APES CHAPTER 10 STUDY GUIDE

Approximately ____ % of the Earth's land surface is considered "protected" by the United Nations. A. 10 B. 25 C. 50 D. 75 E. 100

10

The United States has a total land area of about 980,000,000 hectares. Approximately how many hectares are used for recreational and wildlife lands? A. 9,800,000 hectares B. 19,600,000 hectares C. 107,500,000 hectares D. 196,000,000 hectares E. 245,000,000 hectares

107,500,000 hectares

Use Figure 10-1. Rural populations decreased approximately ____ % from 1950 to 2000. A. 3 B. 8 C. 15 D. 28 E. 40

15

Use Figure 10-1. What was the approximate U.S. population in 1950? A. 150 million B. 180 million C. 230 million D. 260 million E. 330 million

150 million

Use Figure 10-2. The United States has a total land area of about 980,000,000 hectares. Approximately how many hectares are used for cropland? A. 9,800,000 hectares B. 19,600,000 hectares C. 98,000,000 hectares D. 196,000,000 hectares E. 245,000,000 hectares

196,000,000 hectares

Use Figure 10-1. The United States has experienced a shift in where its population lives over the last century. According to the figure above, in what decade were urban, suburban, and rural populations approximately equal? A. 1990s B. 1980s C. 1970s D. 1960s E. 1950s

1960s

Use Figure 10-1. In approximately what year did the population residing in rural settings stop declining? A. 1950 B. 1960 C. 1970 D. 1980 E. 1990

1990

Use Figure 10-1. Urban populations grew approximately ____ % from 1970 to 1990. A. 5 B. 23 C. 58 D. 82 E. 145

23

Use Figure 10-1. What was the approximate U.S. population in 2000? A. 150 million B. 180 million C. 230 million D. 280 million E. 330 million

280 million

North American (Canadian and U.S.) forests account for approximately ____ % of world commercial timber production. A. 10 B. 20 C. 30 D. 40 E. 50

30

You are looking at two different houses. House #1 would have a daily 5-mile commute to work, while house #2 would have a daily 20-mile commute. How much more CO2 would you produce annually if you buy house #2? (Hint: Driving 1 mile produces 1.1 lb of CO2, and you work 240 days/year.) A. 1320 lb B. 3960 lb C. 5280 lb D. 9856 lb E. There is not enough information to tell.

3960 lb

In theory, a population grows most quickly at ____ % of the environment's carrying capacity. A. 10 B. 25 C. 50 D. 75 E. 100

50

Use Figure 10-1. In 2000, the suburban population was approximately what percent of the total population? A. 10% B. 25% C. 35% D. 50% E. 85%

50%

Use Figure 10-2. What percent of U.S. land is used to produce physical resources, including crops, wood, or food for grazing animals? A. 20% B. 25% C. 48% D. 68% E. 74%

74%

Approximately ____ % of the forests used for commercial timber operations in the United States are privately owned. A. 10 B. 25 C. 50 D. 75 E. 100

75

From an economic standpoint which forest harvesting technique is generally best? A. Clear-cutting B. Shelterbelt C. Shelter tree D. Selective cutting E. Ecologically sustainable forestry

Clear-cutting

National wildlife refuges are managed primarily for the purpose of protecting wildlife. They are usually managed by A. FWS. B. BLM. C. USFS. D. NPS. E. whichever agency managed the land before the refuge was established.

FWS

Which is NOT a problem with clear-cutting as a means of timber harvest? A. The possibility of raising water temperatures B. Increased soil erosion C. Lack of cover for certain wildlife D. Herbicide use prior to replanting E. High cost of clear-cutting when compared to other methods

High cost of clear-cutting when compared to other methods

Urban blight can best be described as A. a positive feedback loop involving the migration of goods and services away from an urban center. B. a negative feedback loop involving the migration of goods and services away from an urban center. C. a positive feedback loop involving the migration of goods and services toward an urban center. D. a negative feedback loop involving the migration of goods and services toward an urban center. E. a positive feedback loop involving the use of tax revenue to build roads, which leads to urban exodus.

a positive feedback loop involving the migration of goods and services away from an urban center.

Induced demand, as it relates to urban sprawl, can best be described as A. a positive feedback loop involving the migration of goods and services away from an urban center. B. a negative feedback loop involving the migration of goods and services away from an urban center. C. a positive feedback loop involving the migration of goods and services toward an urban center. D. a negative feedback loop involving the migration of goods and services toward an urban center. E. a positive feedback loop involving the use of tax revenue to build roads, which leads to urban exodus.

a positive feedback loop involving the use of tax revenue to build roads, which leads to urban exodus.

The best forest management techniques mimic natural processes. This is most likely to include A. clear-cutting to mimic natural disturbances such as wildfires and hurricanes. B. shelter tree cutting to mimic natural disturbances such as pine bark beetle infestations. C. selective burning to mimic natural disturbances such as pine bark beetle infestations. D. tree plantations of uniform age. E. allowing prescribed burns to remove accumulated dead biomass.

allowing prescribed burns to remove accumulated dead biomass.

If a farmer overgrazes his sheep in a common pasture the end result is more harm than benefit. This example BEST demonstrates A. urban blight. B. an environmental externality. C. the invisible hand. D. the Hardin effect. E. free-market enterprise.

an environmental externality.

Massive forest fires that burn large areas and destroy canopy are most likely to benefit A. early-succession species seeking to fill a niche. B. late-succession species that are easily reestablished. C. apex species that dominated prior to the fire. D. density-dependent parasites such as bark-boring species. E. mobile-canopy species such as upper canopy warblers.

early-succession species seeking to fill a niche.

Development that builds on vacant lots within cities rather than expanding into new land outside the city is known as A. infill. B. transit-oriented development. C. multi-use zoning. D. urban sprawl. E. induced demand.

infill

Land value can generally be quantified in terms of dollars. One notable exception is A. food value. B. shelter value. C. mineral value. D. natural resource value. E. intrinsic value.

intrinsic value

The Taylor Grazing Act of 1934 was passed to A. allow more grazing of Bureau of Land Management (BLM) lands. B. limit grazing on Bureau of Land Management lands through a permit system. C. limit grazing on Bureau of Land Management lands through a large-scale fencing system. D. prevent grazing on Bureau of Land Management lands. E. tax grazing animals.

limit grazing on Bureau of Land Management lands through a permit system.

The type of site that is MOST likely to be a multiple-use land is a A. managed resource protected area. B. species management area. C. national monument. D. wilderness area. E. wildlife preserve.

managed resource protected area

Cave swallows make nests out of saliva, which some people then harvest to make expensive soup. If too many nests are harvested, then the swallows won't be able to rear their young and the population will crash. When evaluating how many nests to harvest, we should focus on A. market forces such as the cost of bird's nest soup. B. international policy. C. maximum sustainable yield. D. the tragedy of the commons. E. cave swallow cave preference.

maximum sustainable yield.

Smart growth includes all of the following precepts except A. mixed land use. B. creating a range of housing opportunities and choices. C. transportation choice. D. moving development away from existing substandard neighborhoods. E. preservation of open spaces.

moving development away from existing substandard neighborhoods.

Transit-oriented development that seeks to move away from current transportation trends would likely include all of the following EXCEPT A. bicycle racks. B. light-rail system with frequent stops in high-density development. C. wide, attractive sidewalks. D. multiple parking lots in high-density developments. E. special lanes for bicycles and other alternative modes of transportation.

multiple parking lots in high-density developments.

The U.S. government receives royalties for use of public lands from timber companies. In general. this translates into A. 5% profit for the government (after considering costs of management and upkeep). B. 15% profit for the government (after considering costs of management and upkeep). C. 25% profit for the government (after considering costs of management and upkeep). D. 50% profit for the government (after considering costs of management and upkeep). E. net loss for the government (after considering costs of management and upkeep).

net loss for the government (after considering costs of management and upkeep).

Selective cutting has many benefits, which do NOT include A. mimicking natural canopy disturbances. B. optimum growth for sun-loving species. C. that mature trees that remain in the ecosystem aid in reseeding. D. that soil erosion is reduced when compared to clear-cutting. E. that the multi-age mosaic generally increases biodiversity.

optimum growth for sun-loving species.

A neighborhood is considering redevelopment of its community and would like to invite all of the stakeholders to take part. The list of invitees may include all of the following EXCEPT A. residents of the neighborhood. B. businesses in or near the neighborhood. C. politicians whose constituents reside in the neighborhood. D. residents from nearby neighborhoods. E. people who live in a different area and are not affected by the redevelopment.

people who live in a different area and are not affected by the redevelopment.

Another name for urban blight is the donut effect, due to the large swaths of underutilized lands surrounded by developed urban area. The main means to stop/reverse urban blight is through A. transit-oriented development. B. urban growth boundaries coupled with infill. C. mixed land use. D. Euclidian zoning. E. compact building design.

urban growth boundaries coupled with infill.

Public lands in the United States are categorized for use based on the managing agency. In general, Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) lands are used for A. grazing, mining, timber harvesting, and recreation. B. timber harvesting, grazing, and recreation. C. recreation and conservation. D. wildlife conservation, hunting, and recreation. E. primarily preservation.

wildlife conservation, hunting, and recreation.

Sandhills Mall is a high-end mall that includes shopping centers, artisans, and apartment complexes on site. Sandhills Mall is most likely A. zoned using Euclidian methods. B. in violation of Federal Housing Administration (FHA) regulations. C. zoned for multi-use. D. the result of induced demand. E. the result of urban blight.

zoned for multi-use.

The vast majority of wilderness areas in the United States exist in A. the southeastern states of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. B. the midwestern states of Wisconsin, Minnesota, and North Dakota. C. Texas and Hawaii. D. the western States (California, Oregon, and Washington). E. Alaska.

Alaska

Use Figure 10-2. What type of land use is LEAST common in the United States? A. Cropland B. Recreational and wildlife lands C. Timber production D. Defense E. Forest grazing land

Defense

Which of the following is NOT a result of urban sprawl? A. The average number of miles driven in the United States annually has tripled over the past 50 years. B. Due to larger parcel size, suburban populations use twice as much land area as similarly sized urban populations. C. Distance between work, goods, services, and home prevents pedestrian travel. D. Lower population densities make services such as mass transit economically prohibitive. E. Air pollution increases due to reliance on personal vehicles for transportation.

Due to larger parcel size, suburban populations use twice as much land area as similarly sized urban populations.

One of the draws of suburban living is the higher standard of living per dollar spent. Which of the following does NOT contribute to this ratio? A. Higher tax rates in suburbia B. Fewer government services in suburbia C. Lower cost of land in suburbia D. Perceived feeling of openness in suburbia E. Higher tax rates in urban setting

Higher tax rates in suburbia

A management system that includes fire suppression will likely lead to I. large quantities of biomass accumulating on the forest floor. II. an increase in the likelihood of uncontrolled natural fires. III. an increase in fire-dependent species. A. I only B. I and II C. I and III D. II and III E. I, II, and III

I and II

A management system that includes prescribed burns will likely lead to I. large quantities of biomass accumulating on the forest floor. II. a decrease in the likelihood of uncontrolled natural fires. III. an increase in fire-dependent species. A. I only B. I and II C. I and III D. II and III E. I, II, and III

II and III

Which of the following is FALSE about the 1988 wildfires that burned through Yellowstone National Park? A. Drier than usual conditions all summer helped to cause the fires. B. Over the long term, the fires provided no benefits to the park ecosystems. C. More than a third of Yellowstone burned in 1988. D. Fires were caused by human activity and lightning strikes. E. Firefighting efforts succeeded in saving human lives and property.

Over the long term, the fires provided no benefits to the park ecosystems.

Which of the following is NOT a cause of urban sprawl? A. Automobiles B. Highway construction C. Government policies D. Urban blight E. Smart growth

Smart growth

Use Figure 10-1. Which setting showed the greatest overall growth rate? A. Urban B. Suburban C. Rural D. None of the settings showed overall growth. E. It is impossible to tell from the information given.

Suburban

The most difficult part of integrating TOD (transportation-oriented development) into existing urban settings is A. urbanites in developed areas already have a sense of identity and place that doesn't include mass transit. B. urban areas rarely have infrastructure that can handle the rigors of mass transit. C. existing suburb-to-suburb routes do not lend themselves well to mass transit. D. mass transit is just not economically feasible in high population density urban environments. E. it will lead to a decrease in tax revenues, service fees will increase, and people will abandon the urban centers.

existing suburb-to-suburb routes do not lend themselves well to mass transit.

Before certain projects can begin in the United States, the project owner must file an EIS. The purpose of this is to A. discover whether the project would be well served by multi-use zoning. B. force land owners to proceed in the way that will have the least environmental impact. C. force land owners to file an environmental mitigation plan. D. reduce the likelihood of creating urban sprawl. E. force land owners to suggest alternative approaches to the project and assess the environmental impacts of those alternatives.

force land owners to suggest alternative approaches to the project and assess the environmental impacts of those alternatives.

Eminent domain is a tool that can be used to assist in smart growth. This tool allows A. citizens to sue the government if they feel that they are being ignored. B. citizens to sue the government if they feel that government practices are leading directly to urban blight. C. governments to force land-use restrictions on citizens to prevent urban blight. D. governments to force land-use restrictions on citizens to prevent any environmental problems (per the National Environmental Protection Act, NEPA). E. governments to acquire land at fair market value even if the owner does not wish to sell it.

governments to acquire land at fair market value even if the owner does not wish to sell it.

When looking at both private and public lands in the United States, the most common use is A. timber production. B. grazing land. C. recreational. D. defense. E. residential.

grazing land

Public lands in the United States are categorized for use based on the managing agency. In general, Bureau of Land Management (BLM) lands are used for A. grazing, mining, timber harvesting, and recreation. B. timber harvesting, grazing, and recreation. C. recreation and conservation. D. wildlife conservation, hunting, and recreation. E. primarily preservation.

grazing, mining, timber harvesting, and recreation.

One way to mitigate the effects of negative externalities is to A. create a completely free market. B. allow the invisible hand to work. C. include negative externalities in the cost of goods and services. D. construct highways. E. All of the above

include negative externalities in the cost of goods and services.

If you could point to one root cause of urban sprawl, it would most likely be A. increased mobility of a population due to the advent of the automobile. B. zoning laws that separated societal functions such as work and culture centers. C. breakdown of traditional societal norms such as neighborhood gatherings. D. increasing pollutants from a more technological lifestyle. E. urban blight.

increased mobility of a population due to the advent of the automobile.

An example of a positive externality would be A. pollution removal from a natural wetland. B. pollution caused by production and use of petroleum products. C. loss of use of a forest after the timber is harvested. D. hydrologic regime change from impervious surfaces. E. an urban heat Island effect from blacktop.

pollution removal from a natural wetland.

The most common use of land in the United States is A. silviculture. B. plant agriculture for human consumption. C. plant agriculture for animal consumption. D. rangelands. E. urban landscape.

rangelands

Public lands in the United States are categorized for use based on the managing agency. In general, National Park Service (NPS) lands are used for A. grazing, mining, timber harvesting, and recreation. B. timber harvesting, grazing, and recreation. C. recreation and conservation. D. wildlife conservation, hunting, and recreation. E. primarily preservation.

recreation and conservation.

Most zoning laws in the United States A. are too lax on the number of parking spaces required for shopping centers. B. still favor automobile-dependent development. C. now favor "main street" style mixed-use development. D. deny Euclidian zoning. E. require that housing for multiple income levels be developed in close proximity.

still favor automobile-dependent development.

Currently, most of the U.S. population lives in ____ areas. A. rural B. suburban C. exurban D. urban E. superurban

suburban

The major difference between the National Park Service (NPS) and the United States Forest Service (USFS) is that A. the NPS manages for people, whereas the USFS manages for trees. B. the NPS manages for ecosystems while the USFS manages for resource use. C. the NPS falls under the executive cabinet while USFS is legislative in nature. D. people can camp on NPS lands, but not on USFS lands. E. there is no real difference between management of NPS and USFS lands.

the NPS manages for ecosystems while the USFS manages for resource use.

The nation with the largest percentage of publically held land is A. the United States B. Costa Rica. C. Russia. D. China. E. India.

the United States

The end result of the example of tragedy of the commons involving sheep is that A. the farmer with the most sheep ends up owning all of the land. B. the farmer with the fewest sheep ends up owning all of the land. C. the land becomes barren from overgrazing. D. all the farmers share equally in the profit from the land. E. None of the above

the land becomes barren from overgrazing.

The major complaint that environmental detractors of the Taylor Grazing Act have is that A. the negative externalities of grazing are not fully revealed. B. the taxes in grazing animals are too high. C. the fences erected as a result of this legislation are deleterious for wildlife. D. it allows too much grazing to take place. E. there are no environmental detractors to the Taylor Grazing Act.

the negative externalities of grazing are not fully revealed.

Most environmental law, policy, and management plans in the United States are based on A. remediating externalities. B. ecological principles. C. economic forces. D. the resource conservation ethic. E. old English laws.

the resource conservation ethic.

The tendency of a shared, limited resource to become depleted because people act out of self interest for short-term gain is generally referred to as A. capitalism. B. communism. C. the invisible hand. D. the tragedy of the commons. E. the Hardin effect.

the tragedy of the commons.

One example of the tragedy of the commons can occur when several farmers share the same pasture for feeding sheep. The root cause of this tragedy is that A. people are bad. B. sheep reproduce too quickly. C. the market cannot support too many farmers. D. the value to any farmer of adding one more sheep is far greater than the cost to that farmer due to the land being communal. E. the cost of the sheep is lessened by bulk purchase power.

the value to any farmer of adding one more sheep is far greater than the cost to that farmer due to the land being communal.

Public lands in the United States are categorized for use based on the managing agency. In general, U.S. Forestry Service (USFS) lands are used for A. grazing, mining, timber harvesting, and recreation. B. timber harvesting, grazing, and recreation. C. recreation and conservation. D. wildlife conservation, hunting, and recreation. E. primarily preservation.

timber harvesting, grazing, and recreation.