appropriate definition of soil?

A mixture of minerals from parent material and decomposed organic matter influenced by climate and topography formed over time that supports plants

A broad-spectrum biocides is designed to kill...?

A wide range of living organisms

Soil type found in Tennessee and North Carolina

Alfisols

Two types of soil that dominate most of the US farming regions are?

Alfisols ans Mollisols

In terms of agriculture, pesticides have led to ..... for consumers.

All of these are correct

Which of the following can be a chronic effect of pesticides on humans?

All of these are correct

Soil type found in Mojave desert

Aridosols

Which is the following is NOT a correct match?

B Horizon: Parent Material

Tend to be richer in clays and is known as the subsoil

B horizon

Pesticide resistance occurs when a population of pests

B. Genetically changes (through natural selection) and is no longer affected by the chemicals

A pest control measure most effective on butterfly and moth larvae

Bt spray

Contains the weathered parent material

C horizon

The type of pesticide found to be extremely toxic to bees belongs to which of the following groups of compounds?

Carbamates

Which is the correct order of the soil horizons from top down?

O, A, E, B

Annual row crops such as __________ cause the highest erosion rates because _____________.

Corn and beans; soil is left bare for the majority of the year

Which of the following is an organochlorine pesticide?

DDT

Which of the following would have nearly zero topsoil?

Deserts

Which of the following uses the LEAST amount of energy in industrialized farming practices?

Drying the crops in the field

Contains elucidated or washed out soil

E horizon

The pesticide treadmill occurs when

E. Constantly increasing doses of pesticides are needed to control pests

The largest reason for the inefficiency of irrigation water use in most countries is....?

Evaporative losses from unprotected water channeling

Which federal legislation requires companies to register their pesticides with the EPA?

FIFRA

Spaces between sand particles give sandlot soil....?

Good drainage

If not restored, areas affected by rill erosion can then be subject to...?

Gullying

In developing countries, the farm workers who account for the majority of illness and death from the most toxic agricultural chemicals are usually the workers who....?

Handpick fruits and vegetables

In developed countries, the most recent increases in agricultural productivity have come from...?

Irrigation, increased fertilization, and new crop varieties

Which of the following is NOT true of the Brazilian Cerrado?

It is a fertile rainforest

When compared to sand and gravel, small soil particles (clay and silt) have ........ pore space

Less

The efficiency of irrigation water use is ______ in most countries. One of the reasons for this is ______.

Low; evaporative losses from unprotected water channeling

Topsoil contains predominantly

Mixed organic material and mineral particles

The soil type commonly found in prairies is?

Mollisols

Why are pest predator populations so adversely affected by broad-spectrum pesticides?

Predators in higher trophic levels are more likely to be wiped out than lower trophic levels

Alcohol and pickling solutions were probably widely developed because they...?

Preserve food due to their pesticidal properties

Which of the best cropping methods for reducing erosion?

Rotating corn, wheat and clover

The best cropping methods for reducing soil erosion is...?

Rotating corn, wheat, and clover

Natural organic pesticides are not...?

Safe for all animals

Which of the following impacts might occur in irrigated arid land?

Salinization. Waterlogging, Nutrient Depletion

An effective way to measure soil erosion in a region is to measure the....?

Sediment load of adjacent rivers

It is useful to classify pesticides based on their chemicals structure because....?

Similar chemical structures often relate to similar toxicological characteristics

When pesticide residues evaporate from soil and water in warm areas and then condense in and precipitate in colder region, this is known as....)

The grasshopper effect

Which of the following is not a drawback to using insecticides to control a pest outbreak?

The insecticide can potentially protect the crop from damage due to the insect pleat and thus improve land productivit

Annual row crops such as beans and corn cause the highest top soil erosion rates because....?

The soil is left bare for the majority of the year

In order to institute an integrated pest management program, it is necessary to...?

Understand local plants and animals

The use of Bacillus thuringiensis which affects the larva stage of moths is an example of....?

Using biological controls to control pests

Which of the following are NOT forms of chemical deterioration of soil?

Waterlogging

Can an organism be resistant to a chemical that it has never been exposed to?

Yes, genes for pesticide resistance can be transferred through vectors such as viruses

Which of the following CANNOT be found in soil?

all of these are found in soil

Salinization is a common agricultural problem in what type of region?

arid

Pest organisms tend to be...?

generalist species

Spaces between sand particles give sandy soil...?

good drainage

Rill erosion can lead to

gully erosion

Knowledge of the life cycle of an insect population enables biological controls to be used in place of current pesticide use. An example includes the use of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) which affects _______ of moths and butterflies.

larval stage

Wind erosion is most likely to cause problems in...?

open, arid regions

Contour plowing and strip farming are methods designed to

prevent water and soil loss

The parent material layer of a soil is composed of weathered...?

rock fragments

With respect to chemical pest controls, integrated pest management (IPM) uses...?

the minimum amount necessary as a last resort

DDT accumulation in North American eagles, pelicans and other birds disrupted birds' calcium metabolism, causing...?

thin eggshells